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Freshwater resources remain unequally distributed in time and space around the world. Water resource frameworks should be designed, planned, and overseen in order to fully meet current and future social and economic objectives. The difficulties grow as the system gets bigger and more complex, with varying spatial distribution of water and insufficient resources, making water re-distribution more difficult. The current study fills such gaps by evaluating several factors influencing conjunctive management. In the current study, an effort has been made to compile the best data on water use, agricultural practises, socioeconomic status, and so on through field surveys in order to comprehend the reality on the ground. Additionally, investigations are being conducted into the causes and barriers that are most likely to have slowed the implementation of conjunctive use of available water resources. Two comprehensive socioeconomic surveys were conducted using the quantitative research methodology in a river basin in Southern India, and the results clearly show that stakeholders are unaware of the most effective agricultural water management techniques and the rationale behind modern irrigation systems. Over ninety-five percent of the total respondents were farmers, with only five percent having basic knowledge of watershed development and conjunctive use water management. The identified gaps and the inference made in the study are in the context of conjunctive water management of agricultural water. The current work may provide useful information on the baseline scenarios for upcoming agricultural water management plans, as well as a useful tool for achieving significant milestones in the agricultural sector. Furthermore, the prepared questionnaire and the data gathered for the study may also be helpful to decision-makers.

The traditional approach to water level monitoring, using sensor devices to automatically measure levels in tanks or reservoirs, is costly and requires regular maintenance. This makes satellite altimetry crucial for reducing monitoring expenses and enhancing the observation of inland water bodies. This study employs Sentinel-3 and ICESat-2 sensors to examine six major reservoirs in the Krishna River basin in India, each intersected by at least two altimetry tracks. A two-way retrieval method for Sentinel analysis, including individual wet tropospheric correction and back-substitution, determines water levels. A novel hydro-flatness test removes outliers, increasing efficiency and saving time, though it is limited when fewer than ten high-distortion footprints are present. The 2018-2022 time series was effectively built for all reservoirs after assessing sensor performance against Central Water Commission data. The study successfully generates water level time series for the reservoirs, with correlation coefficients above 0.96 and Mean Absolute Percentage Errors below 1%. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) remains under 0.45m for all reservoirs except Ujjani, monitored by Sentinel-3A, which has an RMSE of 0.53 and a correlation of 0.96. These results can be applied to flood forecasting, reservoir operations, bathymetry retrieval, river modeling, and long-term water level-discharge curves.

Chylothorax due to inadvertent thoracic duct injury after esophagectomy is a well-known complication and requires careful postoperative management and timely intervention to prevent potential morbidity and mortality. We present a case of high-output chylothorax after esophagectomy where the source of chyle leak was not in the thorax.

Streamflow can be affected by a number of aspects related to land use and can vary promptly as those factors change. Urbanization, deforestation, mining, agricultural practices and economic growth are some of the factors related to these land use changes which alter the stream flow. In the present study, the impact of land use land cover change (LULC) on stream flow is studied by using SWAT model for Tungabhadra river basin, located in the state of Karnataka, India. Tungabhadra river originates in the Western Ghats of Karnataka and flows towards north-east and joins the river Krishna. The land use maps of 1993, 2003 and 2018 are used for assessing the stream flow changes with respect to LULC. Calibration and validation of the model for streamflow was carried out using the SUFI-2 algorithm in SWAT-CUP for the years 1983–1993 and 1994–2000 respectively. Statistical parameters namely Coefficient of Determination (R2) & Nash–Sutcliffe (N-S) were used to assess the efficiency and performance of the SWAT model. It was found that the observed and simulated streamflow values are closely matching, which in turn projects that the model results are acceptable. The calibrated model was used for simulation of future dynamic land use scenario to assess the impact on streamflow. The results can be used for conservation of water and soil management.

Shoreline extraction is fundamental and inevitable for several studies. Ascertaining the precise spatial location of the shoreline is crucial. Recently, the need for using remote sensing data to accomplish the complex task of automatic extraction of features, such as shoreline, has considerably increased. Automated feature extraction can drastically minimize the time and cost of data acquisition and database updating. Effective and fast approaches are essential to monitor coastline retreat and update shoreline maps. Here, we present a flexible mathematical morphology-driven approach for shoreline extraction algorithm from satellite imageries. The salient features of this work are the preservation of actual size and shape of the shorelines, run-time structuring element definition, semi-automation, faster processing, and single band adaptability. The proposed approach is tested with various sensor-driven images with low to high resolutions. Accuracy of the developed methodology has been assessed with manually prepared ground truths of the study area and compared with an existing shoreline classification approach. The proposed approach is found successful in shoreline extraction from the wide variety of satellite images based on the results drawn from visual and quantitative assessments.

This paper investigates the performance of gridded rainfall datasets for precipitation detection and streamflow simulations in Indiaʼs Tungabhadra river basin. Sixteen precipitation datasets categorized under gauge-based, satellite-only, reanalysis, and gauge-adjusted datasets were compared statistically against the gridded Indian Meteorological Dataset (IMD) employing two categorical and three continuous statistical metrics. Further, the precipitation datasets’ performance in simulating streamflow was assessed by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. Based on the statistical metrics, Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (APHRODITE) furnished very good results in terms of detecting rainfall, followed by Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation (CHIRP), National Centres for Environmental Prediction-Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP CFSR), Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) 3B42 v7, Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Gauge Reanalysis v6 (GSMaP_Gauge_RNL), and Multisource Weighted Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) datasets which had good-to-moderate performances at a monthly time step. From the hydrological simulations, TRMM 3B42 v7, CHIRP, CHIRPS 0.05°, and GSMaP_Gauge_RNL v6 produced very good results with a high degree of correlation to observed streamflow, while Soil Moisture 2 Rain-Climate Change Initiative (SM2RAIN-CCI) dataset exhibited poor performance. From the extreme flow event analysis, it was observed that CHIRP, TRMM 3B42 v7, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre v7 (GPCC), and APHRODITE datasets captured more peak flow events and hence can be further implemented for extreme event analysis. Overall, we found that TRMM 3B42 v7, CHIRP, and CHIRPS 0.05° datasets performed better than other datasets and can be used for hydrological modeling and climate change studies in similar topographic and climatic watersheds in India.

Esophageal leiomyosarcoma is the commonest of all esophageal sarcomas but yet has a very low incidence. These tumors have been resected by the open approach so far. We describe the steps and challenges involved in the thoracoscopic excision of a huge leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus.

Treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis includes medical, endoscopic and surgical therapy. Medical treatment may involve the use of analgesics, pancreatic enzymes, antioxidants and removal of risk factors. However, a substantial number of patients do not experience pain relief with medical treatment, and those with local complications cannot be treated medically indefinitely. These require endoscopic or surgical therapy. Endoscopic therapy has involved the use of a) pancreatic sphincterotomy, b) stent placement, c) nasopancreatic drainage, d) pseudocyst drainage, e) extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and f) dilatation of strictures. The current options for surgical therapy include: a) partial pancreatic resections, b) extended pancreatic drainage procedures (which involve additional subtotal resection of the head or a deep coring out of the head, or c) pure pancreatic drainage procedures. In effect surgical procedures provide a more thorough drainage of the ductal system than pancreatic stent placement. This is especially true in the complex ductal arrangement of the head of the pancreas, where simple drainage of the duct or stent placement by endoscopy is unlikely to provide thorough drainage and relief of symptoms.

The movement of rock, soil, and other debris down a slope or incline is a geological phenomenon known as a landslide. To analyze the landslide susceptibility (LS) in Manipur, the study develops and compares six heterogeneous models, specifically the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Frequency Ratio (FR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Deep Learning (DL) models were considered. The study found that the DL is the most intriguing model, with a total accuracy of 97.2%, followed by the RF, KNN, SVM, AHP, and FR, with respective accuracy levels of 94.5%, 93.1%, 92.6%, 85.5%, and 76.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.), is the most widely cultivated food crop after rice, wheat, and maize. The aim of the project is to determine the crop acreage of Pearl millet (Bajra) using Sentinel-1A SAR data and Machine Learning Algorithm to determine the yield estimation of the Pearl millet crop at the tehsil level using the Monteith approach. The classification overall accuracy is found to be 86.48% for Agra district and 80.15% for Firozabad district. The Relative Deviation of yield estimation for the Agra and Firozabad districts is found to be 10.14 and 6, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Varicella (chickenpox) is a febrile rash illness resulting from a primary infection with the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The disease is more prevalent in children than adults. Adults when affected manifest severe symptoms. Material and Methods: Following a sudden increase in cases in April 2023, an outbreak investigation and a matched case-control study were conducted, to assess the risk of varicella transmission among hostel inmates of a tertiary care center in Kalaburagi. Based on the clinical diagnosis, 8 cases and 32 controls matched for gender and year of course were chosen. The survey was conducted using an epidemiological case sheet, containing students' sociodemographic profile and clinical history, after obtaining written consent. Data was entered in an Excel sheet and analysed using JAMOVI software. The outbreak was described in terms of time, place, and person using descriptive statistics. The odds ratio was calculated to assess the strength of the association between risk factors and varicella infection. Results: The index case, 22 years old was detected on 7th April, 2023 in boys hostel following which 7 more students were affected with a secondary attack rate of 6.93%. Mean (SD) age of cases was 20.13(1.36) years and males (75%) were most commonly affected. Majority (62.5%) presented with moderate lesions with none developing complications. All cases were identified and isolated (mean duration of 12.75(3.93) days) with strict precautions. Personal protective measures usage was significantly protective against varicella among risk factors, with an odds ratio of 0.09 (95% CI 0.01,0.51). Conclusion: With the help of active case finding, isolation, and vaccination campaigns, the outbreak was successfully controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple cost effective procedure which is being practiced in routine OPD setup and offers a better alternative to excision biopsies. Martin HE and Ellis EB were the first to present a paper on obtaining tissue by needle puncture and aspirations from suspected neoplasms. Fine needle aspiration plays a major role in clinical evaluation and surgical planning for referring physicians. Advantages in paediatric population of patients include lack of need for sedation or general anaesthesia. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study of patients who came with lesions of head to neck to our institute Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Raichur from the period of January 2019 to January 2022. Clinical details and radiological investigations were collected from the case reports maintained in Central Laboratory at RIMS, Raichur. FNAC reports were analysed and classified the lesions according to the recent classification criteria of respective lesions. Results: Out of the 544 cases available, only 454 cases were included in the study owing to exclusion of inadequate sampling or insufficient material for the reporting. There was female preponderance of 237(52.2%) compared to 217(47.79%) male cases. Majority of the cases belonged to 2nd decade (27.09%) and 3rd decade (24.89%) of life. Palpable head and neck lesions constituted lesions of thyroid, lymph nodes, salivary glands and miscellaneous lesions. Majority of the cases presented with thyroid swellings constituting to 181(39.86%) cases. 144(31.05%) of the lesions were lymph node swellings. Only 14(3.08%) of the salivary glands lesions were noted. Various miscellaneous lesions constituted to 115 (25.33%) cases. Distribution of head and neck lesions is represented pictorially. Conclusion: FNAC is an important noninvasive tool for assessing head and neck lesions. Classifying the lesions into inflammatory and neoplastic helps in planning of treatment and categorising them into specific reporting systems helps in standardisation of reports and identifying risks of malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac lesions are responsible for approximately 60-70% of sudden death. Histopathological examination of heart on autopsy plays an essential role in determining the cause of death. Aims and Objectives: To study the frequency of heart diseases along with histomorphological changes in heart autopsy specimens. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study of 149 heart autopsy specimens, which was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Raichur Institute of Medical sciences, Raichur, over a period of five years from January 2017 to December 2021. Results: A total of 198 autopsies were analysed, irrespective of cause of death. Among them specimen of heart was included in 149 autopsies. Males were affected more frequently in (73%) than females in (27%). Among cardiac lesions histopathological evaluation 97 cases (65.10%) showed atherosclerosis followed by 14 cases (9.39%) of myocardial hypertrophy, 12 cases (8%) of myocardial infarction, 7 cases (4.69%) of cardiomyopathy, 4 cases (2.68%) of myocarditis and one case (0.67%) of atrial rupture. Normal histological findings were seen in 39% of cases. Conclusion: Ischemic heart disease with coronary artery atherosclerosis was found to be the leading cause of death with triple vessel disease as the most common pattern of involvement. Therefore, a thorough examination of cardiovascular system is necessary in case of autopsy to reach the cause of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]