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The proposed phylogenetic structure of the genus Tobamovirus supports the idea that these viruses have codiverged with their hosts since radiation of the hosts from a common ancestor. The determinations of genome sequence for two strains of Passion fruit mosaic virus (PafMV), a tobamovirus from plants of the family Passifloraceae (order Malpighiales) from which only one other tobamovirus (Maracuja mosaic virus; MarMV) has been characterized, combined with the development of Bayesian analysis methods for phylogenetic inference, provided an opportunity to reassess the co-divergence hypothesis. The sequence of one PafMV strain, PfaMV-TGP, was discovered during a survey of plants of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve for their virus content. Its nucleotides are only 73 % identical to those of MarMV. A conserved ORF not found in other tobamovirus genomes, and encoding a cysteine-rich protein, was found in MarMV and both PafMV strains. Phylogenetic tree construction, using an alignment of the nucleotide sequences of PafMV-TGP and other tobamoviruses resulted in a major clade containing isolates exclusively from rosid plants. Asterid-derived viruses were exclusively found in a second major clade that also contained an orchid-derived tobamovirus and tobamoviruses infecting plants of the order Brassicales. With a few exceptions, calibrating the virus tree with dates of host divergence at two points resulted in predictions of divergence times of family specific tobamovirus clades that were consistent with the times of divergence of the host plant orders.

Summary A molecular technique was used to detect the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi in horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum), affected by the recently recognized European Pseudomonas horse chestnut bark disease. The technique helped identify the pathogen within 6 h of sample preparation including DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis until gel documentation. PCR primer pairs derived from the gyrase B gene sequence were used. Because of the great similarity in the gyrase B gene sequences of the numerous closely related P. syringae pathovars, the primers were not only totally specific to the pathovar aesculi, but also detected a few other pathovars. The assumption that other bacteria should not occur at least near to a necrotic lesion of a horse chestnut tree was corroborated by sequence identity of the PCR products obtained with the gyrase B gene sequence of P. syringae pv. aesculi. Kochs postulates were fulfilled for an isolate of P. syringae pv. aesculi obtained from a diseased horse chestnut tree sampled in Hamburg in 2007.

Summary Bacteria were isolated from necrotic lesions on a horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) with bleeding canker in Hamburg, Germany. Sequencing of the rDNA-ITS region revealed great similarity to pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi was identified by sequence homology of the gyrase B gene. This is the first report of P. syringae pv. aesculi in Germany. Phytophthora was not detected.

Historically, the majority of plant virology focused on agricultural systems. Recent efforts have expanded our knowledge of the true diversity of plant viruses by studying those viruses that infect wild, undomesticated plants. Those efforts have provided answers to basic ecological questions regarding viruses in the wild, and insights into evolutionary questions, regarding the origins of viruses. While much work has been done, we have merely scratched the surface of the diversity that is estimated to exist. In this chapter we discuss the state of our knowledge of virus diversity, both in agricultural systems as well as in native wild systems, the border between these two systems and how viruses adapt and move across this border into an artificial, domesticated environment. We look at how this diversity has affected our outlook on viruses as a whole, shifting our past view of viruses as purely antagonistic entities of destruction to one where viruses are in a mutually beneficial relationship with their hosts. Additionally, we discuss the current work that plant virology has put forth regarding the evolutionary mechanisms, the life histories, and the deep evolution of viruses.

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is diagnosed by imaging methods. Once diagnosed by means of ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound can be performed to distinguish between a benign and malignant thrombus. If further information is required, magnetic resonance angiography or contrast‐enhanced computed tomography is the next step, and if these tests are unsatisfactory, digital subtraction angiography should be performed. Many papers have been published dealing with alternative methods of treating PVT, but the material is fairly heterogeneous. In symptomatic non‐cavernomatous PVT, recanalization using local methods is recommended by many authors. Implantation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is helpful in cirrhotic patients with non‐cavernomatous PVT in reducing portal pressure and in diminishing the risk of re‐thrombosis. In non‐cirrhotic patients with recent PVT, some authors recommend anticoagulation alone. In chronic thrombotic occlusion of the portal vein, local measures may be implemented if refractory symptoms of portal hypertension are evident.

In the past decade the concept of plant viruses as strictly disease-causing entities has been challenged. While the most well-studied and obvious interactions between plants and viruses are related to disease, there are several examples of mutualistic relationships between plants and viruses, both indirect and direct. These mutualistic interactions have not been fully explored, and many questions remain unanswered. One problem is the lack of knowledge of plant viruses in nature. Metagenomic surveys have estimated that only a small fraction of virus species are known. Additionally, globalization has led to the increased movement of plant material and virus movement. As viruses move from one area to another, new potential hosts offer the possibility of new interactions, both negative and positive.

Objective: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement is an established therapy for portal hypertension that leads to variceal bleeding or refractory ascites. We present experiences of the role of TIPS at a liver transplantation center. Material and Methods: One hundred and ten patients were referred to the Radiological Department for TIPS placement. One of the 110 patients had recurrent cirrhosis after liver transplantation with refractory ascites. Function of the TIPS was controlled with Doppler US at 1 day, 1 week, 4 weeks and 4 months after TIPS placement and subsequently every 3 months. Shunt insufficiency was supposed when the blood flow velocity within the stent tract was under 50 cm/s and was an indication for TIPS revision. Results: TIPS was placed in 101 patients. After TIPS placement, 10 patients underwent liver transplantation. While waiting for the new liver, none of them developed variceal rebleeding, ascites or other complications of portal hypertension. Two of the 101 patients had episodes of rebleeding. The frequency of patients undergoing TIPS revision within the first year after TIPS placement was 67.5%, within the second year 38.0% and within the third year 24.4%. The revisions led to sufficient reduction of the portosystemic pressure gradient. Conclusion: In some liver transplant candidates, TIPS can be useful in minimizing the risk of complications of portal hypertension during the waiting time for a liver transplantation. TIPS can be monitored by Doppler US and revised if occlusion occurs.

PURPOSE: A study was performed to compare the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) with conventional transcription. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 CT reports were generated by using ASR and 100 CT reports were dictated and written by medical transcriptionists. The time for dictation and correction of errors by the radiologist was assessed and the type of mistakes was analysed. The text recognition rate was calculated in both groups and the average time between completion of the imaging study by the technologist and generation of the written report was assessed. A commercially available speech recognition technology (ASKA Software, IBM ViaVoice) running on a personal computer was used. RESULTS: The time for the dictation using digital voice recognition was 9.4 +/- 2.3 min compared to 4.5 +/- 3.6 min with an ordinary Dictaphone. The text recognition rate was 97% with digital voice recognition and 99% with medical transcriptionists. The average time from imaging completion to written report finalization was reduced from 47.3 hours with medical transcriptionists to 12.7 hours with ASR. The analysis of misspellings demonstrated (ASR vs. medical transcriptionists): 3 vs. 4 for syntax errors, 0 vs. 37 orthographic mistakes, 16 vs. 22 mistakes in substance and 47 vs. erroneously applied terms. CONCLUSIONS: The use of digital voice recognition as a replacement for medical transcription is recommendable when an immediate availability of written reports is necessary.

Die Romberg-Erkrankung oder progressive faziale Hemiatrophie (PFH) ist ein seltenes Krankheitsbild mit einer fortschreitenden Gesichtsasymmetrie als Leitsymptom. Es handelt sich um einen atrophierenden Prozes des subkutanen Fettgewebes bislang ungeklarter Atiologie, wobei Haut, Muskulatur und Knochen betroffen sein konnen [1, 23]. Wir konnten MR-tomographisch bei allen untersuchten Patienten mit PFH eine Verdunnung der Subkutis sowie zusatzlich bei 12 von 14 Patienten eine „glatte” Dermis darstellen. Die Subkutis war bei 9 Patienten stellenweise nicht abgrenzbar. Wir ordneten die Patienten, die nur eine Verdunnung der Subkutis aufwiesen in ein Stadium 1; Patienten, bei denen zusatzlich ein Verlust der Verzahnung zwischen Dermis und Epidermis festzustellen war in ein Stadium 2 und Patienten, bei denen die Subkutis an einer Stelle uberhaupt nicht mehr abgrenzbar war in ein Stadium 3 ein. Ferner war eine tendenzielle Ubereinstimmung zwischen MRT-Stadium und dem klinischem Stadium festzustellen.

Exact visualization of valve morphology seems to be possible with the cross-sectional imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the recently introduced technique of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). These techniques are used, if other non-invasive imaging modalities, like echocardiography, fail or provide only insufficient information. This commonly occurs in the assessment of right ventricular valves. Quantification of valve stenosis is possible by calculating valve orifice area, which can be performed with MRI and MDCT. An estimation of the instantaneous peak gradient can only be achieved by MR flow measurements. MR flow measurement is a reliable method to quantify the degree of mild to moderate stenoses. Quantification of valve regurgitation is possible by measurement of the regurgitation fraction with MR flow measurements as well as with MR volumetry/CT volumetry. But only the MR flow measurement is suitable for the quantification of valve regurgitation in patients with multiple valves involved or cardiac shunting. MRI and probably MDCT are the most reliable methods in the evaluation of ventricular volumes and therefore suitable for the follow-up in patients with valvular heart disease, because changes in volumes are important for therapeutic decisions in these patients. The crucial advantages of MRI compared to CT in the diagnostic of valvular heart diseases however are the absence of radiation exposure, the possibility of quantitative evaluation of valves function using flow measurements and the higher temporal resolution as compared to MDCT.

A new method for determining the static permittivity (dielectric constant) of extremely thin liquid interlayers is illustrated. A special condenser, which can be filled with a test liquid, is constructed. Both condenser plates — one planar, the other spherically curved — are made of vitreous carbon and are supplied with a high-grade politure. In order to adjust plate separation distances from 10 nm up to about some µm the planar plate can be easily shifted by a piezoelectric translation stage; the plate separation is monitored by an optical system supported by displacement transducers.

Plant biosecurity requires rapid identification of pathogenic organisms. While there are many pathogen-specific diagnostic assays, the ability to test for large numbers of pathogens simultaneously is lacking. Next generation sequencing (NGS) allows one to detect all organisms within a given sample, but has computational limitations during assembly and similarity searching of sequence data which extend the time needed to make a diagnostic decision. To minimize the amount of bioinformatic processing time needed, unique pathogen-specific sequences (termed e-probes) were designed to be used in searches of unassembled, non-quality checked, sequence data. E-probes have been designed and tested for several selected phytopathogens, including an RNA virus, a DNA virus, bacteria, fungi, and an oomycete, illustrating the ability to detect several diverse plant pathogens. E-probes of 80 or more nucleotides in length provided satisfactory levels of precision (75%). The number of e-probes designed for each pathogen varied with the genome size of the pathogen. To give confidence to diagnostic calls, a statistical method of determining the presence of a given pathogen was developed, in which target e-probe signals (detection signal) are compared to signals generated by a decoy set of e-probes (background signal). The E-probe Diagnostic Nucleic acid Analysis (EDNA) process provides the framework for a new sequence-based detection system that eliminates the need for assembly of NGS data.

Mainstem leaf stage (MLS), determined with the Haun scale, has been used to indicate plant development in small grain crops, but it is not clear whether MLS can be used to predict final grain yield. A field study was conducted on a Neuhorst clay loam (fine-loamy, frigid, Aquic Haploboroll) at Portage la Prairie, MB, Canada, in 1990 and 1991, to determine the relationship between MLS and single plant grain yields within a canopy of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants were grown with small (2.2-2.4 mm wide), large (3.0-3.2 mm wide), and mixed (>2.2 but

Commercial spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlots contain a small proportion of small-sized seeds. Wheat producers often remove small-sized seeds, attempting to increase seedling vigor and grain yield. A 3-yr study was conducted from 1989 to 1991 on a Neuhorst clay loam (Aquic Haploborolls) to determine the effect of seed size and proportion of small seeds in a seedlot on emergence, dry matter (DM) production, and grain yield of 'Roblin' wheat. A commercial seedlot containing seeds >2.2 but

Improper handling of seed during harvesting may result in severe seed vigour loss. The objective of this study was to determine, under field conditions, the effect of threshing on wheat seed vigour. A conventional combine and an axial flow rotary combine were used at three cylinder speeds. The proportion of visually damaged seeds was assessed for all samples, and subsequent vigour tests were conducted using visually sound seed. Seed vigour was reduced when wheat was threshed at a high cylinder speed. Wheat kernels threshed with the rotary combine were less damaged than wheat kernels threshed with the conventional combine. Both seedling emergence and grain yield were reduced by 20 plants m−2 and by 200 kg ha−1, respectively, in plots seeded with kernels threshed at a high cylinder speed compared with kernels threshed at a low cylinder speed. Vigour of sound wheat kernels was negatively correlated with the number of broken kernels in samples. To maintain high vigour in wheat seed, it is essential to thresh at a low cylinder speed. Key words: Wheat, seed vigour, threshing damage, rotary combine, conventional combine

Fast and uniform seedling emergence increases yield potential of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in short-season areas. An accurate method of quantifying rate of seedling emergence is needed. In this study, we compared the relative effectiveness of the Gompertz, Logistic, and Weibull models in quantifying emergence rate of spring wheat. ‘Roblin’ wheat was grown in a growth room under five soil water potential: − 0.002, − 0.165, − 0.41, − 1.00, and − 1.45 MPa. Daily-recorded emergence data were fitted to each of the models. The analyses of stability and accuracy functions, residual sum of squares, and variance showed that the Weibull model was not appropriate in quantifying rate of emergence.The Gompertaz and Logistic models functioned in a similar way with great stability and accuracy in most cases. The Gompertz predictions most closely fitted the observed set of responses with residual points scattered around zero. For lognormally distributed emergence patterns common under field conditions, the Gompertz model provided the most appropriate characterization of emergence. Contribution from Dep. of Plant Sci., Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

Crop yield can be improved by minimizing plant-to-plant variability in seedling emergence. A study was conducted to determine the effect of variations in seed size and planting depth within a plot on emergence, proportion of infertile plants and grain yield in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Large seed (40.8 mg kernel−1) was hand planted at 25-, 50- and 75-mm depths, creating three uniform seed size - planting depth treatments. Three other treatments consisted of repeating patterns within the same row: three large seeds and one small seed (23.4 mg kernel−1) at each of 25-, 50- and 75-mm depths. Two additional treatments consisted of 1) three seeds planted 25 mm deep and one seed planted 50 mm deep and 2) three seeds planted 25 mm deep and one seed planted 75 mm deep within the same row. Variation in seed size or planting depth within a row had no impact on percentage emergence, but nonuniform planting depth increased the proportion of infertile plants, mainly as a result of late-emerging plants. On a single-plant basis, mainstem grain yields were relatively uniform, but tiller grain yields were highly variable. When small and large seeds were planted 75 mm deep within a plot, the small-seeded plants produced 34% lower tiller grain yield than neighbouring large-seeded plants, while the large-seeded plants produced 10% higher tiller grain yield than plants from a treatment in which only large seeds were planted. Thus, the variation in seed size within a plot had no impact on total grain yield per plot. When seed was planted at variable depths within a plot, grain yield per plant produced by deep-seeded (75 mm) plants was only 20% of that produced by neighbouring shallow-seeded (25 mm) plants and was only 26% of that produced by plants where all seeds were planted deep (75 mm). Within-plot variation in planting depth increased the proportion of infertile plants (up to 158%) and decreased the grain yield. To maximize grain yield in hard red spring wheat, seed should be planted at uniform, shallow planting depth. Key words: Seed size, planting depth, emergence, fertile plants, interplant variation

Intercropping pea and mustard has demonstrated the capacity to increase economic returns by achieving land equivalent ratios (LER) > 1. Mineral N is essential to produce adequate mustard stands, however, significant N additions are inhibitory to N 2 fixation. Yield and N 2 fixation studies characterized the response of pea and mustard in sole and intercrop conditions at four fertilizer N concentrations (10, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha −1 ). The yield of peas and LERs of the intercrop did not increase with increasing N rates. The mustard yields increased with N rate in sole-crop but not in intercrop plots. Seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity and total N 2 fixation estimates in pea were made using acetylene reduction assays and the 15 N isotope dilution technique, respectively. Nitrogenase activity early in the growing season was negatively correlated with N rate in both years. In 1990, nitrogenase activity increased later in the season in the treatments receiving 30 or 60kg N ha −1 In 1991, the inhibition of nitrogenase activity with increasing N rate was sustained throughout the season. 15 N studies aimed at quantifying total N 2 fixation indicated no significant response to N rate in 1990 and a negative correlation to N rate in 1991. N transfer between the pea and the mustard was not identified.

Large wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed exhibits advantages over small seed in seedling growth and yield potential, but in seed processing, rigorous screening for large size may lead to unacceptably high screening losses. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of seeding rate (SR), N management, and foliar fungicide (FF) application on seed yield (yield of seeds above 0.094-in. sieve size) and cleanout (percentage of seeds below 0.094-in. sieve size), on the hypothesis that seed crop management could be altered to ensure a high proportion of large seed in a seed lot (...)

Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] reduces barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant heigh and lodging potential, but variable effects on yield components and yield also have been reported, depending on ethephon rate, cultivar, and environment. This study was conducted to investigate environment- and cultivar-by-ethephon-rate interactions for barley grown under Manitoba conditions.Argyle', Bedford', and Samson' barley were sown on each of two dates in 1986 and 1987, and on single dates in 1988 and 1989, at Portage la Prairie, MB on Neuhorst clay loam (fine-loamy, frigid aquic Haploboroll) (...)

Emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings usually occurs over a period of several days, resulting in nonuniformity among neighboring plants. The impact of nonuniformity in time of emergence on grain yield has not been determined. We determined effect of planting depth on relative date of seedling emergence, and of relative date of emergence on grain-bearing tillers and grain yield per plant. Large seed (39.8±4.59 mg kernel -1 ) in 1989, and large (41.7±3.83 mg kernel -1 ) and small seeds (24.3±4.56 mg kernel -1 ) in 1990 were obtained from Roblin wheat (.)

An important goal in seed production is the maintenance of seed vigor. Breakage of wheat seed (Triticum aestivum L.) during threshing can be reduced by threshing at relatively high kernel water content (KWC) and low cylinder speed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interacting effects of KWC and threshing cylinder speed on seed vigor and field emergence of Katepwa wheat. Wheat plants were harvested at approximately 250 g kg−1 (dry basis) KWC and allowed to dry for varying lengths of time, then were threshed at cylinder speeds of 450, 850, and 1250 rpm using a Vogel thresher. At threshing, KWC averaged 89, 121, 156 and 231 g kg−1. Significant KWC × cylinder speed interactions occurred for seed yield per plot and various seed vigor indicators. Threshing at 850 rpm gave the highest yield of uncracked seeds regardless of KWC. Threshing at 450 rpm was incomplete, especially at high KWC, while threshing at 1250 rpm caused high levels of external seed damage, especially at low KWC. Vigor of uncracked seed was measured by cold germination tests. Increasing cylinder speed reduced cold germination, especially at high KWC. The incidence of abnormal seedlings and leachate conductivity increased with cylinder speed but increased only slightly as KWC decreased. Field emergence decreased with increasing cylinder speed, but was not affected by KWC at threshing. The number of abnormal seedlings in cold germination tests and leachate conductivity were the best indicators of field emergence. Threshing cylinder speed had a greater influence than KWC on seed damage, vigor, and field emergence. The results of this study are of greatest direct interest to plant breeders who use Vogel threshers regularly. Key words: Seed quality, seed vigor, seed damage, threshing, wheat, plant breeding, Triticum aestivum L.

(...) The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ethephon on yield and yield components of barley under western Canadian conditions. In 1987, 1988, and 1989 at Winnipeg MB, Argyle' conventional height and Samson' semidwarf barley were grown at 100 and 300 plants m −2 and treated with ethephon at Zadoks growth stage 35 or 45. At harvest, grain yield samples were taken by hand or by combine, and yield components were determined. When lodging occurred, Belgian lodging indices were dtermined. The two cultivars responded similarly to ethephon application (...)

Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] used for lodging protection in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) often increases spikes m⁻². The degree to which such additional spikes contribute to yield has not been reported, and neither has the source of such spikes been determined. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of ethephon on tiller emergence and survival, as well as the contribution to yield of additional spikes appearing on ethephon treated barley plants. Ethephon was applied at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 35 and/or 45 at 240 g ha⁻¹ to ‘Argyle’ conventional height and ‘Samson’ semidwarf barley grown at 100 and 300 plants m⁻² at Winnipeg, MB. Ten plants per plot were observed at intervals through the growing seasons; tillers were tagged as they emerged and their contributions to spikes per plant and grain yield were determined at harvest. The two cultivars responded similarly to ethephon application. In all 3 yr and at both plant densities, ethephon application increased shoots per plant. Application at GS 45 increased shoots per plant more than at GS 35 in 1987 when moisture was adequate, but less in 1988 when some moisture stress may have affected barley at GS 45. Late appearing shoots contributed up to 32 and 15% of spikes per plant and grain yield per plant, respectively, for both plant densities in 1987 and for the low plant density in 1989. Increased spikes per plant due to ethephon application were attributable to late tiller production and survival rather than to prevention of senescence of early formed tillers. The increase of spikes per plant by ethephon should be a positive influence on grain yield, but total yield per plant was often decreased and was never increased by ethephon because ethephon also caused reductions in kernels per spike. Contribution no. 866 of the Dep. of Plant Science, Univ. of Manitoba.

(...) This study examined the effect of ethephon on kernels per spike and kernel mass for spikes on specific shoots which appeared before or after ethephon application. Ethephon was applied at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 35 and/or 45 at 240 g ha −1 to Argyle' conventional height and Samson' semidwarf barley grown at 100 and 300 plants m −2 at Winnipeg, MB. Tillers were tagged as they emerged on 10 plants per plot, and kernels per spike and kernel mass were determined for each spike produced. The cultivars did not differ in their response to ethephon (...)

Pressed silica samples wetted with H2O and aqueous solutions of LiCl, NaCl, and KCl were subject to impedance-spectroscopic investigations in the frequency range 102–107 Hz and temperature range 294–321 K in which thermal anomalies arise by the presence of the alkali chlorides.

Myeloproliferative disorder, liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension, deficiency of natural anticoagulant proteins, gene mutation and hepatocellular carcinoma are the most frequent causes of portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Higher accuracy of the diagnostic methods is the reason why today the cause of PVT can be found more frequently. With imaging methods, PVT with or without cavernous transformation can be diagnosed. Fresh thrombus can be undetected in sonography due to the low echogenity but can be recognized in color Doppler sonography, especially with contrast-enhancing agent. Contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography allows a comparable accuracy in the detection of PVT as digital subtraction angiography. Therapeutical options of PVT consist of mechanical recanalization of the portal vein, local fibrinolysis with or without placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPS), combination of mechanical recanalization and local fibrinolysis, systemic thrombolytic therapy, anticoagulation alone and surgical thrombectomy. Once PVT is found in sonography, Doppler sonography may be performed in order to distinguish benign from malignant thrombus. If further information is needed, MR angiography or contrast enhanced CT is the next step. If these tests are unsatisfactory, digital subtraction angiography should be performed. Until the early nineties, shunt surgery was recommended in patients with PVT who bled despite endoscopic treatment. Today, in symptomatic noncavernomatous PVT, recanalization with local methods is recommended. Additional implantation of TIPS should be performed when the patient is cirrhotic. In recent PVT in non-cirrhotic patients anticoagulation alone is recommended. It is expected that in old PVT anticoagulation can prevent further extension of the thrombus.

Mutations of the prophet of PIT-1 (PROP-1), a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor which is responsible for early embryonic pituitary development, have recently been reported as a cause of combined pituitary hormone deficiency.We describe the phenotype, long-term auxological data and MRI findings in two families with 4 affected members, all of whom have a mutation of the PROP-1 gene. GH, TSH, PRL, LH and FSH were completely deficient in all patients.ACTH deficiency was not diagnosed until the 3rd or 4th decades of life. Pituitary MRI showed an empty sella in 2 subjects, but unspecific tissue accumulation resembling a pituitary mass lesion in another patient. The affected boy from family II who was continuously treated with all the necessary hormones reached the familial target height. However, the 3 subjects in family I were only treated sporadically (GH treatment lasting from 1 to 3 years).Despite this insufficient therapy, final height was in the lower normal range. Longitudinal growth continued up to the age of 40 years in these subjects.

Exact visualization of valve morphology seems to be possible with the cross-sectional imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the recently introduced technique of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). These techniques are used, if other non-invasive imaging modalities, like echocardiography, fail or provide only insufficient information. This commonly occurs in the assessment of right ventricular valves. Quantification of valve stenosis is possible by calculating valve orifice area, which can be performed with MRI and MDCT. An estimation of the instantaneous peak gradient can only be achieved by MR flow measurements. MR flow measurement is a reliable method to quantify the degree of mild to moderate stenoses. Quantification of valve regurgitation is possible by measurement of the regurgitation fraction with MR flow measurements as well as with MR volumetry/CT volumetry. But only the MR flow measurement is suitable for the quantification of valve regurgitation in patients with multiple valves involved or cardiac shunting. MRI and probably MDCT are the most reliable methods in the evaluation of ventricular volumes and therefore suitable for the follow-up in patients with valvular heart disease, because changes in volumes are important for therapeutic decisions in these patients. The crucial advantages of MRI compared to CT in the diagnostic of valvular heart diseases however are the absence of radiation exposure, the possibility of quantitative evaluation of valves function using flow measurements and the higher temporal resolution as compared to MDCT.

A study was performed to compare the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) with conventional transcription.100 CT reports were generated by using ASR and 100 CT reports were dictated and written by medical transcriptionists. The time for dictation and correction of errors by the radiologist was assessed and the type of mistakes was analysed. The text recognition rate was calculated in both groups and the average time between completion of the imaging study by the technologist and generation of the written report was assessed. A commercially available speech recognition technology (ASKA Software, IBM ViaVoice) running on a personal computer was used.The time for the dictation using digital voice recognition was 9.4 +/- 2.3 min compared to 4.5 +/- 3.6 min with an ordinary Dictaphone. The text recognition rate was 97% with digital voice recognition and 99% with medical transcriptionists. The average time from imaging completion to written report finalization was reduced from 47.3 hours with medical transcriptionists to 12.7 hours with ASR. The analysis of misspellings demonstrated (ASR vs. medical transcriptionists): 3 vs. 4 for syntax errors, 0 vs. 37 orthographic mistakes, 16 vs. 22 mistakes in substance and 47 vs. erroneously applied terms.The use of digital voice recognition as a replacement for medical transcription is recommendable when an immediate availability of written reports is necessary.

Romberg disease, also known as progressive facial hemiatrophy (PFH), is an uncommon disease with progressive facial asymmetry as the major symptom. It is a atrophic process of the subcutaneous fatty tissue whose etiology is unknown. Skin, muscles and bones can be secondarily afflicted. With MRI evaluation we were able to show in 14 patients with PFH thinner subcutaneous fat, as well as flattening of the dermis in 12 of the 14. We divided the patients into three stages by the means of the MRI findings and found tendency towards concurrence between the MRI stage and the clinical stage.

We have investigated the expression of cyclin D1 in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and the relevance of cyclin D1 expression to clinical outcome. In comparison to normal pancreas, Southern blot analyses revealed amplification of the cyclin D1 coding gene in 25% of the cases, whereas with reverse transcription-PCR, overexpression of mRNA was observed in 82% of the examined tissues. Immunohistochemically, we could demonstrate nuclear overexpression in tumor cells in 68.4%, and this protein accumulation correlated significantly with poor prognosis [median survival, 18.1 versus 10.5 months; P0.01 (chi2 test)].

Cyclin D1 gehort zu der Familie von Proteinen, deren Funktion im Rahmen der Zellzykluskontrolle darin besteht, das es die Aktivitat der Cyclin-abhangigen Kinasen reguliert [1]. Cyclin D1 wirkt vor allem in der G1-Phase des Zellzyklus und es ist bekannt, das das Gen PRAD1, welches fur Cyclin D1 kodiert, bei vielen humanen Tumoren, wie zum Beispiel Nebenschilddrusenadenomen, B-Zelllymphomen, Brust-, Magen- und Osophaguskarzinomen amplifiziert und rearrangiert ist [2–4]. Es ist bekannt, das eine Uberexpression von Cyclin D1 zu einer Verkurzung des G1/S-Phasen Ubergangs fuhrt und dadurch die Progression der Zelle im Zellzyklus unterstutzt [5]. Dies ist ein Hinweis, das Cyclin D1 eine wichtige Rolle in der Tumorigenese spielen konnte, wobei jedoch neuere Studien zeigen, das Cyclin D1 auch als Mediator apoptotischer Veranderungen fungieren kann [6]. Ziel dieser Studie war es festzustellen, ob Cyclin D1 im humanen Pankreaskarzinom exprimiert wird, ob diese Uberexpression durch Veranderungen auf DNA-, RNA- oder Proteinebene bedingt ist und ob die Uberexpression mit klinischen und pathologischen Daten in Zusammenhang steht.

Hamoglobin (Hb) ist das Hauptprotein der Erythrozyten. Es verleiht ihnen ihre kennzeichnende rote Farbe und entspricht einem Tetramer von der Grose 5 × 5, 5 × 6,4 nm mit einer molaren Masse von etwa 65 kD. Das Hamoglobinmolekul besteht aus vier Untereinheiten. Bei diesen handelt es sich um zwei ungleiche Polypeptidkettenpaare. Eine Polypeptidkette hat eine molare Masse von etwa 16 kD und ist relativ labil mit einer Hamgruppe (Ferroprotoporphyrin IX) verbunden. Jede dieser Hamgruppen ist in der Lage, ein Molekul Sauerstoff zu binden, wodurch aus dem „reduzierten“, sauerstofffreien Hb das Oxihamoglobin (Hb02) wird. Durch die Reversibilitat des Sauerstoffbindungsvorgangs ist das Hb der geignete Sauerstoffubertrager fur den Organismus. Dabei hangt die Sattigung des Hb mit O2 wesentlich von der Sauerstoffspannung (dem O2-Partialdruck) ab. Von den physiologischen Faktoren, die das Sauerstoffbindungsvermogen des Hb beeinflussen, sind bevorzugt zu nennen: die Konzentrationen bzw. Aktivitaten von CO2, H+ und 2,3-Diphosphorglycerinsaure sowie die Temperatur. Die Desoxyform des Hb wird von diesen Faktoren stabilisiert. Sie beeinflussen so in charakteristischer Weise die Sauerstoffsattigungskurve.

Studies were undertaken in 1980 and 1981 to determine whether selected corn hybrids varied in suitability for zero tillage cropping in Manitoba. Zero tillage resulted in reduced maximum soil temperatures at all depths examined. Delayed emergence, silking and maturity, and reduced plant dry weights and final plant populations were observed under zero tillage. The hybrids exhibited a differential response to tillage practice in the weight of grain produced per ear.Key words: Corn hybrids, zero tillage, soil temperature

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the rate and timing of N application and the amount of seed-placed P on grain yield and protein content of winter wheat grown on zero-tilled and conventionally tilled land in Manitoba. Yield increased with increasing amounts of fall-applied N and P. Yield, as affected by time of N application, decreased in the order: spring, freezeup, seeding, and applied on snow in winter. Split application of N resulted in yields comparable to that obtained with N applied at seeding. Protein concentration in grain decreased when small amounts of N led to large increases in dry matter but increased when sufficient quantities of N fertilizer were added to meet the requirements for both yield and protein. The amount of fertilizer N recovered in the grain did not differ with time of application in 1979–1980. However, in 1980–1981, N recovery was consistently higher with spring applications of N than with applications at any other time. Differences between the two seasons reflected the higher moisture availability for crop growth in 1980–1981 as compared to 1979–1980. Key words: Winter wheat, zero tillage, nitrogen, phosphorus, protein

Parallel annual crop windbreaks consisting of one or two rows of sunflowers were planted in a soybean field at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. Data from 2 years of study showed that neither one nor two rows of parallel windbreaks beneficially influenced total water use, rate of phenological development, height, leaf area, top dry weight, yield components or seed yield.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max., windbreaks, sheltering

The influences of zero and conventional tillage on soil temperature and soil moisture were investigated on three soil types in Manitoba. When the straw was spread on the soil surface, zero-tilled fields were usually cooler than conventionally tilled fields. When the straw was removed by raking, the opposite was true. No consistent soil temperature differences occurred between conventional and zero-tilled soils when the straw was burned. Soil moisture was higher on the zero- than on conventionally tilled plots both when straw was spread on the surface and when the straw was removed by raking. No moisture differences occurred between the tilled and zero-tilled plots when the straw was burned. As the season progressed, differences in moisture and temperature decreased as the crop canopy developed, and as the straw and stubble disintegrated.

The basis for 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] antagonism of diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoate} toxicity to wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) was investigated by studying changes in the metabolism of diclofop-methyl in vitro. An esterase from wild oat, which hydrolyzes diclofop-methyl to the acid diclofop, was extracted, partially purified, and the reaction characterized. The rate of hydrolysis of14C-diclofop-methyl was 0.14 ηmoles/2 h at standard assay conditions of 0.25 mg lyophilized enzyme preparation (19.6% protein) in 0.1 ml phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0), substrate 5 μM. The addition of 2,4-D to this reaction did not inhibit14C-diclofop formation. Higher levels of 2,4-D stimulated enzymic hydrolysis.14C-diclofop-methyl was rapidly metabolized to14C-diclofop and polar14C-conjugates when vacuum-infiltrated into wild oat leaf segments. The addition of 2,4-D caused small increases in the rates of both14C-diclofop-methyl de-esterification and14C-diclofop conjugation. It is concluded that 2,4-D does not inhibit the in vitro de-esterification of diclofop-methyl.

The persistence and phytotoxicity of dinitramine (n4, N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), fluchloralin (N-(2-chloroethyl)-2, 6-dinitro- N-propyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)aniline), profluralin (N-(cyclopropylmethyl)α,α,α-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine), and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were compared in three Manitoba soils: sandy loam, clay loam and clay. The phytotoxicities of all chemicals decreased with increased organic matter. The phytotoxicities of the dinitroanilines were: dinitramine > trifluralin > profluralin = fluchloralin. Increased organic matter increased the persistence of trifluralin and fluchloralin. Profluralin and dinitramine persistence increased with increased clay and organic matter content. Profluralin was the most persistent chemical over all soil types. Under environmental conditions that retard dinitroaniline loss from Manitoba soils, residues of some of these herbicides may cause crop injury the year after application.

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung A carboxylesterasc from wild oat (Avena fatua L.) which hydrolyses benzoylprop ethyl [ethyl N-benzoyl-N-(3,4-dichlrophenyl)-2-aminopropionate] to thc herbicidally active bnzoylprop acid, was partially purified by (NH4)2 SO4 fractionation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration A 8.3-fold purification was obtained with 46% recovery. The rate of de-esterification of 14C-benzoylprop ethyl was 0.1 ηmoles/16 h at standard assay condition of 1 mg lyophilized enzyme preparation in 0.1 ml phosphate buffer (0.1 M. pH 7.0). substrate 5ηM The wild oat esterase was stable and activity as a function of reaction time. enzyme and substrate concentration was charaterized Incubation with a-chymotrypsin reduced wild oat esterase activity as did the presence of ethanol in reaction mixtures Esterase actvity for14C-benzoylprop ethyl was not detected in preparations from wheat (Triticum aestlivum L.). Evidence was obtained which suggested the presence of an inhibitor in wheat. Hydrolyse de l'herbicide benzoylprop ethyle par l'esterase de la folte-avoine Une carboxylesterase de la folle-avoine (Avena fatua L.) qui hydrolyse Ie benzoylprop ethyle (N-benzoyl-N-(3.4-dichlorophenyle)-2-aminopropionate d'ethyle) en acidc benzoyprop, actif sur les mauvaises herbes, a ete partiellement purifiee par fractionnement au moyen de (NH4)2 SO4 et filtration sur gel Sephadex G-100 Une purification de 8.3 folis a eteobtenue avec 46% de recuperation Le taux de de-esterification du 14C-benzoylprop ethyle a ete de 0.1 ηmole en 16 h aux conditions standard d'essai: 1 mg de preparation d'enzyme lyophilise dans 0,1 ml de tampon au phosphate (0, 1 M pH 7,0) pour 5ηM de substrat L'esterase de LA folle-avoine a ete stable et il a pu etre monlre que son activiteetait fonction de la duree de reaction ainsi que de la concentration de l'enzyme et du substrat. L'incu-bation avec de l'o-chymotrypsine a reduit L'activite de l'esterase de la folle-avoine de meme que la presence de l'ethanol dans les melanges en reaction. ll n'a pas ete decele dans des preparations dc ble (Triticum sativum) d'activite d'une esterase pour le 14C-benzoylprop-ethyle. Certainsfaitls ont ete observer qui sug-gerent la presence d'un inhibiteur dans le ble Hydrolyse des Herbizids Benzoylprop-athyl dunh Flughafer- esterase Es wurde eine Carboxylesterase von Flughafer (Avena fatua L.), die Benzoylprop-athyl [Athyl N-benzoyl-N-(3,4)-dichlor- phenyl)-2 aminopropionat] zur herbizidwirksamen Benzoyl- prop-Saure hydrolysiert. dureh (NH4)2 SO4 -fraktionierung und Gelfiltration an Sephadex G-100 teilweise gereinigt Dabei wurde eine 8,3-fache Reinigung bei einer Wiederfmdungiirate von 46% erzielt. Die Hydrolyserate von 14C-Benzoylprop-athyl betrug 0.1 ηmol/16 h unter Standurdbedingungen von 1 mg lyophilisienetn Enzympraparat in 0.1 ml Phosphatpuffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) und 5 ηm Substrat Die flughaferesterase war stabil und die Enzymaktiviat war von der Reaktionszeit abhangig. Das Enzym und die Substratkonzentration wurden beschrieben. Inkubation mit α-Chymotrypsin verringerte die Esteraseaktivitat. DurcH die Gegenwart von Athanol in den Reaktionsgemlschen wurde die Aktivitat ebenfalls reduziert. In Weizenpraparationen (Triticum aestivum L.) konnte keine Esteraseaktivitat fur 14C-Benzoylprop-athyl festgestellt werden. Es gab Hinweise dafur, dass in Weizen ein Hemmstoff vorkommt.

Root uptake and translocation of nitrofluorfen [2-chloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] were measured in fababean(Vicia fabaL.) and green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] plants, and metabolism was studied using fababean leaf discs and green foxtail leaf segments. Both herbicides were taken up readily from nutrient solution but translocation was limited. In fababeans, 4.6% of the nitrofluorfen label was translocated to the shoot as compared to 2.2% of the oxyfluorfen label. Less than 10% of the nitrofluorfen or oxyfluorfen taken up in vitro was metabolized after 24 h. This rate of metabolism would not likely influence the herbicidal action of either herbicide.

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung Wild oat (Arena fatua L.) plants were dosed hydroponically with 14C-benzoylprop ethyl [ethyl N-benzoyl-N (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-aminopropionate] and were grown under different light and nutrient levels. Herbicide metabolism and growth inhibition in plant shoots were measured alter 3, 6, and 12 days. Plants under low light contained more benzoylprop acid due to increased de-esterification at 3 and 6 days, and decreased acid-conjugate formation at 12 days. When plants, were subjected to low nutrient levels, both metabolic reactions were slowed resulting in increased acid at 3 days, but not at 6 or 12 days. After 12 days, however, there was more growth inhibition at the low nutrient level. Growth correlated better to the amount (dpm) of acid-conjugate than to the amount of ester or acid in plant shoots. Acid concentration had the most influence on subsequent growth. It was concluded that although reduced light and nutrients result in higher levels of benzoylprop acid, increased benzoylprop ethyl efficacy is also due lo a reduced growth rate of the wild oat. This study supports observations that crop competition increases benzoylprop ethyl efficacy. Effets de la lumiere et des niveaux des elements nutritifs sur le metabolisme et l'effet inhibiteur sur la croissance du14C-benzoyl prop ethyle chez la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) Des plantes de folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) en culture hydroponique ont ete soumises a diverses doses de 14C-benzoylprop ethyle et a des niveaux differents d'eclairage et de nutrition. Le metabolisme de l'herbicide et l'inhibition de la croissance ont ete measures dans les jeunes pousses des plantes apres 3.6 et 12 jours. Les plantes cultivees sous un faible eclairage contenaient plus d'acide benzoylprop du a un accroissement de la de-esterification a 3 et 6 jours et a une diminution de la formation du conjugue-acide a 12 jours. Lorsque les plantes ont ete soumises a de bas niveaux de nutrition, les deux reactions metaboliques ont ete ralenties, ce qui a provoque un accroissement de l'acide a 3 jours, mais pus a 6 ou 12 jours. Toutefois, apres 12 jours, l'inhibition de la croissance a ete plus marquee au faible niveau de nutrition. La correlation de la croissance a ete meilleure avec le taux de conjugue-acide qu'avec celui d'esier ou d'acide dans les jeunes pouses des plantes. La concentration de l'acide a joue le role le plus important sur la croissance ulierieure. La conclusion est qu'en depit du fait que la reduction de la lumiere et de la nutrition provoque de hauts niveaux d'acide benzoylprop. l'accroissement de l'efficacite du benzoylprop ethyl est egalement du une reduction du taux de croissance de la folle avoinc. Cette etude rapporte des observations montrant que la competition de la plante cultivee augmente l'efficacite du benzoylprop ethyle. Die Wirkung von Licht und Nahrstoffversorgung auf den Abbau von14C-Benzoylprop-athyl und auf die Wuchshemmung von Flughafer (Avena fatua L.) Flughaferpflanzen (Avena fatua L.) wurden uber Wasserkultur mit 14C-Benzoylprop-athyl [N-Benzoyl-N-(3,4-dichlorphenyl)-2-aminoproprionsaureathylester] versorgt und bei unterschiedlicher Licht-und Nahrstoffversorgung kultiviert. Es wurde der Herbizibabbau und die Wuchshemmung des Sprosses nach 3.6 und 12 Tagen gemesssen. Bei geringer Lichtintensitat enthielten die Pflanzen am 3. und 6. Tag aufgrund verstarkter Verseifung mehr Benzoylprop-Saure, und am 12, Tag weniger Saure-Konjugat. Bei geringer Nahrstoffversorgung Wurden beide Abbauprozesse verlangsamt, was eine Zunahme der Saure am 3. Tag, nicht aber am 6.und 12. Tag zur Folge hatte. Nach 12 Tagen war aber bei geringer Nahrstoffver-sorgung die Wuchshemmung starker. Die correlation zwischen Wachstum und Gehalt der Sprosse an Saure-Konjugat (dpm) war besser als mit dem Gehalt an Ester order Saure. Der Saurege-halt hatte die stakste Wirkung auf das Wachstum. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, dass obwohl eine reduzierte Licht- und Nahrstoffversorgung hohere Gehalte an Benzoylprop-Saure bedingen, die Wirkung von Benzoylprop-athyl auch durch das verminderte Wachstum des Flughafers bewirkt wird. Diese Untersuchungen unterstutzen die Beobachtung, dass die Wirkung von Benzoylprop-athyl durch die Konkurrenz der Kulturpflanzen verstarkt wird.

The degree of tillage, presence of previous crop residues and the timing of tillage operations had a marked effect on soil temperatures. Zero tillage and the retention of the previous crop residues tended to depress the maximum soil temperatures at the 5.0-cm depth. Removal of crop residues from zero tillage plots resulted in an increase in maximum soil temperatures. Fall tillage resulted in lower maximum and higher minimum soil temperatures than where tillage was performed in the spring. Soil temperatures in the row were warmer than those recorded in the inter-row area of both the zero tillage and rotovated strip tillage treatments.Key words: Tillage, crop residues, soil temperature, corn

The rate and final germination percentage and emergence of green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] was found to be very dependent on the soil temperature and moisture conditions at the time of seeding. In contrast, the germination and emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Sinton’) was only slightly affected over the temperature and moisture range of the study. In laboratory studies, a temperature decrease from 20 to 15 C caused a 53- and 12-h delay in the time to reach 50% germination of green foxtail and wheat, respectively. Soil moisture was found to have a greater effect than soil temperature on green foxtail germination. At −5.3 bars water potential, the final germination percentage of green foxtail was less than at the higher water potentials. A further decrease in the water potential to −6.5 bars effectively reduced green foxtail germination to zero. Wheat germination was delayed only slightly, and the final germination percentage remained unchanged over the range of 0 to −15.3 bars water potential. In field studies, a soil temperature decrease from 22 to 14 C caused a 6-day delay in the time of 50% emergence of green foxtail, and the emergence of wheat was delayed only 1 day by a similar decrease in temperature. Field studies showed that when the soil was moist (0 to −4 bars) and soil temperatures were warm (20 to 25 C), green foxtail emerged within a few days of wheat. However, when the soil was dry (-4.0 to −6.5 bars) and soil temperatures were low (15 to 20 C), green foxtail emerged 7 to 14 days after wheat. The intensity of green foxtail competition was greater when green foxtail emerged within a few days of wheat than when green foxtail emerged 2 weeks after wheat.

Methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid} (diclofop as used herein refers to the methyl ester) added to nutrient solution inhibited adventitious root development and reduced the mitotic index in adventitious root tips of wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’) and wild oat (Avena fatuaL.). Elongation of wild oat roots was significantly inhibited by 0.15 μM diclofop 24 h after treatment; whereas, wheat roots were unaffected at concentrations less than 1.5 μM even at 12 days, indicating at least a 10-fold difference in sensitivity. Initiation of new adventitious roots was reduced in both species by 0.30 μM diclofop. Mitotic index was more severely reduced at lower concentrations and after a shorter exposure in wild oat than in wheat. Histological studies showed that 24 h after wild oat roots were treated with 0.30 μM diclofop for 24 h, severe damage occurred to tissues within the developing central cylinder, close to the root apex. Disruption of cortical and epidermal cells generally was not as severe until 4 to 7 days after treatment. By 12 days the entire root tip was almost completely obliterated, with only the epidermal cell walls remaining intact.