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The purpose of this study is to develop a new pallet structure using the inexpensive hinoki wood, which is produced in the Ehime Prefecture, having the same strength as the conventional Oregon pine wood. A new pallet structure was proposed for achieving high-strength by improving the flexural stiffness and compressive stiffness and achieving high-cost performance by using the inexpensive hinoki wood. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: deflection of the new type is reduced compared to the standard type, due to the increased bending rigidity of the edge board and deck board; compressive displacement of the new model decreases, as the compressive stiffness of the pallet legs increases; new mold pattern 6 made is higher in strength and rigidity than the standard mold; cost of the new type #6 is 72% of that of the standard type pallet, and cost can be reduced by 28%.

We have fabricated an Al2O3/GeO2 gate-dielectric stack on p-type Ge by electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma oxidation and sputtering without external substrate heating. We show that the midgap interface state density at the GeO2/Ge interface is 4.5 × 1010 cm-2 · eV-1. The hysteresis observed in capacitance-voltage measurements is reduced to 50 mV when the gate bias is swept from accumulation to inversion and back to accumulation or after a single dummy sweep from inversion to accumulation, indicating the possibility that the bulk oxide traps causing the hysteresis are deactivated by the injected holes. The band gap of GeO2 was determined by internal photoemission measurements to be 4.7 eV. The conduction- and valence-band offsets at the GeO2/Ge interface are moderately symmetric and large with values of 1.8 and 2.2 eV, respectively. These promising results suggest that low-temperature plasma-grown GeO2 is a suitable interlayer between high-dielectric-constant dielectrics and Ge.

To better understand the thermodynamic behaviour of chlorine in blast furnaces, CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 slags were brought into equilibrium with Ar + H 2 + HCI + H 2 O gas mixtures at temperatures between 1673 K and 1798 K. The dissolution of chlorine into molten slags could be well interpreted through a reaction: (1/2) {CaO} siag + (HCI) = {Ca 1/2 Cl} siag + (1/2) (H 2 O). Conforming to this formula, a linear relation was observed between log (%CI) and log (P 2 HCl / P H2O ) with an anticipated slope of 1/2.

2Although there is strong theoretical support that na-ture can be described by a grand uni ed theory (GUT) [1,2], there is currently no direct experimental evidence.One of the most powerful ways to test grand uni cationis to look for proton (or bound neutron) decay. MostGUTs have an unstable proton; in the absence of anobservation, setting experimental limits on the protonlifetime can provide useful constraints on the nature ofgrand uni ed theories. Observation, on the other hand,would be tantalizing evidence of new physics beyond theStandard Model.One of the more simple but interesting candidates forgrand uni cation is SO(10), where the Standard Model’sSU(3), SU(2), and U(1) are contained within the largergauge group. The class of models based on SO(10) uni- cation generally make predictions for neutrino massesand mixing that are broadly in accord with all knownneutrino mixing data [3, 4]. The minimal supersym-metric SO(10) model with a 126 Higgs eld describedin Ref. [3] is the particular motivation for the analysispresented here. In addition to predicting neutrino massand mixing in agreement with observations, it leaves R-parity unbroken, which guarantees the existence of stabledark matter. For some region of its allowed parameterspace, this model predicts that the dominant nucleon de-cay modes will be p! ˇ

A search for the dinucleon decay $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{K}^{+}$ has been performed using $91.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kton}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\text{yr}$ data from Super-Kamiokande-I. This decay provides a sensitive probe of the $R$-parity-violating parameter ${{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{112}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$. A boosted decision tree analysis found no signal candidates in the data. The expected background was $0.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19$ atmospheric neutrino induced events and the estimated signal detection efficiency was $12.6%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.2%$. A lower limit of $1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{32}\text{ }\text{ }\text{years}$ has been placed on the partial lifetime of the decay $^{16}\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{14}\mathrm{C}{K}^{+}{K}^{+}$ at 90% C.L. A corresponding upper limit of $7.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ has been placed on the parameter ${{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{112}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$.

Two types of low-energetic He-atom beam sources were constructed for direct measurement of electric field distribution in tokamak plasma edge region with aid of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. One is a continuous plasma flow extracted from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source. The plasma parameters were measured by Langmuir probes, while density profiles and velocity of metastable He atoms (21S) in the plasma flow were measured by LIF method. It was found that extremely high density metastable atoms of ∼ 1011 cm−3 were created at 7 cm apart from the outlet of the source. Formation mechanism of such high density 21S atoms was briefly discussed on the basis of atomic processes. Another is a pulsed free jet having a pair of discharge electrodes to produce the 21S atoms in the jet. High density 21S atoms (∼ 1010 cm−3) were found to be created in the discharged jet by means of the optical absorption method.

We present the results of searches for nucleon decay via n→ν[over ¯]π0 and p→ν[over ¯]π+ using data from a combined 172.8 kt·yr exposure of Super-Kamiokande-I,-II, and-III. We set lower limits on the partial lifetime for each of these modes: τn→ν[over ¯]π01.1×10(33) years and τp→ν[over ¯]π+3.9×10(32) years at a 90% confidence level.

Recent results of Heliotron E experiment are reviewed. Detailed studies of the plasma transport have been achieved in Heliotron E, in which the plasma wall interaction has been changed using the ECH boronization technique. The boronization realized low-density, high-T{sub i} plasmas whose ion collisionality deeply estended to the 1/{nu}{sub i}** regime. The local electron and ion thermal diffusivities in the NBI plasma are analyzed and discussed by comparison with theory-based transport models. The particle transport in ECH plasmas is investigated with edge fluctuation measurements. Both electrostatic and magnetic fluctuations are well correlated with the global particle confinement. Characteristic structures of the electric field or potential distribution are observed during the particle confinement degradation phase. It is considered that dc convective flow across the last closed flux surface is caused by the potential structure. Edge plasma flows have been discussed in connection with these studies and with asymmetric divertor heat/particle load. 10 refs., 9 figs.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, A new Super-Kamiokande search for supernova relic neutrinos was conducted using 2853 live days of data. Sensitivity is now greatly improved compared to the 2003 Super-Kamiokande result, which placed a flux limit near many theoretical predictions. This more detailed analysis includes a variety of improvements such as increased efficiency, a lower energy threshold, and an expanded data set. New combined upper limits on supernova relic neutrino flux are between 2.8 and 3.1ν̄e cm-2 s-1 > 16 MeV total positron energy (17.3 MeV Eν), The Super-Kamiokande experiment has been built and operated from funding by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the United States Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Some of us have been supported by funds from the Korean Research Foundation (BK21), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF- 20110024009), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 10875062 and No. 10911140109)

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, The results of the third phase of the Super-Kamiokande solar neutrino measurement are presented and compared to the first and second phase results. With improved detector calibrations, a full detector simulation, and improved analysis methods, the systematic uncertainty on the total neutrino flux is estimated to be ± 2.1%, which is about two thirds of the systematic uncertainty for the first phase of Super-Kamiokande. The observed 8B solar flux in the 5.0 to 20 MeV total electron energy region is 2.32 ± 0.04 (stat.) ± 0.05 (sys.) x 10^6 cm^-2sec^-1, under the assumption of pure electron-flavor content, in agreement with previous measurements. A combined oscillation analysis is carried out using SK-I, II, and III data, and the results are also combined with the results of other solar neutrino experiments. The best-fit oscillation parameters are obtained to be sin^2 {\theta}12 = 0.30+0.02-0.01(tan^2 {\theta}12 = 0.42+0.04 -0.02) and {\Delta}m2_21 = 6.2+1.1-1.9 *10^-5eV^2. Combined with KamLAND results, the best-fit oscillation parameters are found to be sin^2 {\theta}12 = 0.31±0.01 (tan^2 {\theta}12 = 0.44±0.03) and {\Delta}m2_21 = 7.6 ± 0.2 x 10^-5 eV^2. The 8B neutrino flux obtained from global solar neutrino experiments is 5.3 ± 0.2 (stat + sys) x 10^6cm^-2s^-1, while the 8B flux becomes 5.1 ± 0.1 (stat +sys ) x 10^6cm^-2s^-1 by adding KamLAND result. In a three-flavor analysis combining all solar neutrino experiments, the upper limit of sin^2 {\theta}13 is 0.060 at 95% C.L.. After combination with KamLAND results, the upper limit of sin^2 {\theta}13 is found to be 0.059 at 95% C.L., The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Company. Super-K has been built and operated from funds provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. This work was partially supported by the Research Foundation of Korea (BK21 and KNRC), the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Science Foundation of China, and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grants No. FPA2009- 13697-C04-02 and No. Consolider-Ingenio-2010/CPAN)

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, We present a search for differences in the oscillations of antineutrinos and neutrinos in the Super-Kamiokande-I, -II, and -III atmospheric neutrino sample. Under a two-flavor disappearance model with separate mixing parameters between neutrinos and antineutrinos, we find no evidence for a difference in oscillation parameters. Best-fit antineutrino mixing is found to be at (Δm̄2,sin22θ̄)=(2.0×10−3 eV2,1.0) and is consistent with the overall Super-K measurement, We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Company. The Super- Kamiokande experiment has been built and operated from funding by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the United States Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Some of us have been supported by funds from the Korean Research Foundation (BK21), and the Korea Research Foundation Grants (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund), (KRF-2008-521-c00072). Some of us have been supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research in Poland (Grant No. 1757/B/H03/ 2008/35). Some collaborators have been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 10875062 and No. 10911140109

We present a search for non-zero theta_{13} and deviations of sin^2 theta_{23} from 0.5 in the oscillations of atmospheric neutrino data from Super-Kamiokande -I, -II, and -III. No distortions of the neutrino flux consistent with non-zero theta_{13} are found and both neutrino mass hierarchy hypotheses are in agreement with the data. The data are best fit at Delta m^2 = 2.1 x 10^-3 eV^2, sin^2 theta_{13} = 0.0, and sin^2 theta_{23} =0.5. In the normal (inverted) hierarchy theta_{13} and Delta m^2 are constrained at the one-dimensional 90% C.L. to sin^2 theta_{13} < 0.04 (0.09) and 1.9 (1.7) x 10^-3 < Delta m^2 < 2.6 (2.7) x 10^-3 eV^2. The atmospheric mixing angle is within 0.407, 17 Pages, 14 figures. To be submitted to Phys. Rev. D Minor update to text after referee comments. Figures modified for better grayscale printing.

A novel supercapacitor (SC)-based energy storage system comprising a combination of an unregulated dc-dc converter and selective intermediate taps, with which SCs can discharge efficiently and deeply, has been designed, assembled, and tested. The output voltage to the load is roughly regulated by the selective intermediate taps while a high utilization ratio of SCs is achieved by the combination. The operational principles and experimental discharge/charge cycle performance are presented in this paper.

A supercapacitor-based energy storage system, with which high efficiency and high energy utilization ratio of supercapacitors (SCs) can be realized, is proposed. This system consists of voltage equalizers and selective intermediate taps. Output voltage variation is limited to a particular range by the selective intermediate taps, while voltage imbalance of SCs due to charging/discharging through these taps is minimized by the equalizers. This paper presents operating principles and experimental performance of the proposed energy storage system.

For classification of remotely sensed mu1 tispectral data the most likelihood method is employed very often. It, however, does not always give us the best results. Two reasons for that can be considered, that is, deviation from normal distribution of the data, and lack of generality of the training data used. one of them is dominant is shown. It use:; comparison of correct classification rates obtained by mutually related a1 gori thms. verification is given for the case of classification making land use map. Utilized algorithms were most likelihood, linear discriminant function, minimum Euclidean distance, and correlation coefficient methods. A way to determine which

We recently cloned mouse Thy28 cDNA (mThy28), which is highly conserved among vertebrates and plants. The mThy28 mRNA is highly expressed in testis, liver, kidney, brain, with moderate expression in thymus, spleen, and heart. In the present study, characteristics of mouse Thy28 protein expression were examined using rabbit anti-mThy28 polyclonal antibody (Ab). Levels of mThy28 protein expression were highest in testis, with moderate expression in liver, spleen, and thymus. The Thy28 protein was mainly located in the nucleus, which was revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting using anti-mThy28 Ab, and transient expression of the mThy28/EGFP fusion gene. Engagement of membrane immunoglobulin with anti-IgM induced down-regulation of human Thy28 expression at both mRNA and protein levels, accompanied by induction of apoptosis in Ramos B lymphoma cells. Expression of protein and mRNA and induction of apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry/Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Anti-IgM also down-regulated the promoter activity of the mThy28 gene, as demonstrated by luciferase assay. Thus, the anti-IgM-induced down-regulation of the nuclear Thy28 expression appears to correlate with the induction of apoptosis in Ramos B lymphoma cells.

Nano-imprint lithography (S.Chou et al, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. vol. B14, p. 4129-4133, 1996) is a promising technology for nano structure fabrication with low cost. Several applications have been reported, whose targets are mainly fabrication of Si ULSI or other electric devices. In this work, we demonstrate nano holes fabrication on an acrylic plate using a quartz mold. The imprinted patterns could be applied to nano chambers for DNA analysis or anti-reflection structures for diffractive optical elements.

When the load of frog cardiac muscle was decreased linearly from the maximum force to the resting force (ramp-load release), the muscle shortened with various velocities calculated from the instantaneous lengths, which showed the instantaneous force-velocity relationship. These velocities increased with the increase of the ramp rate. To study these dependency of ramp rate, the parameters obtained from Huxley model in 1957 during quick load-release were fixed throughout the calculations, but even if the shortening of the series elastic component (SEC) was taken into account, the model did not seem to explain these velocities. If the ramp rate was reduced, velocities were more decreased as expected, especially at smaller load, which suggested that the cross-bridges should bear some extra load. Thus the internal load was added in calculation. The velocities in the modified model well explained those measured even the ramp rate varied widely, especially in higher force. At lower force, the calculated velocities increased rapidly than those measured, mainly due to the shortening of SEC which were calculated from the initial shortening of quick release. On the force-sarcomere length plane, the calculated sum-force (internal-plus external-load) was almost linearly decreased versus length with the initial slope of 2.66 (mean). Adding the original dependency (= 1), the value of 3.66 was similar to 3.5 in skeletal muscle. The external work during the ramp-load release was also calculated and decreased with the increase of ramp rate, and showed the peak or plateau, which suggested the existence of optimal work.

In orthodontic diagnosis, one of the most important factors is to decide whether or not to extract permanent teeth. There are many so-called borderline cases. In analyzing and determining whether or not to extract, discrepancy, profile, growth, and the patient's understanding and cooperation must be considered. We treated a borderline case without extraction, and established good occlusion and profile. Soft tissue changes are chiefly discussed.

We are developing an Ultra-Low Field (ULF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system using high temperature superconductor (HTS)-rf-superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) for food inspection. The advantage of the ULF MRI system is that non-magnetic contaminants, which are difficult to be detected by a magnetic sensor, can be detected and localized. The system uses HTS-SQUID with high sensitivity that is independent of frequency, because the signal frequency is reduced in ULF. However the detection area of HTS-SQUID is difficult to be increased. Therefore, we studied to increase the detection area using an LC resonator. The LC resonator is composed of a coil (22.9 mH, Φ40 mm inner diameter) and a capacitor (the setting resonance frequency of 1890 Hz). The signal is detected by a copper wound coil of the resonator, and transferred to HTS-SQUID that inductively coupled to the coil immersed in liquid nitrogen at 77 K. We combined the LC resonator with the ULF MRI system, and obtained the 2D-MR images. The signal detector, with the SQUID and the LC resonator, provided a 1.5 times larger detection area. The size of 2D-MR image was near the size of the actual sample. Then we obtained 2D-MR images by a filtered back projection (FBP) method and a 2D-fast fourier transform (FFT) method. In the 2D-FFT method, the pixel size of the image was smaller than that of image by FBP method. As a result, the quality of the 2D-MR image by 2D-FFT method has been improved. There results suggested that the system we are proposing is feasible.

One of the goals of orthodontic treatment is to obtain the best balance and harmony of facial lines, especially it is important to retract the lip in bimaxillary case. A 12-year and 4-month-old boy was first seen with the chief complaint of excessive lips protrusion. We treated him by the edgewise method for 34 months, and evaluated the change of facial profile. Excessive lip protrusion was eliminated, and arch leveled. Overjet and overbite were reduced. Mandibular growth increased the prominence of the chin, and reduce the protrusion of the lower lip.

The present study investigated the developmental changes in dominance of memory attributes between second and sixth graders. Subjects studied a familiar word list followed by a recognition test; dominance was inferred from the types of false recognition error (semantic and acoustic) on the test. The results showed dominance of the semantic attribute for sixth graders, but no difference of dominance level between the semantic and the acoustic attribute for second graders. The evidence also indicated no effect of the stimulus mode on dominance of memory attributes for both graders.