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This Symposium explores a unique and relatively understudied intersection of global law and governance, on the one hand, and gender and feminist theory, on the other—which we label “football feminism.” Football (soccer), we hazard to claim, occupies a place in the global space unlike any other cultural/economic phenomenon. Given the mass global consumption and veneration of football, it plays a particularly powerful role in shaping, validating, and entrenching gender relations far beyond the sport, all around the world. Football matters in this way, whether we like it or not, so its governance should attract scholarly feminist critique. Significantly, the primary regulator of football is a private organization headquartered in Zurich, controlling billions of dollars and a worldwide network of national football associations. The “constitution” of this organization—the FIFA Statutes—includes a prohibition on gender discrimination and, as of quite recently, commitments to promote women in football and to respect all internationally recognized human rights. However, many questions remain as to the specific meaning of these good-governance and human-rights norms in the context of football, as well as to the seriousness of the commitment to their actual implementation and the availability of mechanisms for enforcing them vis-à-vis the powerful private organizations that govern the sport. Together, these organizations embody a distinctive form of global governance that raises particular questions of legality, legitimacy, democracy, transparency, and accountability. The contributions to this Symposium consider some of these questions as they relate to gender inequality in football, both on and off the pitch.

Type 3 von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is a rare and severe form of VWD characterized by the absence of von Willebrand factor (VWF).As part of the Zimmerman Program, we sought to explore the molecular pathogenesis, correlate bleeding phenotype and severity, and determine the inheritance pattern found in type 3 VWD families.62 index cases with a pre-existing diagnosis of type 3 VWD were analyzed. Central testing included FVIII, VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, and VWFpp. Bleeding symptoms were quantified using the ISTH bleeding score. Genetic analysis included VWF sequencing, comparative genomic hybridization and predictive computational programs.75% of subjects (46) had central testing confirming type 3, while 25% were re-classified as type 1-Severe or type 1C. Candidate VWF variants were found in all subjects with 93% of expected alleles identified. The majority were null alleles including frameshift, nonsense, splice site, and large deletions, while 13% were missense variants. Additional studies on 119 family members, including 69 obligate carriers, revealed a wide range of heterogeneity in VWF levels and bleeding scores, even amongst those with the same variant. Co-dominant inheritance was present in 51% of families and recessive in 21%, however 28% were ambiguous.This report represents a large cohort of VWD families in the U.S. with extensive phenotypic and genotypic data. While co-dominant inheritance was seen in approximately 50% of families, this study highlights the complexity of VWF genetics due to the heterogeneity found in both VWF levels and bleeding tendencies amongst families with type 3 VWD.

Published: 22 January 2022 This article introduces a Transatlantic Symposium on The Restatement (Fourth). The Symposium aims to shed light on the Restatement (Fourth) at three levels: (i) the project of ‘restating’ the law; (ii) the concept of ‘foreign relations law’ and its relationship to international law; and (iii) the substance of law as ‘restated’ in the Restatement: How does the Restatement (Fourth) approach the law of treaties, jurisdiction and immunities; does it get the law ‘right’ and how does it com¬pare to its illustrious predecessor, the Restatement (Third)?

Published: 22 January 2022 This is a literal Q&A between the convenors of Symposium on the Restatement (Fourth) and one of the project’s two coordinating reporters, Paul Stephan. We discuss the selection of the reporters, the writing process, the Restatement’s intended audience and the relationship with the Restatement Third.

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common inherited bleeding disorder, however the diagnosis can be complicated by a subjective bleeding history and issues with some current von Willebrand factor (VWF) laboratory assays.In the Zimmerman Program, we sought to determine how often a type 1 diagnosis was based on a single low VWF ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) level resulting from the common genetic variant p.D1472H or an isolated assay issue, if that low value was corroborated by the VWF glycoprotein-IbM (VWF:GPIbM) assay, and if retesting confirmed original levels.New patients being evaluated for bleeding were consented. Analysis includedA total of 18% of VWD subjects had a low local VWF:RCo, but normal VWF:Ag and normal central testing including VWF:GPIbM. Seventy percent of the low VWF:RCo cohort had no pathogenicThe diagnosis of VWD based on a single low VWF:RCo but normal VWF:Ag, was often attributed to p.D1472H or variability in VWF:RCo that was eliminated with VWF:GPIbM. Our study suggests that using VWF:RCo alone for diagnostic purposes may be insufficient while repeat VWF:RCo or VWF:GPIbM testing can be valuable in establishing a VWD diagnosis.

In this Dialogical Epilogue, I address a series of both general and specific questions to some of the contributors of this volume. The intent is to seek clarification on or even contest one or more propositions presented in the various chapters. In the role of a “Consul of the Readers” I enter into a conversation with the book’s authors to discuss some of the fundamental questions to which Sentenza 238/2014 gives rise and that have, at best, received only indirect answers in the various chapters. I believe answering them will enhance the value of each contribution and of the book as a whole.

'EJIL Symposium Issue: International Law and Democracy Revisited : Introduction to the Symposium' Published: 19 June 2021 The European Journal of International Law was founded in 1989, coinciding with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the attendant excitement encapsulated by that well-known optimistic/hubristic End of History phraseology. Many predicted or expected that liberal democracy would become regnant in the world and a New International Legal Order would replace the old First World/Second World/Third World distinctions. Thirty years later, at the occasion of EJIL’s 30th birthday, EJIL’s Scientific Advisory and Editorial Boards considered it opportune to revisit the question of international law and democracy: in 2019, the state of democracy, whether liberal or social or any other variant, seemed to be far from sanguine. In many regions of the world, democracy seemed under assault. The stakes are high. What is the state of the scholarship on international law and democracy? What has happened to that once seemingly overcrowded bandwagon? Who is still on it? Is it still moving? And if so, in which direction? What are those who are thinking about international law and democracy concerned with? In organizing this Symposium, we did not follow the classical design of a predetermined set of topics and invited scholars. Instead, in the spirit of democracy perhaps, we issued a call for papers so as not to be locked into our preconceptions of what is important and who is important, but let the field speak for itself.

Polarization in today’s politics, pre- and post COVID, transcends nations, states regions and continents. It’s a feature of politics which, in and on itself, when played to extremes by demonizing one’s opponents, it threatens democracy itself—since it frays the demos some cohesion of which is necessary for the legitimacy of majoritarianism, one of the pillars of national democracies. Its lexical manifestation is to be found with expressions such as ‘traitors’ or ‘not real’ Americans, Italians, Israelis—take your pick and fill in the gap.It has, lamentably in my view, a spillover effect also into the academic world of scholarship. A word of criticism of, say, the European Court of Justice instantly brands you a ‘Eurosceptic’ and one of ‘them’. To speak of Universal Values, casts you as an enemy of this or that national cause. This is not to say, not at all, that one cannot bring to one’s scholarship a fully engaged normative and ethical commitment, especially in the field of law which has, or should have, at its roots a commitment to justice. But it militates against careful listening, complex reasoning and understanding and more fine grained normative judgments. Justice is oftentimes not black and white.It is particularly so when it comes to dealing with the phenomenon of Populism which has moved from the fringe to the center of politics. Trying to understand Populism is not akin to justifying it.

Resumen Traducción al español del texto seminal del profesor J. H. H. Weiler en el que explora la relación entre la democracia, la gobernanza y el derecho internacional a lo largo de la historia, a través del novedoso enfoque de la geología. En la interacción entre estos tres conceptos y en la pregunta por la legitimidad del derecho internacional, el profesor Weiler identifica tres etapas claves (transaccional, comunitaria y regulatoria) que permiten comprender con mayor precisión este complejo fenómeno. Abstract Spanish translation of Professor J. H. H. Weiler's seminal paper in which he explores the relation between democracy, governance and international law throughout history with a novelty geological approach. In the interaction between these concepts and questioning the legitimacy of international law, Professor Weiler identifies three key layers (Transaction, Community and Regulation) that enable a better understanding of such a complex phenomenon.

Our purpose in this Foreword article is to revisit, update, and theoretically revise Mauro Cappelletti’s path-breaking work Judicial Review in the Contemporary World. Our main cartographical device, in homage to Cappelletti, is the wave metaphor. We map three sequential and overlapping worldwide, global waves of judicial review within a constitutional order. The first wave is the series of “constitutional revolutions” within national legal orders. The second wave is the emergence of international law as the source of the higher law which courts use in their exercise of their power of judicial review. The third wave is a response and reaction to the first and second waves: one dimension of the third wave is the attempt of domestic courts to make up for the rule of law, democratic and identitarian lacunae in transnational governance (voice). Another dimension—exit—is the set of instances in which courts (and states) seek to exit the first and/or the second wave. The interplay between the waves and their dialectical features constitute the explanatory framework we offer in this article. By highlighting the dialectical relations within and between waves we hope to challenge a dominant narrative on constitutionalization processes as progressive and evolutionary.

Endotracheal (ET) intubation has been the gold standard in out-of-hospital airway management for a long time. Recent guidelines suggest an alternative airway management with supraglottic airway devices like the laryngeal tube (LT) especially for less experienced rescue personnel. However, scientific evidence on the prognostic impact of the laryngeal tube in the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is limited.We aimed to compare mortality outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients after preclinically initiated airway management with either ET or LT in a propensity score matched, single-center retrospective analysis.A total of 208 patients with OHCA were resuscitated and intubated with either ET (n = 160; 77%) or LT (n = 48; 23%) in the urban area of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and treated thereafter on the intensive care unit of the University Hospital Frankfurt from 2006-2014. In-hospital mortality was 84% versus 85% in the ET and LT group (p = 0.86). No difference regarding in-hospital mortality has been observed between the two airway management techniques in univariate as well as in multivariate mortality analysis (HR = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69-1.39; p = 0.92; adjusted HR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.76-1.56; p = 0.62). To adjust for potential confounders, propensity score matching was additionally performed resulting in a cohort of 120 matched patients in a 3:1 ratio (ET:LT). Again, survival to hospital discharge was comparable between the two patient groups (propensity-adjusted HR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.65-1.51, p = 0.97). Further, preclinical airway management with LT or ET showed no difference in mortality within first 24 h (propensity-adjusted HR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.44-2.36; p = 0.96).Preclinical airway management with LT shows similar mortality outcomes in direct comparison to intubation with ET in OHCA patients. Further randomized studies are warranted.

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua Spacecraft was launched on May 4, 2002. The AIRS was designed to measure atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles and has demonstrated exceptional radiometric and spectral accuracy and stability in-orbit. The accuracy is achieved by transferring the calibration from a Large Area Blackbody (LABB) to the On-Board Calibrator (OBC) blackbody during preflight testing and frequent on-board calibration. The LABB theoretical emissivity is in excess of 0.9999 and temperature uncertainty is less than ±60 mK. The LABB emitted radiance is NIST traceable through thermistors located on the internal surfaces. The AIRS also provides a full aperture space view every scan for offset calibration. AIRS nonlinearity and polarization calibration coefficients were based on pre-flight testing and have been among the highest uncertainty sources in the calibration. A recent method using on-board space view data has reduced the uncertainty of the polarization coefficients and use of separate A side and B side data from pre-flight testing has reduced the uncertainty of the nonlinearity estimates. An update to the system radiometric uncertainty is made based on the new data and includes other refinements and is presented in this paper. This paper does not address the stability of the AIRS radiances in orbit that is usually determined by comparison with surface observations.

A partir del caso Lautsi (una demanda de retirada del crucifijo de la escuela pública italiana ante el Tribunal Europeo de los Derechos Humanos), el autor ofrece una reflexión sobre «Libertad de religión» y «Libertad frente a la religión» (o libertad positiva y negativa). Se compara la respuesta de los distintos modelos europeos y se muestra la falsedad de la pretendida neutralidad del laicismo. El análisis viene acompañado por el texto de la intervención oral del autor ante el Tribunal Europeo de los Derechos Humanos, en nombre de varios países miembros.

A typical Indonesian kretek cigarette brand and an experimental kretek reference cigarette were compared to the reference cigarette 2R4F in two 90-day inhalation studies. Male and female rats were exposed nose-only to mainstream smoke for 6 hours daily, for 90 consecutive days. Biological endpoints were assessed according to OECD guideline 413, with special emphasis on respiratory tract histopathology and on lung inflammation (broncho-alveolar lavage fluid levels of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes). Histopathological alterations included: in the nose, hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium and squamous metaplasia and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium; in the larynx, epithelial squamous metaplasia and hyperplasia; in the lungs, accumulation of macrophages in alveoli and goblet cell hyperplasia in bronchial epithelium. The findings were qualitatively consistent with observations from previous similar studies on conventional cigarettes. Compared to 2R4F cigarette, however, kretek smoke exposure was associated with a pronounced attenuation of pulmonary inflammation and less severe histopathological changes in the respiratory tract. Neutrophilic inflammation was also significantly lower (>70%). These results are consistent with the observations made on smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicology. They do not support any increased toxicity of the smoke of kretek cigarettes compared to conventional American-blended cigarettes.

The biological activity of mainstream smoke from experimental kretek cigarettes with and without three mixes of ingredients was assessed in a 90-day rat inhalation study and in a 4-day in vivo micronucleus assay. 350 ingredients, commonly used in various combinations and in a limited number in a given brand in the manufacture of marketed kretek cigarettes, were applied at a low and a high target level to test cigarettes with a typical Indonesian blend of tobaccos and cloves. In the 90-day inhalation study, effects commonly seen in rat inhalation studies with mainstream smoke were observed. In general, no ingredients-related histopathological changes were found in the respiratory tract. In the 4-day micronucleus assay exposure of male rats to mainstream smoke from the test cigarettes containing any of the three mixes did not increase the proportions of micronucleated cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow over the proportion of micronucleated cells in the control group. Based on the results of these studies, it can be concluded that the addition of ingredients commonly used in the manufacture of kretek cigarettes did not change the overall in vivo toxicity profile of the mainstream smoke.

This essay examines, first, the reasons for the extraordinary impact and iconic status which are attached to Van Gend en Loos. It argues that the explanation lies in a confluence of structural factors and not in the "direct effect" doctrine simpliciter. It then looks at the "darker" side of the case - a proxy for governance - its contribution to a European narrative of efficiency which disregards the traditional mechanism of democratic legitimacy.

Cigarette smoking is the primary etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a risk factor for both lung and cardiovascular (CV) diseases, which are rarely investigated concomitantly. Although smoking cessation shows clear CV risk benefit, lung-related disease risk remains higher in former smokers than in never smokers. We sought to determine the differential molecular responses of murine respiratory tissues to better understand the toxicity pathways involved in smoking-related disease risk and those related to the benefits of smoking cessation. ApoE(-/-) mice were exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) or a smoking cessation-mimicking protocol for up to 6 months and transcriptomics analysis of nasal epithelium and lung parenchyma performed. We supported our gene expression profiling approach with standard lung histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis. Many BALF analytes involved in functions ranging from inflammation to cell proliferation and tissue remodeling were found elevated in BALF. Gene expression levels of these molecules were also increased in lung tissue, suggesting that the inflammatory response was the result of local tissue activation and the contribution of recruited inflammatory cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of expression data from murine lungs and nasal epithelium showed distinct activation patterns of inflammation, complement, and xenobiotic metabolism pathways during CS exposure that were deactivated upon smoking cessation. Pathways involved in cell proliferation and tissue remodeling were activated by CS and progressively deactivated upon smoke exposure cessation. Differential CS-mediated responses of pulmonary and nasal tissues reflect common mechanisms but also the varying degrees of epithelial functional specialization and exposure along the respiratory tract.

The question whether jus in bello and jus ad bellum should interact, or remain in hermet ically sealed spheres, has generated a voluminous and vociferous body of contemporary literature. The goal of this article is to take a step back from the particulars of the arguments and examine the shape and direction of the debate itself. We trace how the debate has evolved in response to political culture and sensibilities, focusing in on paradigmatic points throughout the 20th century. In each era the discussion on how these two areas of law should, or should not, intersect arises. And contrary to what might be implied by the recent debate where both sides often rely on "fundamental principles", the dialogue regarding the relationship between jus in bello and jus ad bellum is not a static argument. The discourse is dynamic and politically contextualized - impacted by, and impacting upon, the external controversies of the day. Certain consistent threads have guided the debate - first order political interests, institutional considerations, and consequences, and a legal and sociological conservativism run throughout. Distinct visions and assessments of the morality of war and who is to blame for its evils and how best to work towards peace also push and pull the flow of debate. Frequently, the positions on jus in bello and jus ad bellum serve as proxies for deeper or shallower courses of discussion. And although the contemporary discourse is more fractured, these same influences are discernable today.