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Tall buildings are subject to wind loads as one of the effective lateral loads. An analysis of the effect of wind on Milad Tower is presented in this research. The wind tunnel testing results and numerical modelling implemented in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using ANSYS software. For the numerical simulation, the K-epsilon model has been used. The study evaluated the flow around the tower in several deformation states and compared it with a model where the tower is modeled rigidly in the wind tunnel. The maximum coefficient of negative pressure (suction) at the top of the tower structure equals to -1.95, which occurs at q =90o, and the maximum coefficient of the positive pressure equals +1. Since the buildings near the tower are located a short distance from the tower, the shed's structure, which is located near the tower, has also been investigated. With the aid of Tecplot software. The wind pressure coefficients obtained from the wind tunnel test were plotted. As part of the wind loading analysis in the single-span and two-span shed models, the model is rotated with a step of 5o relative to the direction of wind application, and wind pressure is recorded.

Abstract Small fruits such as strawberries, are a good source of natural antioxidants. In recent decades, many efforts have been made to increase the shelf life of strawberries and maintain its nutritional value in post-harvest conditions. In the present study, the effects of spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) (0, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) on the post-harvest life and quality of strawberry fruits during the 3rd, 6th, and 12th days of storage, were investigated. Applications of Spm and Spd decreased the rate of weight loss, fruit decay, soluble solids content, fruit juice pH and taste index during the storage period in compared to the control. However, titratable acids and vitamin C contents, tissue stiffness, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity increased in compared to the control. These growth regulators prevented the aging and loss of bioactive compounds of the fruit by increasing the antioxidant activity and preventing the destruction of the fruit tissue. Among the studied treatments, applications of 1.5 mM of Spm and Spd were the most effective treatments to enhance the storage life and quality characters of strawberry fruits.

Slope stability analysis is one of the most important issues in the safe design of infrastructures. This is mainly due to the historical hazards arising from instability of soil mass, leading to serious consequences including both fatality and financial loss. According to the field observations, rainfall is one of the most important factors stimulating the instability of unsaturated slopes. Nonetheless, most classical solution methods ignore the unsaturated conditions by simply assuming the soil conditions to be dry or completely saturated. In order to cope with this limitation, commercial software has been improved for simulation of two-phase flow under unsaturated conditions such as the GeoStudio software package. However, the scientific challenge as one of the limitations of commercial software is the optimization of critical slip surface under transient precipitation. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to develop a homemade computer code in MATLAB based on the Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO) algorithm so that it can be used for studying complex two-phase flow problems more efficiently in terms of time. The code can effectively calculate and optimize the factor of safety against stability considering the effects of precipitation applied to the slope boundaries by employing Richards’ equation. Calculations of factor of safety are performed by assuming the circular wedge geometry and Bishop's method. According to the algorithm, the centroid of the wedge of slip circles in space is randomly guided and as a result, the coordinates of the circle collision points are obtained within the slope. If the consistency conditions are satisfied, the wedge is divided into parts and the factor of safety is calculated by finite difference method. This process will continue until the optimal factor of safety is obtained. Finally, the results of the code are validated against the output of GeoStudio 2018. The results confirm that the new method is robust in predicting the critical conditions much more rapidly than the software. Although changes in the factor of safety are minor for the simple validation example, the most important feature of the new code is that it reduces the CPU occupancy by 71% on average, independent of the type of CPU.

A microwave electrothermal thruster (MET thruster) has been constructed, consisting of a microwave plasma chamber 12 cm long and 8 cm in inner diameter and a micronozzle 10 mm long with 1 mm in diameter. The microwave plasma is produced by 2.45 GHz microwave frequency at a power of 1 kW, and the feed gas is Ar at a pressure of 10^-3mTorr. Microwave energy is transmitted into the cavity and electrons sre connected to the wave's electric field. Thus, the electrons are accelerated by microwave electric fields. Microwave plasma discharge is formed based on the interaction of electrons with neutral gas particles. Then, the plasma acts as a resistive load and absorption of microwave energy, raises the temperature of the gas or plasma. Gas heating increases the gas pressure and is released through the nozzle. The plasma density and electron temperature are 2.35×〖10〗^17 m^(-3) and 1.2 eV, respectively. The thrust and specific impulse are 10 mN and 100 s

The basis of land management is the geomorphological zoning of the land surface, which is determined based on the same geomorphological characteristics of the zoning. Ground zoning detect land features by basic surface features such as height, slope, and slope direction. In this study, quantitative zoning of the land surface with small coefficients to the surface has been used to identify suitable areas for artificial feeding in the mountainous region of Gohar and Dasht-e Gorbayegan in Fars province. Quantitative zoning of the land surface has been performed by Evans-Shri coefficients due to the accurate determination and separation of types, faces, and surface features of the land has an important role in determining the exact land use. In this research basic models included linear, circular, and divergent models. These basic models with the dimensions of the final windows are ranked second in the MATLAB software to the level the ground is fitted to determine the fit of these models, the parameter of total squared difference has been used. In addition, the suitability of the study area for flood distribution in five different classes was determined using fuzzy logic. The most suitable areas for feeding downstream of the cones had five parameters with a maximum score of 20. The inappropriate class related to the lower plains of alluvial fans have a minimum score of five input classes in fuzzy logic, which is equal to zero.

One way to manage municipal solid waste and control leachate leaking into the surrounding environment is to bury them inside an isolated compacted clay liner. Despite the low hydraulic conductivity of clay, there is a possibility of fluid flow or chemical species transport. Phenomena that lead to fluid flow are Darcian flow and chemico-osmosis flow which are respectively caused by hydraulic and concentration gradients. On the one hand, membrane behavior of clayey soils causes chemico-osmosis flow. On the other hand, diffusion and advection cause chemical solute to transport. Due to the importance of the subject, this article provides a comprehensive review of the coupled effects of these phenomena with different research approaches. After categorizing analytical approaches into three groups of experimental, theoretical, and numerical and discussing them in detail, the coupled governing differential equations are presented. These equations describe the hydro-chemico-mechanical processes that influence solute transport in landfills. More importantly, key assumptions and findings of selected research with implications for design of contaminant barriers are criticized and discussed. Eventually, a proposal is put forward for future research in this area based on the current shortcomings and research challenges.

Soil-water retention curve describes the relationship between soil suction and soil water content. It has a wide range of applications from the predication of unsaturated shear strength to transient two-phase flow and stability analyses. All physically possible sets of retention curves for a soil with specified state parameters are bounded by the two main drying and wetting curves corresponding to the upper and lower bounds, respectively. As a result, the characterization of these two boundary curves as well as the hydraulic hysteresis is of great importance in problems related to both geo-environmental and hydro-geological fields of research. However, direct measurement of the soil-water retention curve requires advanced laboratory equipment and high expertise. In addition, the experimental output has discrete nature and is usually limited to low suction ranges compared with the theoretical full range. In other words, direct incorporation of experimental data to numerical flow and stability analysis becomes impossible; thus, continuous mathematical modeling is inevitable. Consequently, there has always been great interest in the analytical modeling of soil-water retention curves. No thorough study can be found in the literature so far to collect and revisit the pros and cons of various analytical modeling approaches to simulation of this key hydro-mechanical feature. Therefore, the main objective of the current study is to provide a comprehensive review of all available modeling philosophies with emphasis the capabilities and fundamental limitations of each approach. The paper is especially distinctive in classifying all current approaches under seven categories and in providing insights into the general framework of each one. Eventually, a discussion, highlighting the shortcomings and essential modelling needs, is provided to shed light on potential research directions in future.

For a graph a double Roman dominating function is a function having the property that if f(v) = 0, then vertex v must have at least two neighbors assigned 2 under f or one neighbor w with f(w) = 3, and if f(v) = 1, then vertex v must have at least one neighbor w with The weight of a double Roman dominating function f is the value The double Roman domination number of a graph G, denoted by equals the minimum weight of a double Roman dominating function on G. The double Roman reinforcement number of a graph G is the minimum number of edges that have to be added to G in order to decrease the double Roman domination number. In this paper, we first show that the decision problem associated to the double Roman reinforcement problem is NP-hard even when restricted to bipartite graphs and then we investigate the properties of double Roman reinforcement number in graphs, and we present some sharp bounds for Next we characterize trees with double Roman reinforcement number greater than one.

The neutronic analysis of Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector (HCCR) breeding blankets has been performed using the 3D Monte Carlo code MCNPX and ENDF nuclear data library. This study aims to reduce 6Li percentage in the breeder zones as much as possible ensuring tritium self-sufficiency. This work is devoted to investigating the effect of 6Li percentage on the HCCR breeding blanket's neutronic parameters, such as neutron flux and spectrum, Tritium Breeding Ratio (TBR), nuclear power density, and energy multiplication factor. In the ceramic breeders at the saturated thickness, increasing the enrichment of 6Li reduces its share in the tritium production. Therefore, ceramic breeders typically use lower enriched Li from 30% to 60%. The investigation of neutronic analysis in the suggested geometry shows that using 60% 6Li in Li2TiO3 can yield acceptable TBR and energy deposition results, which would be economically feasible.

In this paper, the design and simulation of ion source based on a helicon plasma generator and its corresponding extraction system for design of the neutral beam injection heating system of a sample tokamak like Damavand tokamak using COMSOL software have been investigated. Based on our previous calculations, to increase the electron temperature of this tokamak to 300 eV and the ion temperature to 150 eV, it requires a neutral beam injection system with energy 4.5 KeV, 6.7 A current, and 30.15 kW power. In this regard, in the present model, a dense helicon plasma source with an electron density of 5.51×1018 m-3, an electron temperature of 2.8 eV and an extraction system with 280 holes (3.5 mm in diameter) and 7 A ion beam for this heating system were designed, simulated and presented. Also, in this design, all the optical issues of the ion beam such as divergence, space charge, and beam size which can affect the beam quality are investigated.

In this study, the neutronic calculation to obtain tritium breeding ratio (TBR) in a deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion power reactor using Monte Carlo MCNPX is done. In addition, by using COMSOL software, an efficient cooling system is designed. In the proposed design, it is adequate to enrich up to 40% 6Li. Total tritium breeding ratio of 1.12 is achieved. The temperature of helium as coolant gas never exceed 687°C. As regards the tolerable temperature of beryllium (650°C), the design of blanket module is done in the way that beryllium temperature never exceed 600°C. The main feature of this design indicates the temperature of helium coolant is higher than other proposed models for blanket module, therefore power of electricity generation will increase. Keywords: Fusion, Breeding blanket, Tritium, Tokamak, Helium-cooled pebble bed (HCPB)

Salinity is a major environmental stress negatively influencing germination and seedling establishment in a wide variety of crops. The objective of this study was to use the organic materials with superabsorbents to improve the emergence rate and seedling traits of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under salinity stress. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in outdoor pots. Treatments included: organic coats at two levels (C1= peat moss and C2= vermicompost), superabsorbent polymers at seven levels (A1= without superabsorbent, A2-A4= coats with 2, 4, and 6 g superabsorbent of A200 per kg organic material, and A5-A7= coats with 2, 4, and 6 g superabsorbent of F1 per kg organic material), and salinity (S) stress at five levels (0, -2, -4, -6, and -8 bar). Results showed that organic material and the type and amount of superabsorbent significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected emergence, emergence rate, plant vigor index, shoot dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf area, relative water content, and total chlorophyll. Application of superabsorbent polymers with organic material reduced salinity stress in the primary growth stage of Milk thistle. Generally superabsorbent A200 is more effective than superabsorbent F1 and vermicompost coats better are than peat moss coats.

Aims: Different studies have shown different effects of exercise on low back pain. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of selective home-based exercises on chronic low back pain in unilateral below knee amputees. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial with pretest-posttest design conducted in 2016, 53 unilateral below knee amputees with chronic low back pain referred to Kowsar orthotic and prosthetic center to assess their health status were selected by random sampling method. They were randomly assigned to intervention group (n=29) and control group (n=24). An interventional exercise program for myofascial release, stretching, activation, and integration (5 days a week) was performed for the intervention group, but the intervention group did not receive any intervention. A numeric rating scale and an Oswestry Disability Index, abdominal endurance test, Modified Biering-Sørensen Test, and electromyography (EMG) signals were used to measure the effect of exercise on low back pain. The data were analyzed by SPSS software 20, using paired- samples and independent t-test. Findings: At the end of the training program in the intervention group, there was a significant decrease in pain score and disability index and a significant increase in extensor muscle endurance and flexor muscle endurance (p

The Hartree-Fock (HF) method is an excellent approximation of the closed shell magic nuclei. Pair correlation is essential for the description of open shell nuclei and has been derived for even-even, odd-odd and even-odd nuclei. These effects are reported by Hartree-Fock with BCS (HFBCS) or Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov (HFB). These issues have been investigated, especially in the nuclear charts, and such studies have been compared with the observed information.We compute observations such as total binding energy, charge radius, densities, separation energies, pairing gaps and potential energy surfaces for neutrons and protons, and compare them with experimental data and the result of the spherical codes. In spherical even-even neutron-rich nuclei are considered in the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov (SHFB) method with density-dependent pairing interaction. Zero-range density-dependent interactions is used in the pairing channel. We solve SHF or SHFB equations in the spatial coordinates with spherical symmetry for tin isotopes such as 112Sn.The numerical accuracy of solving equations in the coordinate space is much greater than the fundamental extensions, which yields almost precise results. Keywords: Self-consistent, Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov (SHFB), Hartree-Fock plus the BCS (HFBCS) equations, Spatial coordinates

Aims: Asymmetry while walking in people with lower limb amputation induces asymmetry in muscular activity, fatigue, instability in the spine cord, and low back pain. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 12-week corrective training on lumbar multifidus muscle asymmetry and pain intensity in veterans with one-sided below-knee amputation suffering from chronic low back pain. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pre-test post-test design, 20 male veterans with one-sided below-knee amputation at Kowsar orthosis and prosthesis center in Tehran, Iran were selected by voluntary sampling method in 2016. After the initial assessment of the individuals, the selected training was taught to the veterans. The training program was performed during 12 weeks (5 days per week). After completing the training period, the electromyography of multifidus muscles and pain intensity assessment were performed again. Muscle asymmetry was measured in activity of maximum voluntary contraction of the muscles and muscular endurance (Sorenson test). Data were analyzed by dependent t-test. Findings: Compared with the pre-test, in the post-test, pain intensity significantly decreased, and significant increase was observed in maximum contraction of the lumbar multifidus muscle of the amputation side (p0.05). Conclusion: The corrective training has a positive effect on the pain intensity in male veterans with one-sided below-knee amputation suffering from chronic low back pain, but it does not affect multifidus muscle asymmetry in maximum contraction of muscle and muscular endurance.

The idea of this research is to select the appropriate model for the rapid estimation of volume in even-aged Persian oak coppice stands. For this purpose, 19 widely used univariate and bivariate models were used in volume estimation. Initially, actual volume data from 73 cut trees in different diameter classes in 12 forests of Ardal and Kiar cities were divided into two sets of 70% for modeling and 30% for validation. Then, the coefficients of the selected models were calculated using the weighted least squares method. Models with significant coefficients were ranked by the root mean square error and R-squared. Of the 19 models, nine models were selected. The fitting results of the selected models showed that the least amount of root mean square error (0.035) was related to the five-parameter model and the highest amount of R2 (0.979) was related to the four and five-parameter models. The results of validation showed that among the bivariate models, the four and five parameter models and among the univariate models, the power model were the most efficient. The obtained results can be used in growth and yield models, preparation of Tarif and standard volume tables.

Aims: Low back pain as a common health issue is more problematic than other complications of amputation. Due to the etiology of amputation in veterans, different factors may be related to the severity of back pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors related to the severity of low back pain in veterans with unilateral below-knee amputation. Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive correlational study, 62 male veterans with unilateral below-knee amputation in 2016 were selected using available sampling method from Center of Orthosis and Prosthetics Kowsar in Tehran. The severity of back pain and disability caused by low back pain were evaluated by Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), respectively. Biomechanical evaluations were carried out using surface electromyography. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearmanchr('39')s rank correlation coefficient, simple linear regression and Chi square test. Findings: There was a significant correlation between pain severity and asymmetry index of superficial lumbar multifidus muscle (r=0.31; p=0.01). Asymmetry index of superficial lumbar multifidus muscle could predict 0.09 of pain severity (p

Introduction: The cowpea seed beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus F.) is one of the most injurious insects infesting a wide range of leguminous stored seeds such as Lens culinaris, Vigna radiata, Vicia faba and Vigna unguiculata (1). This insect also causes secondary infestation during pulse storage, and may cause total loss within three months. The bruchids can cause heavy losses in terms of both quantity and quality (4). Heavy infestations of bruchids can cause heating of commodity, which results in quality loss, and mould growth. Currently, the control strategies of stored product insect pests have exclusively relied upon application of fumigants and protectant synthetic insecticides. Chemical control of pests has led to insecticide residues in stored products and insecticide-resistant insect populations (3, 6). Therefore, there is a need for the ecologically benign methods to control cowpea weevil on chickpea. High temperature application has been used to satisfactorily disinfest stored commodities by various technologies. Microwave radiation is one of the most promising biorational pest management tools for farm stored grain and grain processing industries (29). Microwave is a type of electromagnetic energy that provides rapid heating. It appears that high temperatures in a short time period may be lethal to many stored product pests. The present study aimed to assess the lethal effects of microwave radiation on adults of cowpea seed beetle in stored pulses. Materials and Methods: The population of C. maculatus was originally collected from Laboratory of Entomology at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The cowpea weevils were reared on chickpea, in a growth chamber at temperature of 28 ± 2 ºC, relative humidity of 60 ± 5 % in the dark. Male and female beetles were treated separately with 2450 MHz at power levels of 90-900 W over a range of irradiation periods from 20 to 960 seconds. Corrected mortality data were subjected to two-way factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in which the microwave power and insects’ sex were regarded as independent categorial factors and irradiation period as covariate using SPSS Version 16 software. Prior to the ANCOVA test, Levene's test for equality of variances was performed to examine the assumptions for ANCOVA. Moreover, at each radiation power, the values of median lethal time (LT50), i.e., microwave irradiation period needed for the death of 50% insect population, and 90% lethal time (LT90) with 95% confidence limits were estimated separately for male and female beetles by subjecting mortality data to the maximum likelihood program of probit regression analysis using POLO-PC software. This program has a provision for control mortality. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the mortality rates of both male and female adults increased as the exposure period and/or the power of radiation increased. When microwave power levels increased, the time elapsed to achieve maximum lethal effect decreased; this was implied by the results showing maximum mortality achievement in 960 and 80 seconds at 90 W and 900 W, respectively. Male beetles were more susceptible than females, but this difference was not significant based on the LT50 ratio. The LT50 values for the power levels between 90-900 W varied between 674.8 - 41.40 seconds for males and 741.5 - 47.2 seconds for females. The probit analysis showed that the slope values of mortality - exposure time regression lines were in the range of 3.23 - 5.51. According to the likelihood ratio test of parallelism, the slopes of probit mortality regressions differed significantly among various microwave power levels. However, further likelihood ratio test between the paired combinations concerned revealed that the slopes of probit mortality lines differed significantly only between those of 90 and 900W levels. The present results are in agreement with those of Singh et al. (2012) who worked on Callosobruchus chinensis (26). Also, Sadeghi Nasab et al (2004) working on the effect of microwave radiation on three stored product pests, found similar results (25). Conclusion: The results from our study showed that microwave radiation has a potential to kill insects in stored beans. It was observed that at certain constant power levels, the mortality of beetles increased as the microwave exposure time elongated and vice-versa. Although this strategy can control insect population in stored beans in a short time whilst deserting no chemical residue on food products, the adverse effects of microwave radiation on nutritional quality of food products and seed germination should be investigated. Further research is also recommended to improve methodology for practical disinfection of stored pulses.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to determine the influence of loading frequency on the failure of articular cartilage-on-bone specimens under three-point bending. Methods In this study, cyclic three-point bending was used to introduce failure into cartilage-on-bone specimens at varying loading frequencies. Sinusiodally varying maximum compressive loads in the range 40–130 N were applied to beam-shaped cartilage-on-bone specimens at frequencies of 1, 10, 50 and 100 Hz. Results The number of cycles to failure decreased when loading frequency increased from normal and above gait (1 and 10 Hz) to impulsive loading frequencies (50 and 100 Hz). It was found that 67 and 27% of the specimens reached run-out at loading of 10,000 cycles at frequencies of 1 and 10 Hz, respectively. However, 0% of the specimens reached run-out at loading frequencies of 50 and 100 Hz. Conclusion The results indicate that increasing the loading frequency reduces the ability of specimens to resist fracture during bending. The findings underline the importance of the loading frequency concerning the failure of articular cartilage-on-bone and it may have implications in the early onset of osteoarthritis.

ABSTRACT Taking into consideration that modeling and indicating relationship among traits and variables are among the most useful numerical techniques in the biological and botanical researches, and also undeniable impact of drought and salinity stresses, this research was implemented with the aim to consider change in relationship among the traits under separately drought and salinity stresses related to scarcely distributed medicinal plant called Christ thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi). A glass house experiment was implemented in controlled conditions at the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Five different water stress levels (irrigation at four, six, eight and 10 days intervals, compared to the unstressed control plants with every even days irrigation) and five salinity stress levels (0, 3.2, 6.4, 9.6 and 12.3 dS m-1) were separately induced on plants. Results of this study indicated that salinity and water stresses in addition to their destructive impact on cell and tissue compartment, can adverse and change the relationship among morphological and biochemical parameters in different ways. Cluster analysis could clearly separate traits into two groups under water stress while three groups under salinity stress. Principal component showed that this technique can accounted for a high variation among data under both water and salinity stresses so that it is possible to consider relationship among the traits using principal component in place of classic methods such as correlation coefficients. As result of principal component, it revealed that change in relationship among traits under different stresses is plausible.

Introduction: Rose (Rosa hybrida (L.), Rosaceae) has been grown on earth for millions of years and has been used for beauty and decoration of gardens, extraction of perfume and in medicine. But main use of roses is in cut flower industry and landscaping. Roses are attractive for insects, especially aphids (2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 17, 27, 28, 35, 38). Among them, the predominant aphid that feeds on the cultivated roses in outdoors is the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (13, 27, 28, 29). The rose aphid has a wide distribution throughout Iran and the world (27, 28, 29). Rose aphids generally initiate feeding on roses in early spring as the new flush of growth emerges. Like other aphid species, rose aphids tend to congregate or cluster in large numbers feeding on the terminal growth including leaves and stems, and developing flower buds, and on leaf undersides. Their feeding causes deformity flower buds and leaves which may result in flower buds aborting or falling off prematurely before opening. In addition, aphids secrete honeydew, which attracts ants, wasps, hornets and serves as a growing medium for certain black sooty mold fungi. Rose aphids are attacked by anvarray of natural enemies including parasitoids and predators such as ladybird beetles, green lacewings, syrphids and several other groups of arthropods. These may provide natural regulation depending on the number of rose aphids present and other biotic and abiotic factors. Although many herbivorous arthropods may attack roses but many roses cultivar can resist against these pests (23, 26, 28, 40). An important factor influencing this success is careful selection of varieties, which vary significantly in susceptibility to pests and disease problems (9, 13, 19, 21, 23, 30, 40). Of course, other factors such as agricultural practices and the presence and activities of natural enemies of pests are also important. This study aimed to determine any resistance against rose aphid in different rose cultivars in landscapes of Mashhad and also to determine the diversity and abundance of the rose aphid predators throughout the seasonal growth in the study area. Material and Methods: Research to investigate the resistance of different rose cultivars against rose aphid and the biodiversity of its predators was conducted at the campus of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad from Mid-March of 2013 to late march 2014. Six rose cultivars including Ice berg, Miniature, Josephine bruce, Piccadilly, Fairy & Blessing were sampled weekly in three sampling sites. For sampling, four cut sections (5 centimeters of terminal part of randomly selected shoot) of each cultivar in each site were cut and put in a plastic bag and brought to the laboratory for counting the number of different stages of rose aphid as well as the associated predators. For purpose of identification of immature stages of the aphid predators, immature stage was kept until they reach to adult stage in the laboratory. Results and Discussion: A seasonal fluctuation of rose aphid was recorded throughout the season on six rose cultivars (Table 1). Overall, this aphid was more numerous in spring and early fall on all studied cultivars (Figure 1). By approaching the summer, the population of rose aphid on all rose cultivars, except the Fairy and Miniature varieties declined to zero. Analysis of variance showed that differences in mean population of rose aphid among studied cultivars was significant (P

ABSTRACT Caper (Capparis spinosa) is used as multipurpose and adaptable plant which provides a valuable opportunity to enhance greenery in harsh climatic areas. This plant like the others is affected by drought and sodium chloride stresses as the most common abiotic stresses worldwide. This study was carried out to determine the interaction between drought and different ratios of sodium and calcium chloride on caper. Droughts stress were two levels of 100 and 75% of field capacity and were applied based on the daily weighting method of pots. Salt treatments were four different ratios of calcium chloride: sodium chloride (1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5]. Treatments started when the plants were sown in the pots. Results indicated that higher ratios of calcium chloride than sodium chloride which caused salinity stress have destructive effect on water relationships and contents of the caper. This stress affected growth, morphological, and physiological function related traits in a negative way. Growth and other traits decreased under water deficit conditions. It seems that interaction between salinity and drought had the most destructive effect on this plant and decreasing its quality and quantity of its traits.

ABSTRACT Salinity is among the most common and severe abiotic stresses that drastically affects crop productivity all over the world. To evaluate the effect of salt stress on seed germination, early growth, antioxidant enzyme activity and ABA content of chicory ecotypes (Cichorium intybus), a factorial experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Shiraz University in 2014 based on completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments comprised five salinity levels (tap water, 3, 6, 9, 12 dS m-1) of sodium chloride on the ecotypes of Sefid Shiraz and Siyah Shiraz. The results showed that germination characteristics and primary seedling growth decreased in both ecotypes with increasing in salinity severity. The effects of salinity on radicle and plumule length as well as seedling weight were the same as its effects on seed germination. The effect of salt stress on antioxidant enzyme activity (especially catalase) and ABA content were significant which they were enhanced with increasing salinity level; the Siyah Shiraz ecotype performs better than the Sefid Shiraz under high salinity, as indicated by lower decrease in germination characteristics and primary growth and higher antioxidant enzyme activity as well as ABA content. These facts should be taken into consideration in the economic cultivation of this valuable horticultural and medicinal plant and this data would be useful for the crop breeding projects.

Introduction: Accurate water demand modeling for the city is very important for forecasting and policies adoption related to water resources management. Thus, for future requirements of water estimation, forecasting and modeling, it is important to utilize models with little errors. Water has a special place among the basic human needs, because it not hampers human life. The importance of the issue of water management in the extraction and consumption, it is necessary as a basic need. Municipal water applications is include a variety of water demand for domestic, public, industrial and commercial. Predicting the impact of urban water demand in better planning of water resources in arid and semiarid regions are faced with water restrictions. Materials and Methods: One of the most important factors affecting the changing technological advances in production and demand functions, we must pay special attention to the layout pattern. Technology development is concerned not only technically, but also other aspects such as personal, non-economic factors (population, geographical and social factors) can be analyzed. Model examined in this study, a regression model is composed of a series of structural components over time allows changed invisible accidentally. Explanatory variables technology (both crystalline and amorphous) in a model according to which the material is said to be better, but because of the lack of measured variables over time can not be entered in the template. Model examined in this study, a regression model is composed of a series of structural component invisible accidentally changed over time allows. In this study, structural time series (STSM) and ARMA time series models have been used to model and estimate the water demand in Isfahan. Moreover, in order to find the efficient procedure, both models have been compared to each other. The desired data in this research include water consumption in Isfahan, water price and the monthly pay costs of water subscribers between 1388 and 1390. In structural time series model, the model was generated by entering the invisibility part of the process and development of a state-space model, as well as using maximum likelihood method and the Kalman-Filter algorithm. Results and Discussion: Given the value of the test statistic ADF, with the exception of changing water use variables with a time difference of the steady rest. Superpopulation different modes of behavior were assessed based on the demand for water. Due to the likelihood ratio statistic is most suitable for the parameters, was diagnosed the steady-state level of randomness and the slope. Price and income elasticities of demand for water, respectively -0.81 and 0.85 shows that water demand is inelastic with respect to price and income and a lot of water is essential. Identify the nature of the request of one of the most important results in estimated water demand in the urban part of the state space time series structure and patterning methods, as an Alternative for variable is Technology preferences use. The model is estimated for the city's water demand time series model, respectively ARMA (3,1). Model performance metrics to compare the structural time series and time series ARMA, the result represents a structural time series model based on the fact that all the performance criteria in this study outperformed the ARMA model to forecast water city demand in the Isfahan. Conclusion: Of a time series model structure to model ARMA in this research is to estimate the model and predict the number the less time is required, and also can be used for modeling of other variables (such as income and price) to this is helping to improve the models. Also, in ARMA time series the best model for data was selected according to the Schwarz Bayesian and Akaike criterion. Results indicate that the estimation of water demand using structural time series method is more efficient than when ARMA time series model is applied. Therefore, structural time series model can be used as an efficient tool for managers and planners in the Management Departmentsin order to forecast water demand. Used was for compare the performance of these two models of standard root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).

ABSTRACT Calotropis procera, Apocynaceae, is a wild perennial shrub that originated in the Persian deserts. It is known to provide key resources in degraded ecosystems to about 80 animal species. C. procera is regenerated by seed and produces lots of small seeds that are dispersed by wind; nonetheless, its density is very low. The purpose of this study is to estimate the cardinal temperatures including the base, optimum, and maximum temperatures of Calotropis procera looking at two different ecotypes in the Iranian desert. The germination behavior of C. procera seeds was tested at temperature regimens of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40oC and was analyzed using linear regression models. The rate of germination increased between base and optimum thermal conditions, and decreased between optimum and maximum thermal conditions. The base, optimum and maximum temperatures for germination of C. procera seeds were estimated at 19.10, 30.75 and 47.80 oC for the Fars and 20.00, 31.82 and 49.69oC for the Zahedan desert, respectively. Temperature and germination were rated to determine the seeding dates of the C. procera. Overall, cardinal temperatures for germination were dependent on local climate characteristics for the range of adaptations in plant growth of the given species.

The growing trend in technological advances and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) has targeted for intelligent human lives. Accordingly, Ubiquitous Computing Approach was proposed by Mark Weiser. This paper proposes an ubiquitous surveying solution in Geometrics and surveying field. Ubiquitous Surveying provides cost-effective, smart and available surveying techniques while traditional surveying equipment are so expensive and have small availability specially in indoor and daily surveying jobs. In order to have a smart surveying instrument, different information technology methods and tools like Triangle method, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) method and laser sensor are used. These new ways in combine with surveying equations introduces a modern surveying equipment called Ubi-Total Station that also employed different sensors embedded in smartphone and mobile stand. RSSI-based localization and Triangle method technique are easy and well known methods to predict the position of an unknown node in indoor environments whereas additional measures are required for a sufficient accuracy. In this paper the main goal is to introduce the Ubiquitous Total Station as a development in smart and ubiquitous GIS. In order to public use of the surveying equipment, design and implementation of this instrument has been done. Conceptual model of Smartphone-based system is designed for this study and based on this model, an Android application as a first sample is developed. Finally the evaluations shows that absolute errors in X and Y calculation are 0.028 and 0.057 meter respectively. Also RMSE of 0.26 was calculated in RSSI method for distance measurement. The high price of traditional equipment and their requirement for professional surveyors has given way to intelligent surveying. In the suggested system, smartphones can be used as tools for positioning and coordinating geometric information of objects.

The purpose of this Research is Developing a Theoretical Model for Alignment of Production, Marketing and Business strategies that to survey Conditions and factors of strategic alignment using Grounded Theory. For Developing the theoretical model of Alignment strategies we used Grounded Theory Research Method. The statistical community in this study consisted of middle and senior managers of three branch pishgaman kavir group over the years 1389-90. Data collection of this study is extensive literature survey, strategic Alignment researches and various structured and semi-structured interviews. Data collected were analyzed in software. The results of this study indicated that product represents the cornerstone for the strategy congruence in the company, being all strategies formulated around it and being the real linkage between marketing and manufacturing strategies. The output of marketing strategy and business strategy is related to the product and it works as an input for manufacturing in terms of product characteristics and production requirements.

OSL dosimeter system was introduced first time in 1963 and it has been used for space application science 2005 by space organizations. In this work we try to design and fabricate this system in Iran for the first time .Basic physical quantum of this system is optically stimulated luminescence. This system consist of OSL material, Optical section for Stimulation and reader section. In this work, first the basic theory of OSL phenomena has been reviewed, then the space applications and the advantage of this system has been compared with other dosimeter system. Afterward laboratory construction of this system and some characterizations of that such as primary calibration by Co-60 source, has been introduced. Finally, results of evaluation of this system shows that,this fabricated system has linear response function in rang of 1-10 Gy.

In a faunistic survey conducted on Auchenorrhyncha in sugar beet fields of Mashhad and Chenaran regions during 2008-2010, a total of 2741specimens belonging to 5 families were collected. As a result, 10 species were added to the fauna of the study area including: Family Cicadellidae: Rhytidodus decimusquartus (Schrank 1776), Viridicerus malicola (Dubovxdy 1966); Handianus pro-cerus (Herrich-Schaffer l835), Euscelidius mundus (Haupt 1927), Doraturopsis sp., Agallia sp.; Platymetopius sp., Family Tettigometridae: Tettigometra sordida (Fieber 1865); Family Aphrophoridae: Aphrophora salicina (Goeze 1778); Family Cixiidae: Reptalus bitinctus (Dlabola 1961). Empoasca meridiana (Zachvatkin 1946) and Circulifer haematoceps (Mulsant and Rey 1855), with 23.7 and 11.2 percent respectively, were the most abundant species in the study sites. The maximum and minimum values calculated for Shannon-Wiener index of diversity, based on data collected fortnightly from the selected fields in Mashhad region were observed in August and November, respectively. At mid-summer, when the index of biodiversity was the highest, the relative abundance of most species was high and there was more uniformity among the collected species.

Background and aims There are numerous types of health hazards in every workplace which threaten the health and well-being of employees. Therefore, various types of engineering and administrative control approaches have been developed in industry. Control of hazardous agents can be difficult in most conditions due to economical and technical limitations. However, certain types of administrative control methods can be implemented in these cases instead of engineering or process controls. Since creating a safe environment with zero chance of occupational exposures to hazardous agents is practically impossible, it can be expected that every employee may have a certain level of exposure to one or more of hazardous agents. The probability and extent of these exposures will depend on job's demands or work environment's conditions. Under this condition, a "job severity score" as a quantitative value can be determined in order to choose and employ the best possible control methodology and also to create a long-term occupational health plan. Methods In this study, the main goal is to develop a questionnaire as a model for assessment of job severity and tasks harmfulness. This questionnaire has five sections in which there are numbers of questions each with a specified quantitative score. These scores have been identified according to the brainstorming among the some experienced experts in the fields safety, occupational health, and industrial psychology. When the final questionnaire was completed, two well-known industrial sectors were selected as pilot plants for final verification of questionnaire in order to obtain valid questions. Results & Conclusion The result of this study was providing a questionnaire which might be used in similar studies for determination of job severity level at any industrial plants.

Background: The objective of this investigation was to detect the presence of Trichinella in some carnivores of Mashhad in northeast of Iran and to identify Trichinella species circulating in this area. Methods: The present study was carried out using muscle tissue collected from 120 stray dogs, 26 wild boars, 25 rodents, two foxes and two hyenas captured in Mashhad City, province of Khorasan Razavi, Iran. Results: Trichinella larvae were detected in three stray dogs by artificial digestion and compression.All larvae were identified as T. britovi using multiplex PCR. Conclusion: This is the first report of identification of T. britovi in stray dog in Iran.

During the faunistic survey of aphid species associated with ornamental shrubs in the urban green spaces of Mashhad, the capital city of Khorasan-Razavi province of Iran, in 2015, specimens of the species Appendiseta robiniae (Gillette, 1907) were collected from a colony on Vitex agnus-castus. This aphid species is reported here for the first time from Iran.

The aphid species, Cinara pinihabitans (Mordvilko 1894), is newly recorded from Iran. It was collected from mountain pine, Pinus mugo,during a survey on the insect fauna of urban green landscapes of the city of Mashhad, Iran from June 2014 to July 2015.

During a survey in 2015, three dark-winged fungus gnat species, Bradysia odoriphaga Yang & Zhang, 1985, Bradysia trivittata Staeger, 1840and Scatopsciara atomariaZetterstedt, 1851 were identified and recorded here from Iran for the first time. The genus Scatopsciara Edwards, 1927 is newly recorded from Iran as well. The identification of specimens were confirmed by Dr Kai Heller (Germany). The sciarid species were collected on the pine trees, Pinus mugo Turra, in the urban green landscapes of the city of Mashhad, Khorasan-e Razavi province, Iran.

Cytotoxicity evaluation of Daphne mucronata (Thymelaeaceae) extract and one of its active purified components, using seven different cancerous cell lines, revealed the strong antiproliferative activity of the plant. Using flow cytometry technique, it was found that treatment of the most responsive cells (K562) with the plant extract or the active component inhibited the progression of cells through G1 phase by almost 15% compared to the untreated cells. Based on the extent of [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-uridine incorporation into DNA and RNA, respectively, the major metabolic effects of D. mucronata were found to be mainly on DNA and to a less extent on RNA synthesis. These data strongly support the flow cytometry observation and provide a mechanism for the antiproliferative activity of D. mucronata.

طی مطالعات انجام‌شده در اردیبهشت 1393 روی فون بندپایان درخت زبان گنجشک در شهرستان مشهد و حومه، نمونه‏هایی از شپش‏های چوب و کتاب جمع‌آوری گردید. نمونه‌ها نزد دکتر Charles Lienhard در موزه تاریخ طبیعی سوئیس ارسال گردید که با نام‌های Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein (Psocoptera: Trogiidae) و Ectopsocus vishnyakovae Schmidt (Psocoptera: Ectopsocidae) شناسایی شد. هر دو گونه برای فون ایران گزارش جدید محسوب می‌شوند.

در بررسی تنوع گونه‏ای بندپایان درختان زبان گنجشک در شهرستان مشهد و حومه، نمونه‏هایی از شپش‏های چوب و کتاب در اسفند سال 1392جمع‌آوری شد که توسط پروفسور Charles Lienhard از موزه تاریخ طبیعی سوئیس با نام علمی Mesopsocus hiemalis Marikowskii (Psocoptera: Mesopsocidae) شناسایی گردید. این خانواده، جنس و گونه برای اولین‌بار از ایران گزارش می‌شود.

Salinity of agricultural lands and irrigation water is the most limiting factor for plant growth in many dry parts of the world. Twenty five million ha of agricultural lands are saline in Iran, and this is increasing due to poor irrigation management. Particularly in irrigated agricultural areas, has been found to reduce barley yields, dramatically. To investigate the effects of sodium chloride on two barley cultivars, four levels of salinity: 0, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m, were employed as a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications in a controlled environment of the greenhouse during 2007-2008. The results indicated that increasing salinity from 0 to 12 dS/m, decreased the emergence percentage, significantly. The two cultivars (Afzal & Reyhan) responded differently to salinity, so that Afzal showed a significantly higher emergence rate. This cultivar (Afzal) also had greater shoot potassium content. The number of tillers and leaves per plant and also the plant height were decreased upon increasing salinity level. The shoot sodium content was also increased by increasing the salinity level in both cultivars, however, the sodium content of Afzal cultivar, compared to Reyhan cultivar, was lower, probably due to Na+ exclusion mechanisms in this cultivar. The results also revealed that the highest grain number and phytomass was obtained from Afzal cultivar at the lowest salinity level. Phytomass and grain yield were also decreased upon salinity, significantly. Overall, it appeared that less adverse effect of salinity on Afzal cultivar may indicate that this cultivar it might be suitable for saline soils, an object which worth more investigations.

In a faunistic survey of aphids and their aphidophagous predators in cereal fields of Mashhad and vicinity, during 2006-2008, several coccinellid species were collected and determined. Among them, Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow is being reported for the first time from Iran.

Replacement of Superior Vena Cava was experimented in 26 dogs with autogeneous venous graft, homologus artery graft, Edward Tape nylon graft, Edward Tape nylon graft with arterio venous fistula and Edward Tape nylon graft with anticoagulants. The results arc discussed in detail and problems of venous grafts which are mainly due to the slow blood flow and blood clotting in grafts, arc explained. Arteria venous fistula between right carotid artery and right jugular vein eliminate Using anticoagulants has been done in only two cases and this is not draw a conclusion. However, it seems that this would be rather dangerous because of slow blood flow in superior vena cava and the risk of bleedingdanger of blood clotting but has the danger of right heartfailur.

(1) The secondary stage of freeze - drying, particularly the last day, is not important and I suggest the whole procedure is reduced to three days, the primary stage occupying two of these. (2) The mothod used obtains the satisfactory low level of residual moisture. RESUME (3) Experiments on reconstitution with saline and distilled water show that distilled water is more satisfactory and I suggest that saline should not he used.