Search

Your search keyword '"H. van Crevel"' showing total 147 results
Start Over Author "H. van Crevel"
147 results on '"H. van Crevel"'

1. Activate: Randomized Clinical Trial of BCG Vaccination against Infection in the Elderly

Author

Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.J. Tsilika, M. Moorlag, S. Antonakos, N. Kotsaki, A. Domínguez-Andrés, J. Kyriazopoulou, E. Gkavogianni, T. Adami, M.-E. Damoraki, G. Koufargyris, P. Karageorgos, A. Bolanou, A. Koenen, H. van Crevel, R. Droggiti, D.-I. Renieris, G. Papadopoulos, A. Netea, M.G.

Abstract

Interim analysis of the phase III ACTIVATE trial to evaluate protection against infection in elderly patients reveals that BCG vaccination is safe, increases the time to first infection, and shows protection against viral respiratory infections. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. BCG vaccination in children protects against heterologous infections and improves survival independently of tuberculosis prevention. The phase III ACTIVATE trial assessed whether BCG has similar effects in the elderly. In this double-blind, randomized trial, elderly patients (n = 198) received BCG or placebo vaccine at hospital discharge and were followed for 12 months for new infections. At interim analysis, BCG vaccination significantly increased the time to first infection (median 16 weeks compared to 11 weeks after placebo). The incidence of new infections was 42.3% (95% CIs 31.9%–53.4%) after placebo vaccination and 25.0% (95% CIs 16.4%–36.1%) after BCG vaccination; most of the protection was against respiratory tract infections of probable viral origin (hazard ratio 0.21, p = 0.013). No difference in the frequency of adverse effects was found. Data show that BCG vaccination is safe and can protect the elderly against infections. Larger studies are needed to assess protection against respiratory infections, including COVID-19 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03296423). © 2020 Elsevier Inc.

Published
2020

2. Early diagnosis of dementia: which tests are indicated? What are their costs?

Author

G. J. M. Walstra, H. van Crevel, and W.A. van Gool

Subjects
Diagnostic Imaging, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Cost Control, Cost effectiveness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Neuropsychological Tests, Apolipoproteins E, Alzheimer Disease, Predictive Value of Tests, mental disorders, medicine, Prevalence, Dementia, Humans, Protein Isoforms, Depression (differential diagnoses), Neuroradiology, Aged, Netherlands, business.industry, Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Dementia, Vascular, Memory clinic, Guideline, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Temporal Lobe, Surgery, Treatment Outcome, Predictive value of tests, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Neurology (clinical), business
Abstract

Dementia is reversible in a minority of patients, and these should be diagnosed but without subjecting the majority with irreversible disease to an excessive set of investigations. Should a battery of ancillary investigations be performed routinely in dementia? Or can these tests be carried out as clinically indicated? Three arguments are important to answer this question. (a) Reversible dementia is rare: about 1% of cases. (b) If the clinical criteria for diagnosing primary degenerative disease are used consistently, the results of investigations can be predicted with sufficient accuracy, except those of blood tests. (c) Treatment of reversible dementia has the best results in its most frequent causes: depression and drug intoxication; however, treatment of medical and surgical causes of dementia may also be effective. Based on these three considerations, we propose the following guideline in the setting of a memory clinic: to perform blood tests in every patient with dementia, but also to perform other tests, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and computed tomography (CT), as clinically indicated.

Published
1999
Full Text
View/download PDF

3. Symptomatic Treatment of Elderly Patients with Early Alzheimer's Disease at a Memory Clinic

Author

S. Teunisse, G. J. M. Walstra, H. van Crevel, W.A. van Gool, and Other departments

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Physical examination, Comorbidity, Disease, Neuropsychological Tests, Central nervous system disease, Disability Evaluation, Cost of Illness, Alzheimer Disease, Activities of Daily Living, medicine, Humans, Dementia, Prospective Studies, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Patient Care Team, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Memory clinic, Cognitive disorder, Caregiver burden, medicine.disease, Combined Modality Therapy, Psychiatry and Mental health, Treatment Outcome, Physical therapy, Female, Amnesia, Neurology (clinical), Geriatrics and Gerontology, Alzheimer's disease, business, Blood Chemical Analysis
Abstract

It is widely accepted that excess disability (treatable coexisting physical disorders and psychiatric phenomena) is common in demented patients, and should be looked for carefully and treated properly, as it may result in improvement. This idea, however, does not state what investigations should be performed and what kind of improvement can be expected. Therefore, we studied prospectively in elderly outpatients with early Alzheimer's disease the prevalence of excess disability, the results of medication treatment, and the added value of investigations for diagnosis, treatment, and outcome after clinical examination. Outcome was assessed clinically and clinimetrically (using instruments with regard to cognition, disability in daily functioning, behavior, and caregiver burden). Excess disability was present in 66% of patients. Medication treatment was effective with regard to target symptoms, but (partial) reversal of dementia did not occur. Only blood tests produced unexpected results with consequences for treatment and outcome. Positive treatment effects often resulted from clinical examination only. We recommend blood tests in all patients; other investigations can be performed on clinical indication.

Published
1997
Full Text
View/download PDF

4. Syncope Update 1997: Treatment and Cerebral Hemodynamics

Author

Vibeke Porsdal, Gudrun Boysen, J.H.P. van der Meulen, Nick Taub, Stephen G. Waxman, A. van Straten, Antoni Dávalos, J. D. F. Habbema, Thompson G. Robinson, John F. Potter, J.M. de Bray, Katharine M. Dyne, Michel Dauzat, J. M. Baud, Andrew Waddington, Lema M, Achille C. Pessina, L. Heuts-van Raak, Gian Paolo Rossi, M. Limburg, Daniele Fiore, Manuel Noya, José Castillo, Suzanne Ward-Close, Maurizio Cesari, J. Lodder, Raymond Hupperts, Fons Kessels, Joaquín Serena, and H. van Crevel

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, biology, business.industry, Syncope (genus), biology.organism_classification, Neurology, Cerebral hemodynamics, Anesthesia, Internal medicine, Cardiology, Medicine, Neurology (clinical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Published
1997
Full Text
View/download PDF

5. Misdiagnoses in 1,250 Consecutive Patients Admitted to an Acute Stroke Unit

Author

J. Lodder, Nick Taub, Raymond Hupperts, Vibeke Porsdal, Thompson G. Robinson, Fons Kessels, Maurizio Cesari, John F. Potter, Achille C. Pessina, Daniele Fiore, Andrew Waddington, José Castillo, A. van Straten, L. Heuts-van Raak, Stephen G. Waxman, Joaquín Serena, J.M. de Bray, Katharine M. Dyne, Gian Paolo Rossi, J. M. Baud, M. Limburg, Michel Dauzat, Manuel Noya, Gudrun Boysen, J.H.P. van der Meulen, Lema M, Antoni Dávalos, J. D. F. Habbema, H. van Crevel, and Suzanne Ward-Close

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Unit (housing), Computed tomographic, Neurology, medicine, sense organs, Neurology (clinical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Intensive care medicine, business, Stroke, Acute stroke
Abstract

Admission to an acute stroke unit is decided on the basis of clinical and computed tomographic data collected in emergency, leading to a risk of misdiagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the

Published
1997
Full Text
View/download PDF

6. Reversible dementia: more than 10% or less than 1%?

Author

H. van Crevel, M. D. Weytingh, P. M. M. Bossuyt, and Other departments

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Neurology, Disease, Central nervous system disease, mental disorders, Epidemiology, Confidence Intervals, Humans, Medicine, Dementia, Depression (differential diagnoses), Aged, Neuroradiology, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, business.industry, Poisoning, Remission Induction, medicine.disease, Surgery, Treatment Outcome, Meta-analysis, Regression Analysis, Female, Neurology (clinical), business
Abstract

Dementia is reversible in some cases and these should be diagnosed without over-investigating the many others with irreversible disease. To estimate how often dementia can be reversed, we carried out a quantitative review of studies reported between 1972 and 1994 in which reversible dementia was diagnosed and outcome after treatment was assessed. We found 16 studies comprising 1551 patients. The percentages of reversed dementia varied widely: from 0 to 23% for partial and from 0 to 10% for full reversal. Depression and drug intoxication were the most frequent causes of reversible dementia, followed by metabolic and neurosurgical disorders. The percentage of both partial and full reversal of dementia has fallen in recent years, to less than 1% for both in the four most recent studies. This decrease could be associated with the change from an inpatient to an outpatient setting and the use of stricter diagnostic methods. We conclude that reversible dementia is very rare in an outpatient setting when using strict diagnostic methods. This has important implications for the diagnostic strategy in patients with dementia: major procedures should be performed selectively. In patients with clinical characteristics of Alzheimer's disease, CT of the brain is unlikely to detect a treatable cause of dementia.

Published
1995
Full Text
View/download PDF

7. Fourth meeting of the European Neurological Society 25–29 June 1994 Barcelona, Spain

Author

H. Hattig, C. Delli Pizzi, M. C. Addonizio, Michelle Davis, A. R. Giovagnoli, L. Florensa, M. Roth, J. de Kruijk, Francisco Lacruz, Ph. Dewailly, A. Toygar, C. Avendano, P.P. De Deyn, J. F. Hurtevent, F. Lomeila, T. W. Wong, Gordon T. Plant, M. Bud, H. J. Willison, DH Miller, D. W. Langdon, R. Cioni, J. Servan, A. Kaygisiz, E. Racadot, D. B. Schens, E. Picciola, L. Falip, C. Bouchard, J. Jotova, A. Jorge-Santamaria, P. Misra, A. Dufour, C. P. Panagopoulos, A. Venneri, B. Sredni, B. Angelard, M. Janelidze, M. Carreno, J. Obenberger, J. Pouget, H. W. Moser, R. Kaufmann, J. A. Molina, D. Linden, A. Martin Urda, E. Uvestad, A. Krone, J. P. Cochin, J. Mallecourt, A. Cambon-Thomsen, K. Violleau, P. Osschmann, A. M. Durocher, E. Bussaglia, D. M. Danielle, H. Efendi, C. Van Broeckhoven, K. G. Jordan, W. Rautenberg, C. Iniguez, J. M. Delgado, Graham Watson, M. Lawden, Gareth J. Barker, K. Stiasny, James T. Becker, G. Campanella, E. Peghi, A. Poli, A. Haddad, T. Yamawaki, Giacomo P. Comi, S. Sotgiu, B. Ersmark, A. Pomes, M. Ziegler, P. Ferrante, P. Ruppi, H. KuÇukoglu, R. Bouton, U. K. Rinne, P. Vieregge, M. Dary, P. Giunti, Peter J. Goadsby, S. Jung, E. Secor, A. Steinberg, N. Vila, M. A. Hernandez, M. Cursi, A. Enqelhardt, A. Engelhardt, J. Veitch, F. Di Silverio, F. Arnaud, B. Neundörfer, R. Brucher, Dominique Caparros-Lefebvre, B. Meyer, Marianne Dieterich, M. H. Snidaro, R. Gomez, R. Cerbo, M. Ragno, J. M. Vance, S. Nemni, A. Caliskan, F. Barros, I. Velcheva, D. Ceballos-Baumann, V. Barak, A. Avila, N. Antonova, F. Resche, S. Pappata, L. Varela, S. R. Silveira Santos, A. Cammarota, L. Naccache, Y. Nara, E. Tournier-Lasserves, R. Mobner, T. Chase, A. Ensenyat, J. Ulrich, G. Giegerich, M. Rother, M. Revilla, N. Nitschke, K. Honczarenko, E. Basart Tarrats, J. Blin, B. Jacob, J. Santamaria, S. Knezevic, J. L. Castillo, M. Antem, J. Colomer, O. Busse, Didier Hannequin, S. Carrier, J. B. Ruidavets, C. Rozman, J. Bogoussslavsky, J. Pascual Calvet, E. Monros, J. M. Polo, M. Zucconl, Javier Muruzabal, R. R. Allen, R. Rivolta, K. Haugaard, A. Nespolo, K. Hoang-Xuang, G. Bussone, T. Avramidis, E. Corsini, Christiana Franke, T. Vinogradova, H. Boot, K. Vestergaard, G. H. Jansen, N. Argentino, M. Raltzig, W. Linssen, Mark B. Pepys, P. Roblot, L. Lauritzen, E. Fainardi, D. Morin, T. X. Arbizu Urdiain, J. Wollenhaupt, S. Bostantjopoulou, G. Pavesi, A. D. Forman, Giovanni Fabbrini, D. Jean, J. J. Archelos, M. I. Blanchs, M. Del Gobbo, Anna Carla Turconi, Ch. Derouesné, Elio Scarpini, A. Visbeck, P. Castejon, J. P. Renou, F. Mounier-Vehier, G. Potagas, Ch. Duyckaerts, A. Filla, R. Schneider, G. Ronen, K. Nagata, J. P. Vedel, A. Henneberg, G. van Melle, C. Baratti, H. Knott, M. C. Prevett, A. Bes, B. Metin, Jos V. Reempts, L. Martorell, Mefkure Eraksoy, H. O. Handwerker, D. S. Younger, O. Oktem, D. Frongillo, C. Soriano-Soriano, L. Niehaus, F. Zipp, A. Tartaro, S Newman, R. H. Browne, P. Davous, R. Sanchez, M. Muros, M. E. Kornhuber, A. Lavarone, M. Mohr, M. R. Garcia, S. Russell, H. Kellar-Wood, M. R. Tola, B. Ostermeyer, Ch. Tzekov, K. Sartor, E. B. Ringelstein, P. P. Gazzaniga, Paul Krack, H. Fidaner, H. Rico, T. Dbaiss, F. Alameda, E. Torchiana, L. Rumbach, I. Charques, J. M. Bogaard, C. D. Frith, L. J. Rappelle, R. Brenner, A. Joutel, K. Fuxe, G. HÄcker, M. J. Blaser, J. Valls-SolÇ, G. Ulm, M. Alberdi, A. Bock, F. W. Bertelsmann, U. Wieshmann, J. Visa, J. R. Lupski, D. D'Amico, L. M. P. Ramos, A. A. Vanderbark, R. Horn, M. Warmuth, Dietmar Kühne, Mark S. Palmer, C. Ehrenheim, E. Canga, S. Viola, O. Scarpino, P. Naldi, R. Almeida, A. A. Raymond, J. Gamez, Stephan Arnold, A. DiGiovanni, J. Dalmau, C. C. Chari, H. F. Beer, J. C. Koetsier, J. Iriarte, E. Yunis, J. Casadevall, E. Le Guern, E. Stenager, S. R. Benbadis, J. M. Warter, F. Burklin, I. Theodorou, L. Johannesen, G. A. Graveland, X. Leclerc, I. Vecchio, L. Ozelius, G. Nicoletti, R. K. Gherardi, E. Esperet, M. L. Delodovici, F. Cattin, F. Paiau, Giorgio Sacilotto, C. A. J. Broere, D. Chavdarov, J. P. Willmer, C. H. Hawkes, Th. Naegele, E. Ellie, E. Dartigues, M. J. Guardiola, S. Hesse, Z. Levic, Marco Rovaris, P. Saugeir-Veber, B. A. Yaqub, H. F. Durwen, R. Larumbe, J. Ballabrina, M. Sendtner, J. Röther, M. Horstink, C. Kluglein, M.P. Montesi, H. Apaydin, J. Montoya, E. Waubant, Ch. Verellen-Dunoulin, A. Nicolai, J. Lopez-Delval, R. Lemon, G. Cantinho, E. Granieri, A. Zeviani, Wolfgang H. Oertel, U. Ficola, V. Di Piero, V. Fragola, K. Sabev, M. V. Guitera, I. Turki, F. Bolgert, P. Ingrand, J. M. Gobernado, L. M. E. Grimaldi, S. Baybas, B. Eymard, Y. Rolland, Y. Robitaille, Ta. Pampols, P. J. Koehler, A. Carroacedo, J. Vilchez, S. Di Vittorio, I. R. Rise, T. Nagy, M. Kuffner, E. Palazzini, A. Ott, J. Pruim, T. X. Arbizu, E. Manetti, C. Cervera, S. Felber, G. Gursoy, J. Scholz, G. A. Buscaino, M. S. Chen, A. Pascual, J. Hazan, J. U. Gajda, J. G. Cea, G. Bottini, G. Damalik, F. Le Doze, G. Bonaldi, J. M. Hew, C. Messina, A. M. Kennedy, J. M. Carney, N. M. F. Murray, M. Parent, M. Koepp, V. Dimova, D. De Leo, K. Jellinger, G. Salemi, S. Mientus, M. L. Hansen, F. Mazzucchelli, J. Vieth, M. Mauri, E. Bartels, L. Johannsen, C. Humphreys, J. Emile, D. N. Landon, E. Kansu, R. Sanchez-Pernaute, Rsj Frackowiak, M. Gonzalez Torres, L. Oller, C. Machedo, J. Kother, M. Billiard, H. Durak, T. Schindler, A. Frank, A. Uncini, A. Sbriccoli, C. Farinas, D. W. Paty, N. Fast, A. T. Zangaladze, A. Kerkhofs, J. M. Pino Garcia, I. De la Fuente, B. Marini, L. Gomez, I. Rubio, Alessandra Bardoni, C. Brodie, P. Acin, U. Sliwka, S. A. Hawkins, S. Tardieu, F. Vitullo, J. M. Pereira Monteino, R. Gagliardi, T. Jezewski, A. Cano, T. Lempert, F. Abad Alegria, G. Rotondo, D. Ince, C. Martinez Parra, Y. Huang, H. Luders, Y. Steinvil, F. G. A. Van Der Meche, R. Bianchi, A. Sanchez, T. Sevilla, J. M. Ketelslegers, A. Domzal-Stryga, M. Pandolfo, M. O. Josse, K. W. Neff, I. Blanco, G. W. Bruyn, O. W. Witte, J. L. Thibault, G. Andersen, J. Pariset, A. Marcone, R. J. M. Lane, A. Hofman, M. Verin, T. Matilla, P. Bedoucha, J. Roche, M. Lai, M. Collard, A. Ugarte, F. Gallecho, D. Silbersweig, C. Kennard, J. P. Azulay, T. W. Ho, P. L. I. Dellemijn, R. Girardello, F. Baas, B. Voss, F. Rozenberg, E. M. Brocker, V. Stanev, A. A. J. Soeterboek, A. Marra, A. Rey, E. Ertem, M. Sawradewicz-Rybak, J. De Keyser, P. Cavallari, F. Proust, Y. Chevalier, H. C. Hansen, D. Leys, C. A. Davie, K. Hoang-Xuan, C. Bairati, H. van Crevel, Thomas T. Warner, B. Bompais, A. Dobbeleir, T Campbell, C. Macko, C. J. M. Klijn, M. Dussallant, T. P. Berlit, W. Rozenbaum, M. J. van den Bent, W. A. Rocca, M. Muller, H. Hundemer, U. Zifko, M. Campera, F. Drislane, D. Ranoux, T. M. Kloss, Anil Kumar, I. Ruolt, C. Bargnani, B. Marescau, N. A. Losseff, S. Notermans, B. Kint, E. T. Burke, C. Aykut, J. Matias Guiu, P. Maquet, T. Drogendijk, M. Leone, K. von Ammon, M. Pepeliarska, C. Prados, L. DiGiamberardino, T. Logtenberg, G. Lenoir, I. Castaldo, Damhaut, M. Radionova, G. Sirabian, R. Navon, Giovanni Antonini, K. Al Moutaery, E. Chamas, R. Schönhuber, M. Giannini, B. Debilly, I. Labatut, H. Henon, J. A. Egido, M. Baudrimont, J. N. Lorenzo, J. E. C. Bromberg, R. Antonacci, J. J. Vilchez, T. Moulin, B. Rautenstrauss, Giovanni Meola, J. Noth, S Mammi, P. Laforet, F. Lopez, C. Gehring, S. Bort, G. Rancurel, D. Decamps, S. Kostadinova, Y. Shapira, B. Neundoerfer, D. Chavrot, M. Solimena, J. P. Salier, W. Deberdt, R. Hoff-Jörgensen, A. Messina, S. Meairs, G. Rosoklija, E. Nelis, I. Bertran, C. Ertekin, J. Lohmeyer, Mitermayer Galvao dos Reis, L. Calo, E. Maccagnano, A. P. Hays, J. Verlooy, M. G. Forno, T. Blanco, L. Bail, Gabriella Silvestri, J. Montero, F. Bertrand, R. T. Ghnassia, C. Besses, T. Sereghy, F. Shalit, G. Bogliun, S. Braghi, St. Baykouchev, C. Franke, A. Lasa, L. C. Archard, J. Kriebel, S. Shaunak, M. Nocito, Alexander Tsiskaridze, E. Manfredini, T. Seigal, David G. Gadian, M. Barlas, J. D. Degos, C. Seeber, J. Caemert, J. L. Mas, R. B. Pepinsky, M. G. D'Angelo, N. Baumann, S. Yorifuji, H. P. Endtz, M. A. Cassatella, R. A. C. Hughes, V. Golzi, A. Bittencourt, A. Ferreira, M. Sanson, C. Alper, M. Vermeulen, M. A. A. van Walderveen, E. Alexiou, C. H. Lucas, M. Fiorelli, Y. N. Debbink, R. Gil, S. Congia, T. Banerjee, J. M. Bouchard, A. N. Pinto, A. Ceballos-Baumann, G. Grollier, P. I. M. Schmitz, M. D. Catata, N. Lahat, N. S. Rao, P. Papathanasopoulos, J. Valls-Solé, D. Claus, G. Schroter, A. Castro, C. Videbaek, R. Martinez Dreke, A. D. Platts, M. Hermesl, A. C. PeÇanha-Martins, M. Cardoso Silva, P. Masnou, M. J. A. Tanner, Ch. Confavreux, B. Mishu, H. Rasmussen, L. Valenciano, Carlo Pozzilli, S. W. Li, V. Salzman, Y. Vashtang, Massimo Franceschi, M. Severo, G. Deuschl, S. Setien, G. Mariani, A. Protti, J. Castillo, M. J. B. Taphoorn, M. Frontali, I. Milonas, D. Decoq, J. A. Navarro, S. Castellvi-Pel, C. Ertikin, M. Urtasun, Y. Lajat, B. E. Kendall, E. Verdu, B. Gueguen, E. Boisen, R. Couderc, A Danek, JM Stevens, F. Nicoli, L. Feltri, M. L. Vazquez-Andre, J. A. Morgan-Hughes, L. D'Angelo, F. Y. Liew, L. F. Pascual, J. Patrignani Ochoa, Vittorio Martinelli, J. Cophignon, L. Zhang, S. Martin, J. F. Meder, H. C. Buschmann, L. Bertin, J. van Gijn, A. Barreiro, A. Cools, C. Leon, A. Berod, E. A. Anllo, E. Zanette, L. Petrov, R. Barona, B. Gallicchio, P. J. Cozzone, N. Diederich, G. Cancel, L. Schelosky, P. Orizaola, K. Yulug, S. Ozer, Valeria A. Sansone, B. Guiraud-Chaumeil, K. Voigt, P. Labauge, M. Eoli, J. Zhu, J. Aguirre, M. Ferrarini, B. Zyluk, E. Planas, A. Cadilha, C. Tortorella, H. Bismuth, C. E. Counsell, A. Laun, A. Ferlini, Rio J. Montalban, N. Biary, L. Becker, M. Fardeau, M. Poloni, V. M. S. de Bruin, C. Fornada, J. Barros, E. Ganzmann, E. Touze, D. Wallach, J. Peila, H. Fujimura, M. T. Iba-Zizen, G. Macchi, C. Villoslada, R. Gouider, Ph. Rondepierre, P. Grummich, P. Chiodi, C. Conte, M. Michels, P. Annunziata, G. Semana, C. Sommer, J. Vajsar, D. Zekin, J. Kulisevsky, David G. Munoz, B. Jacotot, M. Magoni, A. Luxen, T. Garcia-Silva, S. Di Cesare, Christophe Tzourio, M. Gomori, I. Picomell, L. Santoro, F. Villa, Giovanni Pennisi, T. Ribalta, J. M. Molto, L. Marzorati, P. Loiseau, F. Gemignani, A. Gironell, J. Wissel, A. Prusinski, F. Cailloux, P. Villanueva-Hemandez, P. Cozzone, T. Del Ser, J. Sans-Sabrafen, M. Zappia, P. W. A. Willems, G. Tchernia, D. Gardeur, R. Bauer, F. Palomo, H. Metz, S. Lamoureux, C. Chastang, I. Reinhard, A. Goldfarb, S. Harder, Jordi Río, C. Ozkara, E. Tekinsoy, P. Vontobell, J. De Recondo, M. Rabasa, L. Lacomblez, F. Boon, Dgt Thomas, V. Palma, Renato Mantegazza, A. Dervis, M. Nueckel, B. YalÇinerner, I. Duran, G. Dalla Volta, A. Zubimendi, J. Pinheiro, A. Marbini, Xavier Montalban, H. Wekerle, X. Pereira Monteino, F. Crespo, F. Koskas, N. Battistini, C. Ruiz, H. Offner, J. de Pommery, P. Kanovsky, J. Y. Barnett, J. Pardo, G. Tomei, R. Rene, H. M. Lokhorst, P. Thajeb, H. Bilgin, D. McGehee, R. Fahsold, L. Morgante, Katie Sidle, C. Delwaide, M. N. Diaye, P. H. Rice, A. Creange, C. Sabev, K. Stephan, K. WeilBenborn, G. Magnani, L. Grymonprez, F. Cardellach, M. Kaps, N. G. Meco, F. Vega, V. Bonifati, A. Desomer, M. Baldy-Moulinier, G. Kvale, F. J. Authier, B. Yegen, T. Ho, J. M. Rozet, E. A. Cabanis, L. Bruce, L. Ambrosoli, M. A. Petrella, M. Hernandez, P. Timmings, H. B. van der Worp, F. Mahieux, A. Urbano-Marquez, D. A. Krendel, A. A. Garcia, R. Divari, R. Michalowicz, M. R. Piedmonte, M. Bondavalli, M. Zanca, P. F. Ippel, Onofre Combarros, B. Tavitian, E. Hirsch, I. Anastasopoulos, A. Roses, A. Köhler, P. Vienna, V. Timmerman, P. Sergi, F. Cornelio, A. Di Pasquale, R. Verleger, S. Castellvirel, J. Proano, B. van Moll, F. Rubio, W. Hacke, I. Lavenu, L. Zetta, M. W. Tas, N. Bittmann, M. Bonamini, O. R. Hommes, V. Dousset, N. Afsar, S. Belal, R. R. Myers, J. Goes, Giuseppe Vita, E. Clementi, V. G. Karepov, M. Jueptner, A Vincent, P. Emmrich, Th. Heb, A. Caballo, J. Gallego, T. Mokrusch, C. Perla, L. Gebuhrer, O. Titlbach, Alessandro Prelle, A. Czlonkowska, M. Russo, D. Hadjiev, T. S. Chkhikvishvili, M. Oehlschlager, G. Becker, I. Günther, E. N. Stenager, J. Garcia Agundez, J. Casademont, J. Batlle, S. Podobnik-Sarkanji, C. Alonso-Villaverde, B. Delaguillaume, B. Genc, B. Mazoyer, A. Rodriguez-Al-barino, Ch. Hilger, B. Ferrero, R. Price, W. Grisold, L. Fuhry, D. Oulbani, D. Ewing, A. Petkov, W. Walther, A. Gokyigit, John Newsom-Davis, J. Tayot, D. Seliak, G. Pelliccioni, D. Campagne, K. Kessler, F. Boureau, D. Perani, J. P. N'Guyen, N. Tchalucova, B. A. Antin-Ozerkis, C. Lacroix, B. D. Aronovich, I. H. Jenkins, E. A. dos Reis, M. Hortells, H. M. Meinck, H. Ch. Buschmann, S. C. J. M. Jacobs, T. Wetter, P. Creissard, N. Martinez, J. Weidenfeldl, H. J. Sturenburg, G. Damlacik, V. Gracia, J. C. Turpin, A. Pou-Serradell, J. P. Vincent, T. Gagoshidze, U. Ozkutlu, M. McLeod, K. Siegfried, I. Tchaoussoglou, J. Hildebrand, S. Kowalska, M. C. Picot, G. Galardin, L. Crevits, F. Andreetta, S. Larumbe-Lobalde, G. de la Sierra, J. C. Alvarez-Cermeno, R. J. Seitz, P. L. Oey, L. Ptacek, A. M. J. Paans, A. Wirrwar, A. Schmied, J. Uilchez, H. Tounsi, D. Hipola, V. Avoledo, Y. Hirata, P. Vermersch, T. M. Aisonobe, J. Valls-SoIè, H. Staunton, J. Dichgans, R. Karabudak, I. Dones, G. Porta, E. Janssens, Maria Martinez, J. M. Fernandez-Real, R. Villagra, Y. Yoshino, C. Kabus, K. Schimrigk, I. Girard-Buttaz, F. Piccoli, F. Aichner, P. Zuchegna, S. M. Al Deeb, F. Bono, N. Busquets, A. Jobert, Patrizia Ciscato, M. Martin, L. Polman, S. Darbra, V. Le Cam-Duchez, F. Baldissera, B. Baykan-Kurt, D. Guez, M. Bratoeva, H. Matsui, M. Mila, H. Perron, L. Bjorge, G. Husby, Steven T. DeKosky, D. R. Cornblath, J. M. Gabriel, J. J. Poza, Y. Wu, A. Toscano, R. P. Kleyweg, J. Kuhnen, S. O. Confort-Gouny, A. Barcelo, A. M. Conti, C. Fiol, C. Steichen-Wiehn, J. Rodes, M. Cavenaile, C. Vedeler, M. Drlicek, C. Argentino, M. L. Peris, A. Cervello, A. Z. GinaÏ, S. Yancheva, D. Passingham, S. Aoba, D. L. Lopez, T. Rechlin, K. Sonka, L. Grazzi, V. Folnegovic-Smalc, Maurizio Moggio, S. Rivaud, F. G. I. Jennekens, C. H. Hartard, H. Meierkord, G. Stocklin, M. D. Catala, W. C. McKay, E. Salmon, C. Navarro, I. Pastor, L. Canafoglia, M. De Braekeleer, P. K. Thomas, C. Mocellini, C. Pierre-Jerome, M. C. Dalakas, P. Pollak, M. Levivier, Niall Quinn, G. E. Rivolta, Z. Tunca, H. Zeumer, J. Garcia Tena, St. Guily, P. Gaudray, Johannes Kornhuber, V. Petrunjashev, R. Montesanti, R. J. Abbott, H. Petit, G. Kiteva-Trencevska, F. Carletto, C. Ramo, I. M. Pino, P. Beau, G. F. Mennuni, F. Moschian, F. Meneghini, B. Zdziarska, B. Fontaine, C. Stephens, G. Meco, K. Reiners, G. Badlan, M. Sessa, I. Degaey, S. M. Hassan, C. Albani, F. Caroeller, M. Schroeder, G. Savettieri, A. Novelletto, R. Kurita, P. Oschmann, I. Plaza, M. Oliveres, Simone Spuler, A. Molins, M. Schwab, J. R. Kalden, C. P. Gennaula, Y. Baklan, O. Picard, J. M. Léger, B. Mokri, E. Ghidoni, M. Jacob, D. Deplanque, W. JÄnisch, C. De Andres, P. De Deyn, G. Guomundsson, B. Herron, J. Barado, J. L. Gastaut, Guglielmo Scarlato, F. Poron, Nicola Jones, H. Teisserenc, C. P. Hawkins, A. J. Steck, H. C. Chandler, S. Blanc, J. H. Faiss, Jm. Soler Insa, I. Sarova-Ponchas, M. Malberin, A. Sackmann, G. De Vuono, K. Kaiser-Rub, K. Badhia, E. Szwabowska-Orzeszko, S. Ramm, C. Jodice, G. Franck, J. Marta-Moreno, R. Sciolla, C. Fritz, A. Attaccalite, F. Weber, E. Neuman, M. Cannata, A. Rodriguez, I. Nachainkin, R. Raffaele, T. S. Yu, N. Losseff, E. Fabrizio, C. Khati, M. Keipes, M. P. Ortega, M. Ramos-Alvarez, E. Brambilla, A. Tarasov, K. H. Wollinsky, O. B. Paulson, F. Boller, G. Bozzato, H. Wagnur, R. Canton, D. Testa, E. Kutluaye, M. Calopa, D. Smadja, G. Malatesta, F. Baggi, A. Stracciari, G. Daral, G. Avanzini, J. Perret, J. Arenas, P. Boon, I. Gomes, A. Vortmeyer, P. Cesaro, S. Venz, E. Bernd Ringelstein, N. Milani, D. Laplane, P. Seibel, E. Tournier-Lasserve, Alexis Brice, L. Motti, E. Wascher, R. J. Abbot, F. Miralles, A. Turon, P. De Camilli, G. Luz, G. C. Guazzi, S. Tekin, F. Lesoin, T. Kryst, N. Lannoy, F. Gerstenbrand, S. Ballivet, H. A. M. van Diemen, J. Lopez-ArLandis, P. Bell, A. Silvani, M. A. Garcia, S. Vorstrup, D. Langdon, S. Ueno, B. Sander, V. Ozurk, C. Gurses, P. Berlit, J. M. Martinez-Lage, M. Treacy, S. O. Rodiek, S. Cherninkova, J. Grimaud, P. Marozzi, K. Hasert, S. Goldman, S. H. Ingwersen, A. Taghavy, T. Roig, R. Harper, I. Sarova-Pinchas, Anthony H.V. Schapira, R. Lebtahi, A. Vidaller, B. Stankov, D. Link, J. p. Malin, V. Petrova, Ludwig Kappos, J. L. Ochoa, T. Torbergsen, M. Carpo, M. Donato, Simon Shorvon, J. Mieszkowski, J. Perez-Serra, Raymond Voltz, G. Comi, S. Rafique, A. Perez-Sempere, N. Khalfallah, S. Bailleul, M. Borgers, S. Banfi, S. Mossman, A. Laihinen, G. Filippini, R. A. Grunewald, E. Stern, H. D. Herrmann, A. G. Droogan, P. Xue, A. Grilo, L. La Mantia, J. H. J. Wokke, S. Pizzul, Kie Kian Ang, S. Rapaport, W. Szaplyko, B. Romero, P. Brunet, A. Albanese, C. Davie, V. Crespi, F. Birklein, H. Sharif, L. Jose, D. Auer, N. Heye, Martin N. Rossor, C. E. Henderson, M. J. Koepp, J. Rubio, P. L. Baron, S. Mahal, Juha O. Rinne, J. I. Emparanza, S. E. C. Davies, Frederik Barkhof, M. Riva, R. E. Brenner, B. A. Pope, Lemaire, E. Dupont, D. Ulbricht, G. C. Pastorino, R. Retska, E. Chroni, A. Danielli, V. Malashkhia, T. Canet, J. C. Garcia-Valdecasas, J. Serena, R. A. Pfeiffer, B. Wirk, B. Muzzetto, V. Caruso, M. L. Giros, A. Ming Wang, E. L. E. Guern, F. Bille-Turg, Y. Satoh, C. H. Franke, M. Ait-Kaci-Ahmed, D. Genis, T. Pasierski, D. Riva, M. Panisset, A. Chamorro, P.A. van Doorn, S. Schellong, H. Hamer, F. Durif, P. Krauseneck, Y. Bahou, B. A. Pickut, M. Rijnites, H. Nyland, G. Jager, L. L. Serra, A. Rohl, X. P. Li, O. Arena, Hubert Kwieciński, N. Milpied, M. C. Bourdel, S. Assami, L. Law, J. Moszkowski, J. W. Thorpe, M. Aguennouz, R. Martin, D. Hoffmann, P. Morris, A. Destée, D. J. Charron, U. Senin, A. P. SempereE, M. Dreyfus, A. L. Benabid, M. Gomez, S. Heindle, M. C. Morel-Kopp, M. Hennerici, A. I. Santos, M. Djannelidze, N. Artemis, John Collinge, T. Rundek, M. Y. Voloshin, P. de Castro, Th. Wiethege, D. A. S. Compston, D. Schiffer, A. J. Hughes, D. Jimenez, V. Parlato, A. Papadimitriou, J. M. Gergaud, R. Sterzi, J. Arpa, G. de Pinieux, F. Buggle, P. Gimbergues, H. Ruottinen, R. Marzella, W. Koehler, Y. Yurekli, A. Haase, Z. Privorkin, G. K. Harvey, B. Chave, A. J. Grau, E. M. Stadlan, J. List, C. Zorzi, B.W. van Oosten, P. Derkinderen, B. Casati, J. M. Maloteaux, K. Vahedi, W. L. J. van Putten, J. C. Sabourin, D. Lorenzetti, Plenevaux, J. W. B. Moll, A. Morento Fernandez, M. Lema, M. A. Horsfleld, P. De Jongh, S. Gikova, K. Kutluk, Monique M.B. Breteler, P. Saddier, A. Berbinschi, R. E. Cull, P. Echaniz, H. Kober, C. Minault, V. Kramer, A. L. Edal, S. Passero, T. Eckardt, K. E. Davies, A. Salmaggi, R. Kaiser, A. A. Grasso, Claudio Mariani, G. Egersbach, Hakan Gurvit, O. Dereeper, C. Vital, L. Wrabetz, A. Vecino, M. Aguilar, G. Bielicki, H. Becher, J. Castro, S. Iotti, M. G. Natali-Sora, E. Berta, S. Carlomagno, L. Ayuso-Peralta, P. H. Rondepierre, I. Bonaventura, B. V. Deuren, N. Van Blercom, M. Sciaky, J. Faber, M. Alberoni, M. Nieto, F. Sellal, C. Stelmasiak, M. Takao, J. Bradley, D. Zegers de Beyl, H. Porsche, G. Goi, H. Pongratz, F. Chapon, S. Happe, Robin S. Howard, B. Weder, S. Vlaski-Jekic, J. M. Ferro, R. Nemni, A. Daif, Herbert Budka, W. Van Paesschen, B. Waldecker, F. Carceller, J. Lacau, F. Soga, J. Peres Serra, E. Timmerman, A. M. vd Vliet, J. L. Emparanza, N. Vanacore, A. Pizzuti, N. Marti, A. Davalos, N. Ayraud, U. Zettl, J. Vivancos, Z. Katsarou, H. M. Mehdorn, G. Geraud, M. Merlini, M. Schröter, A. Ebner, M. Lanteri-Minet, R. Soler, G. P. Anzola, S. L. Hauser, L. Cahalon, S. DiDonato, R. Cantello, M. Marchau, J. Gioanni, F. Heidenreich, J. Manuel Martinez Lage, P. Descoins, F. Woimant, J. F. Campo, M. H. Verdier-taillefer, M. S. F. Barkhof, G. J. Kemp, A. O. Ceballos-Baumann, J. Berciano, M. Guidi, Tarek A. Yousry, B. Chandra, A. Rapoport, P. Canhao, A. Spitzer, T. Maeda, J. M. Pereira Monteiro, V. Paquis, Th. Mokrusch, F. J. Arrieta, I. Sangla, F. Canizares-Liebana, Lang Chr, André Delacourte, V. Fetoni, P. Kovachev, D. Kidd, L. Ferini-Strambi, E. Donati, E. Idman, A. Chio, C. Queiros, D. Michaelis, S. Boyacigil, A. Rodrigo, S. M. Yelamos, B. Chassande, P. Louwen, C. Tranchant, E. Ciafalon, A. Lombardo, A. Twijnstra, A. L. Fernandez, H. Kott, A. Cannas, N. Zsurger, T. Zileli, E. Metin, P. C. Bain, G. Fromont, B. Tedesi, A. Liberani, X. Navarro, M. C. Rowbotham, V. Hachinski, F. Cavalcanti, W. Rostene, R. M. Gardiner, F. Gonzalez, B. Köster, E. A. van der Veen, J. P. Lefaucheur, C. Marescaux, D. Boucquey, E. Parati, S. Yamaguchi, A. S. Orb, R. Grant, G. D. P. Smith, P. Goethals, M. Haguenau, G. Georgiev, I. N. van Schaik, Guy A. Rouleau, E. Iceman, G. Fayet, M. G. Kaplitt, C. Baracchini, H. Magnusson, G. Meneghetti, N. Malichard, M. L. Subira, D. Mancia, A. Berenguer, D. Navarrete Palau, H. Franssen, G. Kiziltan, M. P. Lopez, J. Montalt, S. Norby, R. Piedra Crespo, T. L. Rothstein, R. Falip, B. YalÇiner, F. Chedru, I. W. Thorpe, F. W. Heatley, D. S. C. Ochoa, C. Labaune, M. Devoti, O. Lider, Jakob Korf, N. Suzuki, E. A. Maguire, A. Moulignier, J. C. van Swieten, F. Monaco, J. Cartron, A. Steck, B. Uludag, M. Alexandra, H. Reichmann, T. Rossi, L. E. Claveria, A. M. Crouzel, M. A. Mena, J. Gasnault, J. W. Kowalski, S. I. Mellgren, V. Feigin, L. Demisch, J. Montalban, J. Renato, J. Mathieu, N. Goebels, L. Bava, K. Kunre, M. Pulik, S. Di Donato, C. Tzekov, H. Veldman, S. Giménez-Roldan, B. Lechevalier, L. Redondo, B. Pillon, M. Gugenheim, E. Roullet, J. M. Valdueza, C. Gori, H. J. Friedrich, L. de Saint Martin, F. Block, E. Basart, M. Heilmann, B. Becq Giraudon, C. Rodolico, G. Stevanin, Elizabeth K. Warrington, A. T. M. Willemsen, K. Kunze, C. Ben Hamida, M. Alam, J. R. ùther, A. Battistel, G. Della Marca, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, F. Palau, T. Brandt, Chicoutimi, L. Bove, L. Callea, A. Jaspert, T. Klopstock, K. Fassbender, Alan J. Thomas, A. Ferbert, V. Nunes, Douglas Russell, P. Garancini, C. Sanz-Sebastian, O. Santiag, G. Dhaenens, G. Seidel, I. Savic, A. Florea-Strat, M. Rousseaux, N. Catala, E. O'Sullivan, M. J. Manifacier, H. Kurtel, T. Mendel, P. Chariot, M. Salas, D. Brenton, R. Lopez, J. Thorpe, Jimmy D. Bell, E. Hofmann, E. Botia, J. Pacquereau, A. Struppler, C. d'Aniello, D. Conway, A. Garcia-Merino, K. Toyooka, S. Hodgkinson, E. Ciusani, Stefano Bastianello, A. Andrade Filho, M. Zaffaroni, G. Pleiffer, F. Coria, A. Schwartz, D. Baltadjiev, I. Rother, K. Joussen, J. Touchon, K. Kutlul, P. Praamstra, H. Sirin, S. Richard, C. Mariottu, L. Frattola, S. T. Dekesky, G. Wieneke, M. Chatel, O. Godefroy, C. Desnuelle, S. OzckmekÇi, C. H. Zielinski, P. van Deventer, S. Jozwiak, I. Galan, J. M. Grau, V. Vieira, T. A. Treves, S. Ertan, A. Pujol, S. Blecic, E. M. Zanette, F. Ceriani, W. Camu, L. Aquilone, A. Benomar, F. Greco, A. Pascual-Leone Pascual, T. Yanagihara, F. A. Delfino, R. Damels, S. Merkelbach, J. Beltran, A. Barrientos, S. Brugge, B. Hildebrandt-Müller, M. H. Nascimento, M. Rocchi, F. Cervantes, E. Castelli, R. M. Pressler, S. Yeil, A. del Olmo, J. L. Herranz, L. J. Kappelle, Y. Demir, N. Inoue, R. Hershkoviz, A. Luengo, S. Bien, F. Viallet, P. Malaspina, G. De Michele, G. Nolfe, P. Adeleine, T. Liehr, G. Fenelon, H. Masson, Kailash P. Bhatia, W. Haberbosch, S. Mederer, R. S. J. Frackowiak, Tanya Stojkovic, S. Previtali, A. E. Harding, W. Kohler, N. P. Quin, T. R. Marra, J. P. Moisan, A. Melchor, M. L. Viguera, Mary G. Sweeney, G. L. Romani, J. Hezel, R. A. Dierckx, R. Torta, A. Kratzer, T. Pauwels, D. Decoo, Adriana Campi, Neil Kitchen, J. Haas, U. Neubauer, J. J. Merland, A. Yagiz, A. Antonuzzo, A. Zangaladze, J. Parra, Pablo Martinez-Lage, D. J. Brooks, S. Hauser, R. Di Pierri, M. Campero, R. Caldarelli-Stefano, A. M. Colangelo, J. L. Pozo, C. Estol, F. Picard, A. Palmieri, J. Massons, JT Phillips, G. B. Groozman, R. Pentore, L. M. Ossege, C. Bayon, Hans-Peter Hartung, R. Konyalioglu, R. Lampis, D. Ancri, M. Miletta, F. J. Claramonte, W. Retz, F. Hentges, JM Cooper, M. Cordes, M. Limburg, M. Brock, G. R. Coulton, K. Helmke, Rosa Larumbe, A. Ohly, F. Landgraf, A. M. Drewes, Claudia Trenkwalder, M. Keidel, T. Segura, C. Scholz, J. HÄgele, D. Baudoin-Martin, P. Manganelli, J. Valdueza, M. Farinotti, U. Zwiener, M. P. Schiavalla, Y. P. Young, O. Barlas, G. Hertel, E. H. Weiss, M. Eiselt, A. Lossos, M. Bartoli, L. Krolicki, W. Villafana, W. Peterson, Nicoletta Meucci, C. Agbo, R. Luksch, F. Fiacco, G. Ponsot, M. Lopez, Howard L. Weiner, M. D. Alonso, K. Petry, Sanjay M. Sisodiya, P. Giustini, S. Tyrdal, R. Poupon, J. Blanke, P. Oubary, A. A. Kruize, H. Trabucchi, R. R. C. Stewart, H. Grehl, B. M. Kulig, V. Vinhas, D. Spagnoli, B. Mahe, J. Tatay, C. Hess, M. D. Albadalejo, G. Birbamer, M. Alonso, F. Valldeoriola, J. Figols, I. Wirguin, E. Diez Tejedor, C. S. Weiller, L.H. van den Berg, P. Barreiro, L. Pianese, S. Cocozza, R. Kohnen, E. Redolfi, F. Faralli, G. Gosztonyl, A. J. Gur, A. Keyser, V. Fichter-Gagnepain, B. Wildemann, E. Omodeo-Zorini, Gregoire, J. Schopohl, F. Fraschini, G. Wunderlich, B. Jakubowska, F. P. Serra, N. B. Jensen, O. Delattre, C. Leno, A. Dario, P. Grafe, F. Graus, M. C. Vigliani, J. L. Dobato, Philip N. Hawkins, R. Marés, A. Rimola, N. Meussi, G. Aimard, W. Hospers, A. M. Robertson, C. Kaplan, W. Lamadé, Karen E. Morrison, Amadio, E. Kieffer, F. Dromer, P. Bernasconi, M. Repeto, Davide Pareyson, Jeremy Rees, A. Guarneri, P. Odin, P. Bouche, L. Nogueira, J. Munoz, L. Leocani, M. J. Arcusa, R. S. J. Frackowiack, John S. Duncan, D. Karacostas, D. Edwin, I. Costa, M. Menetrey, P. Grieb, A. M. Salvan, S. Cunha, P. Merel, P. Pfeiffer, A. Astier, F. Federico, A. Mrabet, M. G. Buzzi, L. Knudsen, I. F. Pye, L. Falqui, C. R. Hornig, C. E. Shaw, C. Brigel, T. C. Britton, R. Codoceo, T. Pampols, Vincent J. Cunningham, N. Archidiacono, G. Chazot, J. B. Posner, L. L. O. Befalo, M. Monclus, C. Cabezas, H. Moser, H. Stodal, J. Ley-Pozo, L. Brusa, R. Di Mascio, P. Giannini, J. Fernandez, R. Santiago Luis, J. Garcia Tigera, J. Wilmink, P. Pignatelli, M. El Amrani, V. Lucivero, M. Baiget, R. Lodi, P. H. Cabre, L. Grande, A. Korczyn, R. Fahlbusch, C. Milanese, W. Huber, J. Susseve, H. C. Nahser, K. Mondrup, X. O. Breakefield, J. Sarria, T. H. Vogt, A. Alessandri, M. Daffertshofer, I. Nelson, M. L. Monticelli, O. Dammann, G. G. Farnarier, G. Felisari, A. Quattrini, A. Boiardi, P. Mazetti, H. Liu, J. Duarte, M. E. Gaunt, H. Strik, N. Yulug, A. Urman, J. Posner, Aida Suarez Gonzalez, Ma. L. Giros, Z. Matkovic, D. Kompf, A. D. Korczyn, A. Steinbrecher, R. Wenzel, M. C. de Rijk, R. Doronzo, J. Julien, O. Hasegawa, M. Kramer, V. Collado-Scidel, M. Alonso de Lecinana, L. Dell'Arciprete, S. Rapuzzi, S. Bahar, H. Willison, M. T. Ramacci, J.J. Martin, Lopez-Bresnahan, C. Malapani, R. Haaxma, T. Rosenberg, J. Patrignani, R. Vichi, Martin R. Farlow, J. Roquer, L. Krols, M. Pimenta, C. Bucka, U. Klose, M. Roberts, J. Salas-Puig, R. Ghnassia, A. Mercuri, C. Maltempo, I. Tournev, P. Homeyer, D. Caparros-Lefevre, E. P. O. Sullivan, T. Vashadze, Ph. Lyrer, A. Deltoro, H. Kondo, M. Steinling, A. Graham, G. C. Miescher, A. Pace, D. Branca, G. Avello, H. H. Kornhuber, D. Fernandes, H. Friedrich, R. Chorao, H. O. Lüders, R. T. Bax, J. A. Macias, N. Yilmaz, J. Veroust, M. Miller, S. Confort-Gouny, J. L. Sastre, D. Servello, G. Boysen, S. Koeppen, V. Planté-Bordeneuve, H. Albrecht, R. H. M. King, G. Orkodashili, R. Doornbos, H. Toyooka, V. Larrue, M. Sabatelli, K. Williams, M. Stevens, V. Maria, M. Comabella, C. Lammers, R. M. L. Poublon, E. Tizzano, P. Pazzaglia, F. Zoeller, M. B. Delisle, J. P. Goument, J. M. Minderhoud, A. Sghirlanzoni, V. Meininger, M. Al Deeb, C. Bertelt, A. Cagni, A. Algra, F. Morales, K. A. Flugel, M. Maidani, M. Noya, Z. Seidl, U. Roelcke, D. Cannata, E. Katiane EmbiruÇu, E. M. Wicklein, K. Willmes, L. Hanoglu, J. F. Pellissier, Yves Agid, E. Cuadrado, S. Brock, D. Maimone, Z. G. Nadareishvili, E. Matta, S. Hilmi, V. Assuerus, F. Lomena, R. Springer, F. Cabrera-Valdivia, Oscar L. Lopez, M. Casazza, F. Vivancos, Ralf Gold, T. Crawford, B. Moulard, M. Poisson, W. l. McDonald, D. E. Grobbe, Alan Connelly, H. Ozcan, S. Abeta, H. Severo Ochoa, A. C. van Loenen, E. Libson, M. J. Marti, B. George, C. Ferrarese, B. Jacobs, L. Divano, T. Ben-Hur, A. L. Bootsma, V. Martinez, A. Conti, R. P. Maguire, B. Schmidt, D. M. Campos, D. A. Guzman, E. Meary, C. Richart, P. B. Christensen, T. Schroeder, Massimo Zeviani, K. Jensen, R. Aliaga, S. Seitz-Dertinger, J. W. Griffin, C. Fryze, H. Baas, S. Braun, A. M. Porrini, B. Yemez, M. J. Sedano, C. Creisson, A. Del Santo, A. Mainz, R. Kay, S. Livraghi, R. de Waal, D. Macgregor, H. Hefter, R. Garghentino, U. Ruotsalainen, M. Matsumoto, M. G. Beaudry, P. M. Morrison, J. C. Petit, C. Walon, Ph. Chemouilli, F. Henderson, R. Massa, A. Cruz Martinez, U. Liska, F. Hecht, Ernst Holler, V. S. de Bruin, B. B. Sheitman, S. M. Bentzen, C. Bayindir, F. Pallesta, P. E. Roland, J. Parrilla, P. Zunker, L. F. Burchinskaya, G. Mellino, S. Ben Ayed, D. Bonneau, P. Nowacki, M. Goncalves, P. Riederer, N. Mavroudakis, J. Togores, L. Rozewicz, S. Robeck, Y. Perez Gilabert, L. Rampello, A. Rogopoulos, S. Martinez, F. Schildermans, C. Radder, P. B. Hedlund, J. Cambier, M. Aabed, G. D. Jackson, P. Gasparini, P. Santacruz, J. Vandevivere, H. Dural, A. Mantel, W. Dorndorf, N. Ediboglu, A. Lofgren, J. Bogousslavsky, P. Thierauf, L. Goullard, R. Maserati, B. Moering, M. Ryba, J. Serra, G. G. Govan, A. Pascual-Leone, S. Schaeffer, M. R. Rosenfeld, A. P. Correia, K. Ray Chaudhuri, L. Campbell, R. Spreafico, B. Genetet, A. M. Tantot, R. A. G. Hughes, J. A. Vidal, G. Erkol, J. Y. Delattre, B. Yaqub, B. K. Hecht, E. Mayayo, Ph. Scheltens, J. Corral, M. Calaf, L. Henderson, C. Y. Li, U. Bogdahn, R. Sanchez-Roy, M. Navasa, J. Ballabriga, G. Broggi, T. Gudeva, C. Rose, J. Vion-Dury, J. A. Gastaut, J. Pniewski, Nicola J. Robertson, G. Kohncke, M. Billot, S. Gok, E. Castellli, F. Denktas, P. Bazzi, F. Spinelli, I. F. Moseley, C. D. Mardsen, B. Barbiroli, O. M. Koriech, A. Miller, Hiroaki Yoshikawa, F. X. Borruat, J. Zielasek, P. Le Coz, J. Pascual, A. Drouet, L. T. Giron, F. Schondube, R. Midgard, M. Alizadeh, M. Liguori, Lionel Ginsberg, L. Harms, C. Tilgner, G. Tognoni, F. Molteni, Mar Tintoré, M. Psylla, C. Goulon-Goeau, M. V. Aguilar, Massimo Filippi, K. H. Mauritz, Thomas V. Fernandez, C. Basset, S. Rossi, P. Meneses, B. Jandolo, T. Locatelli, D. Shechtcr, C. Magnani, R. Ferri, Bruno Dubois, J. M. Warier, S. Berges, F. Idiman, M. Schabet, R. R. Diehl, P. D'aurelio, M. Musior, Reinhard Hohlfeld, P. Smeyers, M. Olivé, A. Riva, C. A. Broere, N. Egund, S. Franceschetti, V. Bonavita, Nicola Canal, E. Timmermans, M. Ruiz, S. Barrandon, G. Vasilaski, B. Deweer, L. Galiano, S. F. T. M. de Bruijn, L. Masana, A. Goossens, B. Heye, K. Lauer, Heinz Gregor Wieser, Stephen R. Williams, B. Garavaglia, A. P. Sempere, F. Grigoletto, P. Poindron, R. Lopez-Pajares, I. Leite, T. A. McNell, C. Caucheteur, J. M. Giron, A. D. Collins, P. Freger, J. Sanhez Del Rio, D. A. Harn, K. Lindner, S. S. Scherer, G. Serve, M. Juncadella, X. Estivill, R. Binkhorst, M. Anderson, B. Tekinsoy, C. Sagan, T. Anastopoulos, G. Japaridze, S. Guillou, F. Erminio, Jon Sussman, P. G. Oomes, D. S. Rust, S. Mascheroni, O. Berger, M. Peresson, K. V. Toyka, T. W. Polder, M. Huberman, B. Arpaci, H. Ramtami, I. Martinez, Ph. Violon, P. P. Gazzaniga Pozzill, R. Ruda, P. Auzou, J. Parker, S. P. Morrissey, Jiahong Zhu, F. Rotondi, P. Baron, W. Schmid, P. Doneda, M. Spadaro, M. C. Nargeot, I. Banchs, J.S.P. van den Berg, R. Ferrai, M. Robotti, M. Fredj, Pedro M. Rodríguez Cruz, B. Erne, D. G. Piepgras, M. C. Arne-Bes, J. Escudero, C. Goetz, A. R. Naylor, M. Hallett, O. Abramsky, E. Bonifacio, L. E. Larsson, R. Pellikka, P. Valalentino, D. Guidetti, B. Buchwald, C. H. Lücking, D. Gauvreau, F. Pfaff, A. Ben Younes-Chennoufi, R. Kiefer, R. Massot, K. A. Hossmann, L. Werdelin, P. J. Baxter, U. Ziflo, S. Allaria, C. D. Marsden, M. Cabaret, S. P. Mueller, E. Calabrese, R. Colao, S. I. Bekkelund, M. Yilmaz, O. Oktem-Tanor, R. Gine, M. E. Scheulen, J. Beuuer, A. Melo, Z. Gulay, M. D. Have, C. Frith, D. Liberati, J. Gozlan, P. Rondot, Ch. Brunholzl, M. Pocchiari, J. Pena, L. Moiola, C. Salvadori, A. Cabello, T. Catarci, S. Webb, C. Dettmers, N. A. Gregson, Alexandra Durr, F. Iglesias, U. Knorr, L. Ferrini-Strambi, F. Kruggel, P. Allard, A. Coquerel, P. Genet, F. Vinuels, C. Oberwittler, A. Torbicki, P. Leffers, B. Renault, B. Fauser, C. Ciano, G. Uziel, J. M. Gibson, F. Anaya, C. Derouesné, C. N. Anagnostou, M. Kaido, W. Eickhoff, G. Talerico, M. L. Berthier, A. Capdevila, M. Alons, D. Rezek, E. Wondrusch, U. Kauerz, D. Mateo, M. A. Chornet, Holon, N. Pinsard, I. Doganer, E. Paoino, H. Strenge, C. Diaz, J. R. Brasic, W. Heide, I. Santilli, W. M. Korn, D. Selcuki, M. J. Barrett, D. Krieger, T. Leon, T. Houallah, M. Tournilhac, C. Nos, D. Chavot, F. Barbieri, F. J. Jimenez-Jimenez, J. Muruzabal, K. Poeck, A. Sennlaub, L. M. Iriarte, L. G. Lazzarino, C. Sanz, P. A. Fischer, S. D. Shorvon, R. Hoermann, F. Delecluse, M. Krams, O. Corabianu, F. H. Hochberg, Christopher J. Mathias, B. Debachy, C. M. Poser, L. Delodovici, A. Jimenez-Escrig, F. Baruzzi, F. Godenberg, D. Cucinotta, P. J. Garcia Ruiz, K. Maier-Hauff, P. R. Bar, R. Mezt, R. Jochens, S. Karakaneva, C. Roberti, E. Caballero, Joseph E. Parisi, M. Zamboni, T. Lacasa, B. Baklan, J. C. Gautier, J. A. Martinez-Matos, W. Pollmann, G. Thomas, L. Verze, E. Chleide, R. Alvarez Sala, I. Noel, E. Albuisson, O. Kastrup, S. I. Rapoport, H. J. Braune, H. Lörler, M. Le Merrer, A. Biraben, S. Soler, S. J. Taagholt, U. Meyding-Lamadé, K. Bleasdale-Barr, Isabella Moroni, Y. Campos, J. Matias-Guiu, G. Edan, M. G. Bousser, John B. Clark, J. Garcia de Yebenes, N. K. Olsen, P. Hitzenberger, S. Einius, Aj Thompson, Ch. J. Vecht, T. Crepin-Leblond, Klaus L. Leenders, A. Di Muzio, L. Georgieva, René Spiegel, K. Sabey, D. Ménégalli, J. Meulstee, U. Liszka, P. Giral, C. Sunol, J. M. Espadaler, A. D. Crockar, K. Varli, G. Giraud, P. J. Hülser, A. Benazzouz, A. Reggio, M. Salvatore, K. Genc, M. Kushnir, S. Barbieri, J. Ph. Azulay, M. Gianelli, N. Bathien, A. AlMemar, F. Hentati, I. Ragueneau, F. Chiarotti, R. C. F. Smits, A. K. Asbury, F. Lacruz, B. Muller, Alan J. Thompson, Gordon Smith, K. Schmidt, C. Daems Monpeun, Juergen Weber, A. Arboix, G. R. Fink, A. M. Cobo, M. Ait Kaci Ahmed, E. Gencheva, Israel-Biet, G. Schlaug, P. De Jonghe, Philip Scheltens, K. Toyka, P. Gonzalez-Porque, A. Cila, J. M. Fernandez, P. Augustin, J. Siclia, S. Medaglini, D. E. Ziogas, A. Feve, L. Kater, G. J. E. Rinkel, D. Leppert, Rüdiger J. Seitz, S. Ried, C. Turc-Carel, G. Smeyers, F. Godinho, M. Czygan, M. Rijntjes, E. Aversa, M. Frigo, Leif Østergaard, J. L. Munoz Blanco, A. Cruz-Matinez, J. De Reuck, C. Theillet, T. Barroso, V. Oikonen, Florence Lebert, M. Kilinc, C. Cordon-Cardon, G. Stoll, E. Thiery, F. Pulcinelli, J. Solski, M. Schmiegelow, L. J. Polman, P. Fernandez-Calle, C. Wikkelso, M. Ben Hamida, M. Laska, E. Kott, W. Sulkowski, C. Lucas, N. M. Bornstein, D. Schmitz, M. W. Lammers, A. de Louw, R. J. S. Wise, P. A. van Darn, C. Antozzi, P. Villanueva, P. H. E. Hilkens, C. Constantin, W. Ricart, A. Wolf, M. Gamba, P. Maguire, Alessandro Padovani, B. M. Patten, Marie Sarazin, H. Ackermann, L. Durelli, S. Timsit, Sebastian Jander, B. W. Scheithauer, G. Demir, J. P. Neau, P. Barbanti, A. Brand, N. AraÇ, V. Fischer-Gagnepain, R. Marchioli, G. Serratrice, C. Maugard-Louboutin, G. T. Spencer, D. Lücke, G. Mainardi, K. Harmant Van Rijckevorsel, G. B. Creel, R. Manzanares, Francesco Fortunato, A. May, J. Workman, K. Johkura, E. Fernandez, Carlo Colosimo, L. Calliauw, L. Bet, Félix F. Cruz-Sánchez, M. Dhib, H. Meinardi, F. Carrara, J. Kuehnen, C. Peiro, H. Lassmann, K. Skovgaard Olsen, A. McDonald, L. Sciulli, A. Cobo, A. Monticelli, B. Conrad, J. Bagunya, J. Benitez, V. Desnizza, B. Dupont, O. Delrieu, D. Moraes, J. J. Heimans, F. Garcia Rio, M. Matsumto, A. Fernandez, R. Nermni, R. Chalmers, M. J. Marchau, F. Aguado, P. Velupillai, P. J. Martin, P. Tassan, V. Demarin, A. Engelien, T. Gerriets, Comar, J. L. Carrasco, J. P. Pruvo, A. Lopez de Munain, D. Pavitt, J. Alarcon, Chris H. Polman, B. Guldin, N. Yeni, Hartmut Brückmann, N. Wilczak, H. Szwed, R. Causaran, G. Kyriazis, M. E. Westarp, M. Gasparini, N. Pecora, J. M. Roda, E. Lang, V. Scaioli, David R. Fish, D. Caputo, O. Gratzl, R. Mercelis, A. Perretti, G. Steimetz, I. Link, C. Rigoletto, A. Catafau, G. Lucotte, M. Buti, G. Fagiolari, A. Piqueras, C. Godinot, J. C. Meurice, Erodriguez J. Dominigo, F. Lionnet, H. Grzelec, David J. Brooks, P. M. G. Munro, F. X. Weilbach, M. Maiwald, W. Split, B. Widjaja-Cramer, V. Ozturk, J. Colas, E. Brizioli, J. Calleja, L. Publio, M. Desi, R. Soffietti, P. Cortinovis-Tourniaire, E. F. Gonano, G. Cavaletti, S. Uselli, K. Westerlind, H. Betuel, C. O. Dhiver, H. Guggenheim, M. Hamon, R. Fazio, P. Lehikoinen, A. Esser, B. Sadzot, G. Fink, Angelo Antonini, D. Bendahan, V. Di Carlo, G. Galardi, A. F. Boller, M. Aksenova, Del Fiore, V. de la Sayette, H. Chabriat, A. Nicoletti, A. Dilouya, M. L. Harpin, E. Rouillet, J. Stam, A. Wolters, M. R. Delgado, Eduardo Tolosa, G. Said, A. J. Lees, L. Rinaldi, A. Schulze-Bonhage, MA Ron, C. Lefebvre, E. W. Radü, R. Alvarez, M. L. Bots, P. Reganati, S. Palazzi, A. Poggi, N. J. Scolding, V. Sazdovitch, T. Moreau, E. Maes, M. A. Estelies, P. Petkova, Jose-Felix Marti-Masso, G De La Meilleure, N. Mullatti, M. Rodegher, N. C. Notermans, T. A. T. Warner, S. Aktan, J. P. Louboutin, L. Volpe, C. Scheidt, W. Aust, C. M. Wiles, U. Schneider, S. K. Braekken, W. R. Willems, K. Usuku, Peter M. Rothwell, C. Talamon, M. L. Sacchetti, A. Codina, M. H. Marion, A. Santoro, J. Roda, A. Bordoni, D. J. Taylor, S. Ertas, H. H. Emmen, J. Vichez, V. BesanÇon, R. E. Passingham, M. L. Malosio, A. Vérier, M. Bamberg, A. W. Hansen, E. Mostacero, G. Gaudriault, Marie Vidailhet, B. Birebent, K. Strijckmans, F. Giannini, T. Kammer, I. Araujo, J. Nowicki, E. Nikolov, A. Hutzelmann, R. Gherardi, J. Verroust, L. Austoni, A. Scheller, A. Vazquez, S. Matheron, H. Holthausen, J. M. Gerard, M. Bataillard, S. Dethy, V. H. Patterson, V. Ivanez, N. P. Hirsch, F. Ozer, M. Sutter, C. Jacomet, M. Mora, Bruno Colombo, A. Sarropoulos, T. H. Papapetropoulos, M. Schwarz, D. S. Dinner, N. Acarin, B. Iandolo, J. O. Riis, P. R. J. Barnes, F. Taroni, J. Kazenwadel, L. Torre, A. Lugaresi, I. L. Henriques, S. Pauli, S. Alfonso, Pedro Quesada, A. S. T. Planting, J. M. Castilla, Thomas Gasser, M. Van der Linden, A. Alfaro, E. Nobile-Orazio, G. Popova, W. Vaalburg, F. G. A. van der Mech, L. Williams, F. Medina, J. P. Vernant, J. Yaouanq, B. Storch-Hagenlocher, A. Potemkowski, R. Riva, M. H. Mahagne, M. Ozturk, Ve. Drory, N. Konic, C. Jungreis, A. Pou Serradell, J. L. Gauvrit, G. J. Chelune, S. Hermandez, T. Dingus, L. Hewer, Ch. Koch, M. N. Metz-Lutz, G. Parlato, M. Sinaki, Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny, H. C. Diener, J. Broeckx, J. Weill-Fulazza, M. L. Villar, M. Rizzo, O. Ganslandt, C. Duran, N. A. Fletcher, G. Di Giovacchino, Susan T. Iannaccone, C. Kolig, N. Fabre, H. A. Crockard, Rita Bella, M. Tazir, E. Papagiannuli, K. Overgaard, Emma Ciafaloni, I. Lorenzetti, F. Viader, P. A. H. Millac, I. Montiel, L. H. Visser, M. Palomar, P. L. Murgia, H. Pedersen, Rafael Blesa, S. Seddigh, W. O. Renier, I. Lemahieu, H. M. L. Jansen, L. Rosin, J. Galofre, K. Mattos, M. Pondal, G. M. Hadjigeorgiou, D. Francis, L. Cantin, D. Stegeman, M. Rango, A. B. M. F. Karim, S. Schraff, B. Castellotti, I. Iriarte, E. Laborde, T. J. Tjan, R. Mutani, D. Toni, B. Bergaasco, J. G. Young, C. Klotzsch, A. Zincone, X. Ducrocq, M. Uchuya, O. J. Kolar, A. Quattrone, T. Bauermann, Nereo Bresolin, J. Vallée, B. C. Jacobs, A. Campos, Werner Poewe, J. A. Villanueva, A. W. Kornhuber, A. Malafosse, E. Diez-Tejedor, G. Jungreia, M. J. A. Puchner, A. Komiyama, O. Saribas, V. Volpini, L. Geremia, S. Bressi, A. Nibbio, Timothy E. Bates, T. z. Tzonev, E. Ideman, G. A. Damlacik, G. Martino, G. Crepaldi, T. Martino, Kjell Någren, E. Idiman, D. Samuel, J. M. Perez Trullen, Y. van der Graaf, J. O. Thorell, M. J. M. Dupuis, E. Sieber, R. D'Alessandro, C. Cazzaniga, J. Faiss, A. Tanguy, A. Schick, I. Hoksergen, A. Cardozo, R. Shakarishvili, G. K. Wennlng, J. L. Marti-Vilalta, J. Weissenbach, I. L. Simone, Amalia C. Bruni, Darius J. Adams, C. Weiller, A. Pietrangeli, F. Croria, C. Vigo-Pelfrey, Patricia Limousin, A. Ducros, G. Conti, O. Lindvall, E. Richter, M. Zuffi, A. Nappo, T. Riise, J. Wijdenes, M. J. Fernandez, J. Rosell, P. Vermersh, S. Servidei, M. S. C. Verdugo, F. Gouttiere, W. Solbach, M. Malbezin, I. S. Watanabe, A. Tumac, W. I. McDonald, D. A. Butterfield, P. P. Costa, F. deRino, F. Bamonti, J. M. Cesar, C. H. Lahoz, I. Mosely, M. Starck, M. H. Lemaitre, K. M. Stephan, S. Tex, R. Bokonjic, I. Mollee, L. Pastena, M. Gutierrez, F. Boiler, M. C. Martinez-Para, M. Velicogna, O. Obuz, A. Grinspan, M. Guarino, L. M. Cartier, E. Ruiz, D. Gambi, S. Messina, M. Villa, Michael G. Hanna, J. Valk, Leone Pascual, M. Clanet, Z. Argov, B. Ryniewicz, E. Magni, B. Berlanga, K. S. Wong, C. Gellera, C. Prevost, F. Gonzalez-Huix, R. Petraroli, J. E. G. Benedikz, I. Kojder, C. Bommelaer, L. Perusse, M. R. Bangioanni, Guy M. McKhann, A. Molina, C. Fresquet, E. Sindern, Florence Pasquier, M. J. Rosas, M. Altieri, O. Simoncini, M. Koutroumanidis, C. A. F. Tulleken, M. Dary-Auriol, S. Oueslati, H. Kruyer, I. Nishisho, C. R. Horning, A. Vital, G. V. Czettritz, J. Ph. Neau, B. Mihout, A. Ameri, M. Francis, S. Quasthoff, D. Taussig, S. Blunt, P. Valentin, C. Y. Gao, O. Heinzlef, H. d'Allens, C. Coudero, M. Erfas, G. Borghero, P. J. Modrego Pardo, M. C. Patrosso, N. L. Gershfeld, P. A. J. M. Boon, O. Sabouraud, M. Lara, J. Svennevig, G. L. Lenzi, A. Barrio, H. Villaroya, JosÇ M. Manubens, O. Boespflug-Tanguy, M. Carreras, D. A. Costiga, J. P. Breux, S. Lynn, C. Oliveras Ley, A. G. Herbaut, J. Nos, C. Tornali, Y. A. Hekster, J. L. Chopard, J. M. Manubens, P. Chemouilli, A. Jovicic, F. Dworzak, S. Smirne, S. E. Soudain, B. Gallano, D. Lubach, G. Masullo, G. Izquierdo, A. Pascual Leone Pascual, A. Sessa, V. Freitas, O. Crambes, L. Ouss, G. W. Van Dijk, P. Marchettini, P. Confalonieri, M. Donaghy, A. Munnich, M. Corbo, and M. E. L. van der Burg

Subjects
Neurology, business.industry, Media studies, Library science, Medicine, Neurology (clinical), business
Published
1994
Full Text
View/download PDF

8. Measuring quality of life in stroke

Author

H. van Crevel, R L Hewer, R.J. de Haan, M. Limburg, N. K. Aaronson, and Other departments

Subjects
Gerontology, medicine.medical_specialty, Activities of daily living, Psychometrics, media_common.quotation_subject, Health Status, MEDLINE, Social Environment, Severity of Illness Index, Quality of life, Activities of Daily Living, medicine, Humans, Quality (business), media_common, Advanced and Specialized Nursing, business.industry, Social environment, Reproducibility of Results, Surgery, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Nottingham Health Profile, Scale (social sciences), Quality of Life, Neurology (clinical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract

Little attention has been focused on quality of life in stroke outcome research. The purpose of this review is to outline the meaning of the concept, describe important methodological issues and methods of assessment, review existing quality of life measures, and discuss criteria for selecting an appropriate instrument. The following 10 quality of life instruments were reviewed: COOP Charts; Euroqol; Frenchay Activities Index; Karnofsky Performance Status Scale; McMaster Health Index Questionnaire; Medical Outcomes Study 20-Item Short-Form Health Survey; Nottingham Health Profile; Quality of Life Index; Quality of Well-being Scale; and the Sickness Impact Profile. They were evaluated in terms of length, time needed to complete, content, scoring, and psychometric characteristics. Emphasis should be placed on further psychometric evaluation of existing quality of life measures rather than on generating new instruments. There is particular need for supplementary data on the responsiveness of the instruments to changes in patients' clinical status over time. The choice of a suitable quality of life instrument should be based not only on psychometric properties but also on careful consideration of the research question, the relevance to the objectives of the study, the feasibility of the instrument, and the specific characteristics of the stroke patients under investigation.

Published
1993
Full Text
View/download PDF

9. Reliability of the clinical and electromyographic examination of tendon reflexes

Author

Jan Stam, H. van Crevel, and Other departments

Subjects
Adult, Reflex, Stretch, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Electrodiagnosis, Hemiplegia, Neurological examination, Physical examination, Electromyography, Tendon reflex, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, medicine, Humans, Physical Examination, Aged, medicine.diagnostic_test, Reproducibility of Results, Middle Aged, Tendon, medicine.anatomical_structure, Reflex, Physical therapy, Neurology (clinical), Psychology
Abstract

The reliability of clinical examination of the tendon reflexes was examined by studying inter-observer agreement. Twenty patients were examined by three neurologists. The briskness of the tendon reflexes in arms and legs was scored on a nine-point scale. In 28% of the 160 examined reflexes the observations disagreed 2 scale units or more. Disagreement on the presence of asymmetry occurred in 45% of the 80 reflex pairs. In 15% one observer judged a reflex pair to be symmetrical while another observer found asymmetry of at least 2 scale units. In a second experiment clinical observation of apparently asymmetrical quadriceps reflexes was compared with measurement by surface electromyography. A significant, semi-logarithmic relationship was found between clinical scores and measured reflex amplitudes. Measured reflex asymmetry always agreed with clinical asymmetry, and the magnitudes of right-left amplitude differences were correlated with the magnitude of clinically observed asymmetry. The bedside examination of tendon reflexes is subject to considerable inter-observer disagreement.

Published
1990
Full Text
View/download PDF

11. Lumbar puncture and the risk of herniation: when should we first perform CT?

Author

A. Hijdra, J. de Gans, and H. van Crevel

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Spinal Puncture, Cerebral Ventricles, Diagnosis, Differential, Cerebrospinal fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, Contraindication, Intracranial pressure, Neuroradiology, Encephalocele, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Lumbar puncture, Brain, Retrospective cohort study, Surgery, Neurology (clinical), Cerebrospinal fluid pressure, Intracranial Hypertension, business, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Papilledema
Abstract

Death following lumbar puncture (LP) is feared by physicians. Many opinions are found in literature on the question whether computed cranial tomography (CT) should be performed before LP, to prevent herniation. These opinions are mainly based on retrospective studies and pathophysiological reasoning. In this review the difficulties in the decision whether we should perform CT before LP are discussed. It is explained that the concept of "raised intracranial pressure" is confusing, and that the less ambiguous terms "brain shift" and "raised CSF pressure" should be used instead. Brain shift is a contraindication to LP, whether CSF pressure is raised or not, and whether papilloedema is present or not. Subsequently, recommendations are offered for indications to perform CT before LP, grouped according to the safety and clinical utility of LP.

Published
2002

12. [Revised consensus 'Diagnosis of the dementia syndrome']

Author

H, van Crevel and T J, Heeren

Subjects
Diagnosis, Differential, Male, Brain Diseases, Alzheimer Disease, Cerebellar Diseases, Dementia, Vascular, Humans, Dementia, Female, Guidelines as Topic, Frontal Lobe
Abstract

Dementia is a clinical syndrome and is diagnosed on clinical grounds. Various types can be distinguished: the Alzheimer-type, frontal lobe dementia and subcortical dementia syndromes. Neuropsychological examination can contribute to the clinical diagnosis. Differentiation from delirium and depression, which may co-exist with dementia, is necessary. Once a dementia syndrome has been diagnosed its cause has to be ascertained. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause and can often be diagnosed clinically. The clinical suspicion of vascular dementia has to be confirmed by imaging methods. Drug intoxication may cause or contribute to dementia. Blood tests should be performed routinely, but EEG, CT or MRI, SPECT and genetic tests can be carried out on clinical indication. Subsequently the need for care of the patient has to be established, as well as the ability of the carers to meet it. Regular follow-up is necessary. A definite diagnosis can only be made post-mortem when neuropathological examination has been performed. The organisation of diagnosis in the dementia syndrome should preferably take place in specialised multidisciplinary teams.

Published
1998

13. Reversible dementia in elderly patients referred to a memory clinic

Author

S. Teunisse, H. van Crevel, G. J. M. Walstra, W.A. van Gool, Faculteit der Geneeskunde, and Other departments

Subjects
Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Physical examination, Central nervous system disease, Diagnosis, Differential, Electrocardiography, Predictive Value of Tests, Epidemiology, medicine, Prevalence, Dementia, Humans, Prospective Studies, Neuroradiology, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Diseases, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Brain Neoplasms, Depression, Memory clinic, Remission Induction, Electroencephalography, Caregiver burden, medicine.disease, Surgery, Treatment Outcome, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, Cognition Disorders, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

Dementia has a reversible cause in some cases, and these should be diagnosed without over-investigating the many patients with irreversible disease. We prospectively studied the prevalence of reversible dementia in a memory clinic, determined the added value of investigations compared with clinical examination and assessed the outcome of treatment of potentially reversible causes by measuring (1) cognition, (2) disability in daily functioning, (3) behavioural changes and (4) caregiver burden. Two hundred patients aged 65 years and over were examined, using the CAMDEX-N. If they were demented, the probable cause was diagnosed clinically and confirmed or excluded by a standard set of investigations, which were done in all patients. Of the patients, 170 (mean age 79.2 years) were demented; 31 were treated for potentially reversible causes. At follow-up after 6 months, no patients showed complete reversal of dementia. Five patients improved on clinical impression, but only one on clinicial measurement. Thirty patients were cognitively impaired, but not demented; seven were treated. Judged clinically, three patients improved, but on assessment only one did so; she recovered completely. Blood tests often produced diagnostic results that were not expected clinically, but electroencephalography and computed tomography of the brain did not. None of the investigations had an effect on outcome of dementia after treatment. We conclude that in elderly patients referred to a memory clinic, the prevalence of reversible dementia is of the order of 1%, if outcome after treatment is assessed by a standardized measurement. We recommend blood tests in all patients, to detect not only metabolic causes of dementia but also co-morbidity possibly worsening the dementia. Other investigations can be performed on clinical indication. Clinical evaluation remains the mainstay of diagnosis in dementia.

Published
1997

15. [Variation in chemonucleolysis as treatment in herniated intervertebral disk]

Author

I N, van Schaik and H, van Crevel

Subjects
Time Factors, Patient Education as Topic, Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis, Humans, Medicine, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Intervertebral Disc Displacement, Netherlands, Specialization
Abstract

To measure the variation of chemonucleolysis in the management of lumbosacral intervertebral disk herniation in the Netherlands.Descriptive.Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.The use of chymopapain per specialist from 1987 to 1995 was determined by dividing the amount of chymopapain sold, as given by the pharmaceutical company, by the number of specialists as recorded by the specialist associations. Subsequently, variation of chemonucleolysis in time, between specialists and in place was calculated.Between 1987 and 1995 the number of chemonucleolysis treatments decreased gradually from 2084 to 538. Most neurosurgeons, orthopaedic surgeons and neurologists did not treat patients with herniation of a lumbosacral intervertebral disk with chemonucleolysis. Within the group of specialists which did treat patients with chemonucleolysis, a minority accounted for the majority of treatments. Chemonucleolysis was mainly performed in non-academic hospitals outside urban western Holland.Variation of chemonucleolysis in the management of lumbosacral intervertebral disk herniation in the Netherlands is considerable. Different preferences of specialists are probably the underlying cause.

Published
1996

16. [Computer-assisted education in problem-solving in neurology; a randomized educational study]

Author

G J, Weverling, J, Stam, T J, ten Cate, and H, van Crevel

Subjects
Patient Simulation, Double-Blind Method, Neurology, Humans, Internship and Residency, Educational Measurement, Problem Solving, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Netherlands
Abstract

To determine the effect of computer-based medical teaching (CBMT) as a supplementary method to teach clinical problem-solving during the clerkship in neurology.Randomized controlled blinded study.Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.103 Students were assigned at random to a group with access to CBMT and a control group. CBMT consisted of 20 computer-simulated patients with neurological diseases, and was permanently available during five weeks to students in the CBMT group. The ability to recognize and solve neurological problems was assessed with two free-response tests, scored by two blinded observers.The CBMT students scored significantly better on the test related to the CBMT cases (mean score 7.5 on a zero to 10 point scale; control group 6.2; p0.001). There was no significant difference on the control test not related to the problems practised with CBMT.CBMT can be an effective method for teaching clinical problem-solving, when used as a supplementary teaching facility during a clinical clerkship. The increased ability to solve problems learned by CBMT had no demonstrable effect on the performance with other neurological problems.

Published
1996

17. [The use of protocols in a neurological department]

Author

W, Weststrate, P, Portegies, and H, van Crevel

Subjects
Clinical Protocols, Central Nervous System Diseases, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Ischemic Attack, Transient, Hospital Departments, Humans, Cerebral Infarction, Prospective Studies, Algorithms, Netherlands
Abstract

To assess the use of protocols in a neurological department.Prospective study.Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam.Protocols were drafted by residents and staff members, criticised in protocol meetings and amended if necessary. During 6 months it was ascertained in each newly admitted patient (n = 317), whether a protocol was available, whether it was used and if not, why not.During the period before the introduction of the protocol for brain infarction and TIA (the largest category), protocols were available for 20% of the patients and used in 61% of those patients. After introduction of the brain infarction/TIA protocol, these percentages rose to 46 and 82, respectively. Protocols were not used if doctors were not aware of them or forgot to use them or if they were not applicable to individual patients.Writing and implementing protocols are feasible in neurological departments.

Published
1994

18. [Lumbar puncture and incarceration]

Author

H, van Crevel

Subjects
Adult, Diagnosis, Differential, Male, Brain Diseases, Pseudotumor Cerebri, Adolescent, Brain Neoplasms, Humans, Female, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Spinal Puncture, Encephalocele, Papilledema
Published
1993

21. [Study of the muscle stretch reflex]

Author

J, Stam and H, van Crevel

Subjects
Reflex, Stretch, Mental Processes, Reflex, Abnormal, Muscles, Humans, Muscle Contraction
Published
1992

22. [Should a patient with a stroke be admitted?]

Author

M, Limburg, K, van der Meer, E, Schadé, and H, van Crevel

Subjects
Patient Care Team, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Patient Admission, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, Humans, Middle Aged, Cognition Disorders, Algorithms, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Aged
Published
1992

23. [An outpatient clinic for memory disorders; initial experiences]

Author

G J, Walstra, M M, Derix, A, Hijdra, and H, van Crevel

Subjects
Aged, 80 and over, Counseling, Patient Care Team, Memory Disorders, Outpatient Clinics, Hospital, Humans, Dementia, Geriatric Assessment, Aged
Abstract

The department of neurology of the Academisch Medisch Centrum started an outpatient memory clinic in 1987 for patients aged 65 and older. Its specific aims are: assessment of elderly patients with memory problems, treatment where appropriate, and advice; clinical research; teaching and training. The clinic has run full-time since 1990. The approach is multidisciplinary. We describe our findings in the first 75 patients who were referred by their general practitioners because of forgetfulness or possible dementia: 72 of them had a complete investigation; 30 patients were not demented; three could be reassured because their performance was within normal limits. Four patients were depressed and they improved on therapy. Forty-two patients were demented. All had a CT scan and comprehensive blood tests but a curable cause for the dementia syndrome was never identified. This result was expected on account of the probably low frequency of 'reversible' causes and patient selection. Secondary prevention was important when a vascular component contributed to the pathogenesis of the mental deterioration (n = 6). Even when no curable condition was found, clarity about diagnosis and prognosis was important not only to the relatives but also to the general practitioner in planning the future management of the patient. Fifty-five of the 72 patients were older than 65 years which means that we do see the patients we are particularly interested in. The clinic offers facilities for clinical research. In the project 'Diagnostiek bij dementiesyndroom' (Diagnostics in dementia syndrome) we investigate the utility of ancillary investigations in relation to the outcome in demented patients.

Published
1992

24. [Consensus cerebrovascular accident]

Author

H, van Crevel

Subjects
Diagnostic Imaging, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Patient Education as Topic, Hemiplegia, Cerebral Infarction, Speech Therapy, Physical Therapy Modalities, Cerebral Hemorrhage
Abstract

A consensus conference on stroke was held on March 22, 1991. Subjects on which consensus was reached were: There are different kinds of cerebral haemorrhage and infarction, which can be differentiated by computerized tomography, and this can have practical consequences. At clinical examination special attention should be paid to cognitive impairment. Angiography is indicated only if carotid surgery or unusual causes are considered. CSF examination and EEG are performed only on special indications. Cardiological consultation is necessary in young patients, or if clinical signs of cardiogenic embolism are present. Coumarin derivatives are prescribed in some of these cardiac causes of stroke, to prevent recurrence. There is as yet no effective medical treatment for cerebral infarction. In lobar and cerebellar haemorrhage surgical treatment may be indicated. In the acute phase of stroke it is always important to prevent aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary embolism and decubitus, and to care for muscles and joints. Advantages and disadvantages of gastric tube and indwelling catheter should be weighed. Treatment of hypertension after the acute phase is indicated to prevent recurrent stroke. After TIA and minor stroke, aspirin is prescribed, which reduces the risk of cerebral and myocardial infarction by 30%. Carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with carotid stenosis of 70% or more, reduces the number of fatal or disabling strokes by 50%, if perioperative complications are less than 4%. Rehabilitation after stroke reduces disability and improves the adaptation of both the patient and his environment. The patient should be stimulated and supported; good information, including the family, is essential. Supplying aids and taking special measures should be done on individual basis, after a period of training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Published
1991

26. [The effect of publications on clinical practice; chemonucleolysis]

Author

I N, van Schaik, J W, Kardaun, R, Braakman, and H, van Crevel

Subjects
Neurology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Writing, Decision Making, Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis, Neurosurgery, Humans, Intervertebral Disc Displacement, Netherlands, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Abstract

The influence on practice of a publication about a randomised clinical trial of chemonucleolysis (CNL) vs. herniotomy in patients with lumbar prolapsed intervertebral disc was investigated, using a questionnaire sent to neurosurgeons and neurologists. There were no differences between responses of neurosurgeons and neurologists, nor between academic and non-academic specialists. 63 (57%) of the respondents stated they were not influenced by the paper, 48 (43%) stated they were. 40 of those said they thought more favourably about herniotomy, 8 more favourably about CNL. Opinion about CNL and advice to patients about CNL had no effect on being influenced or not by the article. However, they did modify the direction of influence: both negative and positive opinions about CNL appeared to be reinforced by the publication. Opinion about the best treatment and advice to patients were not fully consistent with each other.

Published
1991

28. [Clinimetrics: how is the patient?]

Author

H, van Crevel and J, van Gijn

Subjects
Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Health Status, Activities of Daily Living, Quality of Life, Humans, Therapeutics, Philosophy, Medical
Published
1990

30. Reliability of the NINDS Myotatic Reflex Scale

Author

H. van Crevel and Jan Stam

Subjects
Scale (ratio), Computer science, Myotatic reflex, Neurology (clinical), Reliability (statistics), Reliability engineering
Abstract

To the Editor: We would like to correct an error in the article on the reliability of the NINDS Myotatic Reflex Scale.1 On page 971 of the article, the authors cite our study on …

Published
1998
Full Text
View/download PDF

31. Assessment of dementia

Author

H. van Crevel, G. J. M. Walstra, W.A. van Gool, and Other departments

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Treatment outcome, medicine, MEDLINE, Follow up studies, Dementia, Dementia diagnosis, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Psychiatry, business
Abstract

onthe assessment of dementia—ie, on thevalue of investigations for casemanagement. Copeland comments thatthis study was based on preselectedneurological referrals, and concludesthat studies on unselected samples arerequired. We conducted such a study,in which we systematically informed thelocal general practitioners andencouraged them to refer all theirpatients with suspected dementia aged65 and older. We reported on 200consecutively referred patients, of which170 met the

Published
1998
Full Text
View/download PDF

33. Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Author

H. Van Crevel, J. Kovanen, S. Stefanko, G. Th. A. M. Bots, and Matti Haltia

Subjects
Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, Autopsy, Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome, Incubation period, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Discordant Twin, medicine.diagnostic_test, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, Brain biopsy, Transplacental, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Neurology, Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

A Finnish family is described with 9 cases of presenile dementia in 3 generations. The mean age at onset was 52 years (range 46--62 years). Progressive dementia, upper motor neuron signs, muscular rigidity, and twitching, irregular tremors were consistent features in the 6 clinically investigated patients and were associated with spongiform change in the cerebral cortex of one autopsy and two brain biopsy cases. The EEG showed progressive slowing without the occurrence of repetitive high-voltage complexes at any stage of the disease. The average duration of the disease (21 months, range 11--36 months) was longer than in the sporadic form of CJD. The occurrence of CJD within this family follows a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, suggesting the possibility of vertical transmission of the presumptive causative agent for example by genomic integration or transplacental passage. However, the occurrence of the disease only through the paternal line of relationships and the presence of a discordant twin pair argue strongly against transplacental passage or transmission via mother's milk. Simple contact infection also seems unlikely, as conjugal cases were not found among the 7 married patients. The interval between the death of the last affected member in generation IV and the time of onset of the disease in the first affected member of generation V was 10 years. Thus setting a minimum incubation period if case-to-case transmission were occurring. To evaluate the role of a genetically determined susceptibility to infection studies on the HLA antigens and other genetic markers are in progress.

Published
1979
Full Text
View/download PDF

34. Prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Author

N. J. D. Nagelkerke, H. van Crevel, A. Hijdra, J. van Gijn, Marinus Vermeulen, and Other departments

Subjects
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Antifibrinolytic, medicine.drug_class, Population, Ischemia, Subarachnoid Space, Recurrence, medicine, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, education, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Advanced and Specialized Nursing, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Glasgow Coma Scale, Intracranial Aneurysm, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, Hydrocephalus, nervous system diseases, Radiography, medicine.anatomical_structure, Blood, Ischemic Attack, Transient, Anesthesia, Regression Analysis, Neurology (clinical), Subarachnoid space, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Tranexamic acid, medicine.drug
Abstract

Using logistic regression, we analyzed the predictive value of a number of entry variables with respect to the outcome variables delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and poor outcome (death or severe disability) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The entry variables were clinical condition on admission (grades on the Glasgow Coma Scale, Hunt and Hess system), the amount of subarachnoid and intraventricular blood and the presence of hydrocephalus on the admission computed tomogram, and antifibrinolytic treatment with tranexamic acid. We used data from a prospectively studied population of 176 patients admitted within 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The risk of delayed cerebral ischemia was best predicted by the amount of subarachnoid blood, intraventricular blood, and antifibrinolytic treatment irrespective of clinical condition and hydrocephalus. The site of delayed cerebral ischemia was not related to the location of the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Antifibrinolytic treatment was the only entry variable (negatively) predicting the risk of rebleeding. Death or severe disability after 3 months was best predicted by the amount of subarachnoid blood and the initial clinical condition reflected by the grade on the Glasgow Coma Scale.

Published
1988
Full Text
View/download PDF

35. Pathogenesis of raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure

Author

H. Van Crevel

Subjects
Intracranial Pressure, Subarachnoid Space, Pathogenesis, Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial, Cerebrospinal fluid, Physiology (medical), Raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure, Craniocerebral Trauma, Humans, Medicine, Brain Diseases, Pseudotumor Cerebri, Brain Neoplasms, business.industry, Csf absorption, Csf drainage, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Sensory Systems, CSF circulation, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Blood Circulation, Arachnoid, Meningioma, business, Venous return curve, Papilledema, Superior sagittal sinus
Abstract

Raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure may be caused by (a) subarachnoid CSF circulation blocks (b) obstruction of CSF absorption in the arachnoid villi (c) disorders of the venous return from the superior sagittal sinus to the heart. The common factor in these mechanisms is obstructed CSF drainage. Some clinical conditions illustrating these principles are reviewed.

Published
1982
Full Text
View/download PDF

36. Benign intracranial hypertension

Author

W.A.E.J. De Vries, H. Van Crevel, and C. Bulens

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, genetic structures, CSF PRESSURE, business.industry, Visual impairment, Symptomatic treatment, Follow up studies, Retrospective cohort study, Positional Nystagmus, Nystagmus, eye diseases, Surgery, Neurology, medicine, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Thirty-six patients with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) were reviewed. Follow-up was obtained on 33 patients (91%) after a mean period of 7 1/2 years. Precipitating factors were found in 27 patients (75%). On admission, 5 patients had retro-ocular pain, especially on eye movements, a complaint not yet described in BIH. Seven patients had nystagmus, two of them horizontal positional nystagmus. It is questionable whether all signs in BIH are caused by the raised CSF pressure. The general outcome was good. Only two patients sustained severe ultimate visual impairment. Both presented with retro-ocular pain and sudden loss of vision on admission. Papilloedema can persist for years in BIH without serious visual impairment. Sometimes "causal" treatment is possible. No symptomatic treatment which is free from complications has been proved to prevent visual failure.

Published
1979
Full Text
View/download PDF

37. Antifibrinolytic Treatment in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Author

Jan Paul Muizelaar, F Cheah, K. W. Lindsay, M Schannong, J. van Gijn, Marinus Vermeulen, A. Hijdra, H. van Crevel, Graham M. Teasdale, Gordon D Murray, and Other departments

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Antifibrinolytic, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids, medicine.drug_class, Placebo, law.invention, Random Allocation, Double-Blind Method, Randomized controlled trial, Recurrence, law, Antifibrinolytic agent, medicine, Humans, Clinical Trials as Topic, Cerebral infarction, business.industry, Mortality rate, Intracranial Aneurysm, Cerebral Infarction, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, Cerebral Angiography, Surgery, Tranexamic Acid, Anesthesia, Female, business, Tranexamic acid, medicine.drug
Abstract

We enrolled 479 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether treatment with the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid improves outcome by preventing rebleeding. At three months there was no statistical difference between the outcomes in the tranexamic acid group and the control group. Of the 173 patients who died, 84 had received tranexamic acid and 89 placebo (95 per cent confidence interval for the difference in mortality rate, -6 to 11 per cent). Similarly, when analysis was restricted to patients with an angiographically demonstrated aneurysm, there was no significant difference between the groups. This absence of effect was not due to a lack of antifibrinolytic action, since the rate of rebleeding was reduced from 24 per cent in the control group to 9 per cent in the tranexamic acid-treated group (chi-square = 18.07, P less than 0.001), but resulted from a concurrent increase in the incidence of ischemic complications (15 per cent in the control group and 24 per cent in the tranexamic acid group; chi-square = 8.07, P less than 0.01). We conclude that until some method can be found to minimize ischemic complications, tranexamic acid is of no benefit in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Published
1984
Full Text
View/download PDF

40. LUMBAR PUNCTURE HEADACHE: CONTROLLED STUDY ON THE PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF 24 HOURS' BED REST

Author

P. A. T. Carbaat and H. Van Crevel

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, medicine.medical_treatment, Posture, Bed rest, Spinal Puncture, Sex Factors, Sex factors, Humans, Medicine, Clinical Trials as Topic, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Lumbar puncture, Incidence (epidemiology), Headache, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Lumbar Puncture Headache, Surgery, Needle size, Anesthesia, Female, business, Bed Rest
Abstract

Lumbar puncture was performed on 100 neurological patients by one investigator, using one needle size. 50 patients were kept ambulant and the other 50, who were comparable in age, sex, and neuroticism, were given 24 hours' bed rest. The incidence of post-lumbar-puncture headache did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Published
1981
Full Text
View/download PDF

41. Respiratory arrest in subarachnoid hemorrhage

Author

H. van Crevel, A. Hijdra, Marinus Vermeulen, J. van Gijn, and Other departments

Subjects
Resuscitation, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Rupture, Spontaneous, business.industry, Respiratory arrest, Vital signs, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Intracranial Aneurysm, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, Heart Arrest, Death, Sudden, Anesthesia, Ventricular fibrillation, medicine, Reflex, Humans, Neurology (clinical), Respiratory system, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Sudden loss of consciousness and cardiorespiratory disorders occurred in 43 of 254 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Two patients had ventricular fibrillation, 37 had one or more episodes with a disturbance of respiratory rhythm that required assisted ventilation, and 4 died suddenly without recorded vital signs. Sixteen patients recovered after resuscitation. The outcome could not be predicted at an early stage from the anatomic type of hemorrhage on CT, the initial presence or absence of brainstem reflexes, or the type of cardiorespiratory disorder. Spontaneous respiration and responsiveness returned within 1 hour in all patients who recovered.

Published
1984
Full Text
View/download PDF

42. Tendon reflex asymmetry by voluntary mental effort in healthy subjects

Author

Jan Stam, H van Crevel, H D Speelman, and Other departments

Subjects
Adult, Reflex, Stretch, medicine.medical_specialty, Physical examination, Electromyography, Tendon reflex, law.invention, Mental Processes, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Randomized controlled trial, law, medicine, Humans, medicine.diagnostic_test, Random assignment, business.industry, Patellar reflex, Tendon, medicine.anatomical_structure, Reflex, Physical therapy, Neurology (clinical), business, Muscle Contraction
Abstract

• The effect of voluntary mental influences on the tendon reflexes was examined in healthy subjects. The patellar reflexes were evoked by a method comparable with the clinical examination, and the reflexes were recorded by surface electrodes. Eighteen subjects were instructed to increase and then decrease the right patellar reflex by mental effort, without contracting any muscles. Most subjects increased the reflex in both conditions. Subsequently, ten subjects were instructed to increase the right patellar reflex and decrease the left by mental effort. Measurement showed reflex asymmetry in seven subjects consistent with the instruction. The experiment was repeated in another 20 subjects with symmetric reflexes at rest. Ten of these subjects were, after random assignment, instructed to increase either the right or the left knee jerk. All subjects (and an additional 15 asymmetric control subjects) were examined by a neurologist without knowledge of the instruction. Three of the ten instructed subjects were correctly judged to be asymmetric, but the agreement between instruction and neurologic judgment was not statistically significant. Mentally induced reflex asymmetry is possible, and may be clinically relevant in some cases.

Published
1989

43. [Diagnosis in dementia]

Author

H, van Crevel

Subjects
Diagnosis, Differential, Male, Memory Disorders, Mental Processes, Neurocognitive Disorders, Humans, Dementia, Female, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Aged
Published
1987

44. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Complications and outcome in a hospital population

Author

A. Hijdra, R. Braakman, Marinus Vermeulen, J. van Gijn, H. van Crevel, and Other departments

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Time Factors, Ischemia, Autopsy, Brain Ischemia, Hospitals, University, Aneurysm, Recurrence, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Netherlands, Advanced and Specialized Nursing, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Intracranial Aneurysm, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, Surgery, medicine.anatomical_structure, Anesthesia, Angiography, Neurology (clinical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Complication, business, Artery, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

We describe total management results in a prospective series of 264 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) admitted to a neurologic unit. Referrals were actively solicited from general physicians as well as neurologists in the area. The diagnosis was based on computed tomography (CT). Secondary deteriorations were analyzed clinically and with serial CT scanning. Outcome was assessed 3 months after SAH. There were no relevant differences between the analyses of patients with and without an aneurysm confirmed by angiography or autopsy. One third of the patients either died within 1 day (12%) or remained in a poor clinical condition that precluded surgery (22%). One third were in good clinical condition, but contraindications to surgery were judged present or serious complications occurred before surgery could be performed. One third of all patients underwent surgery. Overall mortality in our series was 52%; only 26% made a good recovery. The risk of rebleeding was not related to the patients' initial clinical condition, but all other intracranial complications occurred significantly more often in patients graded poor compared with patients in good clinical condition. The most important causes of death and severe disability were hemorrhage (16%), recurrent hemorrhage (18%), and delayed cerebral ischemia (15%). The most important surgical complication was delayed deterioration caused by ischemia (20% of operated patients). We estimated that recognition of 'warning leaks,' surgery in patients over 65, and improvement of our surgical technique could decrease mortality from 52% to approximately 41%.

Published
1987

45. [The EEG in neurology practice; shifts in diagnosis]

Author

F E, Posthumus Meyjes and H, van Crevel

Subjects
Adult, Brain Diseases, Epilepsy, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Electroencephalography, Seizures, Brain Injuries, Child, Preschool, Encephalitis, Humans, Dementia, Child, Aged
Published
1989

46. [Medicine and technology]

Author

H, van Crevel and H J, van der Helm

Subjects
Technology, Technology, High-Cost, Humans, Medicine
Published
1987

47. Benign intracranial hypertension. A retrospective and follow-up study

Author

C, Bulens, W A, De Vries, and H, Van Crevel

Subjects
Adult, Male, Pseudotumor Cerebri, Adolescent, Headache, Vision Disorders, Visual Acuity, Pain, Syndrome, Humans, Female, Visual Fields, Follow-Up Studies, Papilledema, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

Thirty-six patients with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) were reviewed. Follow-up was obtained on 33 patients (91%) after a mean period of 7 1/2 years. Precipitating factors were found in 27 patients (75%). On admission, 5 patients had retro-ocular pain, especially on eye movements, a complaint not yet described in BIH. Seven patients had nystagmus, two of them horizontal positional nystagmus. It is questionable whether all signs in BIH are caused by the raised CSF pressure. The general outcome was good. Only two patients sustained severe ultimate visual impairment. Both presented with retro-ocular pain and sudden loss of vision on admission. Papilloedema can persist for years in BIH without serious visual impairment. Sometimes "causal" treatment is possible. No symptomatic treatment which is free from complications has been proved to prevent visual failure.

Published
1979

48. Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Author

H. van Crevel, Marinus Vermeulen, A. Hijdra, Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, J. van Gijn, and Other departments

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Obtundation, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Adolescent, Aneurysm, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Aged, Cerebral infarction, business.industry, Glasgow Coma Scale, Intracranial Aneurysm, Middle Aged, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, Surgery, Hydrocephalus, Radiography, Anesthesia, Acute Disease, Drainage, Female, business, Hyponatremia
Abstract

✓ Hydrocephalus, defined as a bicaudate index above the 95th percentile for age, was found in 34 (20%) of 174 prospectively studied patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who survived the first 24 hours and who underwent computerized tomography (CT) scanning within 72 hours. The occurrence of acute hydrocephalus was related to the presence of intraventricular blood, and not to the extent of cisternal hemorrhage. The level of consciousness was depressed in 30 of the 34 patients. Characteristic clinical features were present in 19 patients, including a gradual obtundation after the initial hemorrhage in 16 patients and small nonreactive pupils in nine patients (all with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 7 or less). In the remaining 15 patients (44%), the diagnosis could be made only by CT scanning. After 1 month, 20 of the 34 patients had died: six from rebleeding (four after shunting), 11 from cerebral infarction (eight after an initial improvement), and three from other or mixed causes. Only one of nine patients in whom a shunt was placed survived, despite rapid improvement in all immediately after shunting. The mortality rate among patients with acute hydrocephalus was significantly higher than in those without, with the higher incidence caused by cerebral infarction (11 of 34 versus 12 of 140 cases, respectively; p < 0.001). Death from infarction could not be attributed to the extent of cisternal hemorrhage, the use of antifibrinolytic drugs, or failure to apply surgical drainage, but could often be explained by the development of hyponatremia, probably accompanied by hypovolemia.

Published
1985

49. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of rebleeding from intracranial aneurysm

Author

H. van Crevel

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Epilepsy, Rupture, Spontaneous, business.industry, Brain Edema, Intracranial Aneurysm, General Medicine, Cerebral Infarction, medicine.disease, Diagnosis, Differential, Aneurysm, medicine, Humans, Surgery, Neurology (clinical), Radiology, Coma, business, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Hydrocephalus
Published
1980

50. Chapter 1 Clinical approach to dementia

Author

H. Van Crevel

Subjects
Chronic care, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, media_common.quotation_subject, Disease, medicine.disease, Mental status examination, mental disorders, medicine, Delirium, Dementia, Personality, Differential diagnosis, medicine.symptom, Psychiatry, Intensive care medicine, Psychology, Depression (differential diagnoses), media_common
Abstract

Publisher Summary Dementia has devastating effects on patients and their relatives. Memory, intellect, and personality are progressively impaired in this disorder. This process is irreversible in most cases and often necessitates admission to an institution for chronic care. Moreover, dementia often leads to death from secondary complications and its main cause, Alzheimer's disease, has been called “a major killer.” While treating a patient diagnosed with dementia, the emphasis should be on detecting treatable causes. Clinical history and examination, involving mental status examination, are all-important in the differential diagnosis, including normal aging, depression, delirium, amnesic syndromes, and focal neurological dysfunction. The concept of “subcortical” dementia appears useful in the analysis of patients with dementia because most treatable forms of dementia belong to this group. Ancillary investigations should not be used indiscriminately; neither minimax nor purely probabilistic strategies are permissible or feasible in dementia. The principle of decision analysis should be applied—that is, the maximization of expected utility. Both the diagnosis of the dementia syndrome and of its causes is rather unreliable. Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed by exclusion, with no positive test being available yet.

Published
1986
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results