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The through silicon via (TSV) technology has been introduced in a wide range of electronic packaging applications. Hybrid pixel detectors for X-ray imaging and for high-energy physics (HEP) can benefit from this technology as well. A 3D TSV prototype using the ATLAS FE-I4 readout electronic chip is described in this paper. This type of readout chip is already prepared for the TSV backside process providing a TSV landing pad in the first metal layer of the backend-of-line (BEOL) layer stack. Based on this precondition a TSV backside via-last process is developed on ATLAS FE-I4 readout chip wafer. The readout chip wafers were thinned to 100 µm and 80 µm final thickness and straight sidewall vias with 60 µm in diameter has been etched into the silicon from wafer backside using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The filling of the TSVs and the formation of the wafer backside interconnection were provided by a copper electroplating process. ATLAS FE-I4 readout chips with through silicon vias has been successfully tested, tuned and operated. In addition, hybrid pixel detector modules have been flip chip bonded using ATLAS FE-I4 TSV readout chips and planar sensor chips. After mounting the bare modules onto a support PCB, its full functionality has been verified with a source scan.

Within the scope of this work, an optimization approach of existing investigations on electroplated hard gold contacts is to be developed, which have an initial Vickers hardness of 103 HV. These investigations envisage the height-controlled bonding of structures in the multichip integration of optical components. The investigations relate to the influence of material hardness and roughness on the plastic deformation behaviour during bond formation by thermocompression bonding (TCB). Furthermore, pre-treatments such as mechanical surface planarization and chemical surface activation using atmospheric pressure plasma are employed prior to the bonding process to enable the reduction of the bonding parameters pressure and temperature and consequently contribute to control the plastic deformation during thermocompression and reduce the typical plastic deformation range of 30 % to a deformation range below 5 %. The previous investigations were performed on gold contacts, which have been thermally annealed prior to the bonding process and resulted in a plastic deformation range up to 30 %. With the new approach, i.e. throughout the material hardening and altering the surface condition, a plastic deformation range below 3 % was successfully obtained. The attainable bonding temperatures and bonding pressures were between 190 °C–250 °C and 145 MPa–230 MPa, respectively. The bonding time varied between 30 s and 60 s.

The effect of Si doping on defect density in AlN layers grown on sapphire was analysed. Si concentration in the range of 10 19 cm −3 leads to dislocation line inclination in AlN layers with a threading dislocation density of 3×10 10 cm −2 . Overgrowth of Si doped AlN layers by non-intentionally doped AlN results in a reduction of threading dislocation density by a factor of two. In contrast, an increase of the Si concentration to an order of 10 20 cm −3 leads to a structural degradation of the AlN layers. The degradation process takes place through transformation to columnar-like growth. In a second experiment the AlN/AlN:Si/AlN layers with a decreased defect density were trench-patterned and used for subsequent epitaxial lateral overgrowth. In comparison to the epitaxial lateral overgrowth of non-intentionally doped AlN templates, the use of the AlN templates containing an AlN:Si interlayer allows to reduce the threading dislocation density in the defect-rich regions above the ridges in 6 µm thick epitaxial laterally overgrown AlN by a factor of 2.5.

The through-silicon via (TSV) technology offers high-density vertical stacking of integrated circuits , providing a smaller and simpler structure, whilst increasing connectivity and performance. In High-Energy Physics (HEP) experiments, via-last TSVs are exploited to build low material modules for the upgrades of pixel detectors at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). In order to prove this concept a versatile via-last TSV process is being developed using ATLAS FE-I4 pixel read-out wafers. It allows modules being operated from the chip backside using the TSV-enabled connectivity. The current status of this development is discussed and results of the TSV formation process and the fabrication of the redistribution layer (RDL) on the ATLAS FE-I4 wafers are shown together with electrical results of the first read-out chips while operated via TSVs and RDLs. Another emphasis of this R&D is the industrial benefit, especially for small and medium companies, which will have access to more affordable and, therefore, competitive option.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to present data concerning children's participation in the German preventive medical examinations for children ("U2" to "U8") in accordance with sections 26 and 92 of the German Social Code (Book V) as retrospectively recorded by the Public Health Service ("Offentlicher Gesundheitsdienst") of the German Province of Saxony-Anhalt during school entry medical examinations. Also we wanted to analyse the additional variables recorded per child in the areas of social factors, diagnostic findings and levels of therapeutic care in connection with their degree of participation in the preventive medical examinations. METHODOLOGY The statistical analysis of 73 628 anonymised data sets from the health monitoring system of the German Province of Saxony-Anhalt that were collected by the 14 health authorities in Saxony-Anhalt during school entry medical examinations between 2008 and 2012. An analysis of the data for 20 variables per child was performed with regard to the influence of their degree of participation in the U2 to U8 medical examinations using differences in frequency in the examination groups and checking the significance of these differences by means of the chi-squared test. RESULTS 99-96% of children in Saxony-Anhalt underwent the 5 preventive medical examinations U2-U6. As the children get older, the participation rates decrease (U2=98.7% down to U8=88.5%). By the time the school entry medical examinations are carried out (at an average age of 63 months), 83% of the children have -undergone all 7 preventive medical examinations for children, while 0.4% have not -undergone one single "U" examination. A child's gender has no influence on its parents' decision as to whether or not it should undergo the examinations. The results also reveal that children who attend day care -facilities are significantly more likely to have undergone all of the U examinations (84.8%) than children who are cared for at home (55.1%). CONCLUSION The retrospective comprehensive collection of data concerning the children's degree of participation in preventive medical examinations using the school entry medical examination is suitable for identifying connections between participation rates and the social factors, diagnostic findings and levels of therapeutic care of the children in question.

Two rotavirus (RV) vaccines were introduced to the European market in 2006. To support the decision-making process of the German Standing Committee on Vaccination ("Standige Impfkommission", STIKO) regarding adoption of routine RV vaccination into the national vaccination schedule in Germany relevant scientific background was reviewed. According to STIKO’s Standard Operating Procedures for the development of evidence-based vaccination recommendations, a set of key questions was addressed and systematic reviews were performed with a focus on the efficacy, effectiveness, impact and safety of RV vaccines. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was applied to assess the quality of available evidence. Data from 5 randomized controlled trials demonstrated a high efficacy of RV vaccines in preventing severe RV-associated gastroenteritis (91%) and hospitalization (92%) in settings comparable to Germany. Post-marketing observational studies confirmed these findings. In several countries, impact studies suggest that age groups not eligible for vaccination might also benefit from herd effects and demonstrated a decrease in the number of nosocomial RV infections after RV vaccine introduction. The vaccines were considered safe, except for a slightly increased risk of intussusception shortly after the first dose, corresponding to 1-2 additional cases per 100,000 infants vaccinated (relative risk =1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68-2.14). RV case-fatality is extremely low in Germany. However, RV incidence among children aged

In the realm of power modules a strong trend toward high temperature and high reliability applications can be observed, which entails new technological challenges, especially for the assembly and packaging of power semiconductors. Because of the well known failure mechanisms of established lead-free standard soldering and heavy aluminum wire bonding technologies, such as fatigue and creep of die attach material and wire bonds at thermal cycling, academic and industrial research focuses on more reliable interconnection technologies. A priority is the research of alternative top and bottom side chip interconnection materials or technologies to improve the temperature cycling capability of power chips that are typically assembled on ceramic substrates. The scientific focus is on Ag sintering as die attach and/or heavy ribbon bonding, for example with Al or bi-metal (Al-Cu). Another focus is the material behavior of ribbon bonds in combination with bonding machine improvements (higher bonding parameters, cutting tool). But there are other very promising technologies like transient liquid phase bonding, for example with Cu-Sn or Ag-Sn systems or Cu heavy wire bonding (up to 400 μm wire diameter) or Cu/Al-Bi metal ribbon bonding. Challenges posed by these technologies have to be discussed focusing on materials and process selection and reliability issues. Process temperatures and temperature profiles must be optimized, wire bonding machines and the chip surface structures as well as finish metallizations need to be adapted. This paper will give an overview of alternative power chip interconnection technologies and discuss the challenges related to processing and reliability.

Introduction: On May 3, 2009, a first case of influenza A/H1N1 infection occurred in the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. In order to stop the possible spread of the virus and to study the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the infection, an investigation was launched by the local health authorities and the RKI. Methods: Standardised questionnaires were used to assess demographic and clinical data. Specimens were collected from case patients and close contacts and were analysed for influenza A/H1N1 using real-time PCR. Results: The index patient showed fever and coughing 3.5 days after returning from a holiday in Mexico. The local health authorities were informed on May 3, and measures were rapidly implemented. These measures included a trace-back of possible contact persons, isolation of the case and close contacts, prophylactic treatment with Oseltamivir. Virological investigations showed that the case shedded viral genome up until the last day of antiviral therapy. Viral genome was also detected in the spouse and the son of the patient. Both showed no symptoms under a prophylactic treatment with antiviral medication. No viral genome was detected in three other family members, and in six other contact persons outside of the family. Discussion: The spread of the virus was contained due to the fast response of the local health authorities. Two secondary cases occurred in the family. These cases remained asymptomatic, possibly due to antiviral prophylaxis. Epidemiological and virological results suggest that the influenza A/H1N1 virus has a longer incubation period and that viral shedding may probably be prolonged when compared with seasonal influenza.

In einem Impfregister wird der personenbezogene Impfstatus moglichst vollstandig erfasst und verwaltet. Uber individuelle Impferinnerungen und bevolkerungsbezogene Auswertungen von Impflucken soll das Erreichen bestmoglicher Durchimpfungsraten gesteuert werden. In Sachsen-Anhalt besteht eine gesetzliche Impfmeldepflicht an die Gesundheitsamter. Dies ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung fur die Etablierung eines Impfregisters. Allerdings gibt es keine zentralen Vorgaben daruber, wie mit den eingehenden Impfmeldungen zu verfahren ist. Daher sind Initiativen und Konsenslosungen gefragt. In einem Projekt des Arbeitskreises „Impfen“ in Sachsen-Anhalt wurden wichtige Anforderungen an ein elektronisches Impfregister erarbeitet und in den Prototyp eines elektronischen Impfregisters umgesetzt. Eine Uberfuhrung in die Routineablaufe der Gesundheitsamter gelang jedoch erst mit Aufnahme der Funktionen des Impfregister-Prototyps in die seit Langem im Kinder- und Jugendarztlichen Dienst verwendete Software eines kommerziellen Herstellers. Moglich war dies im Zusammenhang mit der Uberarbeitung der Anforderungen an diese Software durch eine Arbeitsgruppe im Rahmen der Reform der Schuleingangsuntersuchungen und mit der Gewinnung von Daten fur die Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Landes.

The interfacial reaction between Sn/Au bumps and a thin Au/TiW metallization was investigated. It was found that for 60 μm bumps, the pad metallization was not reliable and large voids were generated after multiple reflow cycles due to the dewetting between eutectic AuSn and TiW. For 40 and 20 μm bumps, the Au/TiW was quite stable and the joints could be entirely composed of TiW/Au5Sn/Au because of the wetting on the side walls of the Au socket.

IIigh prcssurc dic casting of aluminium componcnts [cads to thc lormation or porcs, which dccrcasc thc htiguc lire i~ndccr yclic lontling.Thc fi~tipucl ifc dcpcnds on ~ h tcoc ation. size, form and general volurnc of porosity. Tbc porosity in dic cast nluminium colnponc~~itssnot dis!ribi~tcdh ornogcneously and is concentrated in thc intcrior or thc component. Furtbcrlnorc usually ;I small fnycr clolic 10 ilic surraccis frcc or pomsily. For thc cvaluat ion of fatigoc liic. ir is ncccssary to charactcrisc the porosity prcciscl y. Traditional ~nctaIlograpliic invcsrigarionmcthods do not adcquantly idenlify [hc pores and mostly dcslroy thc matcrinl. Modcrn analysis rncihod, likc computcri ioinogriiphyprovidc the capability or prccisc idcntilicatien of porosity. In ordcr to Edcntify thc gcomctry or a porc. a stnnll spccirncn musi hcscanncd. The rcsvlt is a rhrcc dimensional modcl of thc porc-amictod marcrial. Sf~hscqucnytl this mndct can hc mcshcd ro a line tlcgrcc. In[his way n rcal s~raind istrihution. causcd by non-spherical pores. can hc calculated using CAE snrtwnrc, licsults puhlishcd in Ihc litcraturcdescrihc prcciscly two-dkmcnsional and sirnplificd thrcc-dirncnsional structcrtcs. This adiclc illustrates 313 compuicd tomography invcaigationsof thc porosity of cast aluminium cornpncnts. Thc rcsults providc an importnrlt input for rhc cv;~Itla~ioonf rcli;~hlcF ;l~igucl irecnlcularion mczhods.

On October 5th, 2006, the German Reference Centre for Meningococci (NRZM) held the 3rd Workshop on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment of Invasive Meningococcal Disease, in collaboration with the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM). Given the recent recommendation of the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) for conjugate meningococcal C vaccination of all children in the second year of life, observations from meningococcal C conjugate vaccination campaigns in other European countries were presented and compared to the German situation. Moreover, the newly implemented cluster detection routines employed at the NRZM and their integration into the interactive geographical information system EpiScanGIS were shown. Based on recent experiences from regional outbreaks in Oberallgau, Sangerhausen, and Greater Aachen, examples for public health intervention were given at the conference. In addition, current developments in the area of meningococcal research, as well as trends in antimicrobial susceptibility were covered. Finally, the latest evidence concerning the clinical management and chemoprophylaxis of this invasive bacterial disease was discussed.

The paper presents different approaches for hermetic wafer level packaging of oscillator components like quartz crystals or silicon resonators. The proposed concepts involve technologies like TSV formation into passive or active silicon wafers, formation of proper bond frames on interposer, ASIC or cap wafers as well as hermetic bonding using AuSn soldering either in wafer to wafer style or with reconfigured components on a carrier wafer.

A live attenuated influenza vaccine has been available in Germany since the influenza season 2012/13, which is approved for children aged 2-17 years. Using data from our laboratory-based surveillance system, we described the circulation of influenza and non-influenza respiratory viruses during the influenza season 2012/13 in Saxony-Anhalt. We estimated the effectiveness of live and inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines in preventing laboratory-confirmed cases among children and adolescents. From week 40/2012 to 19/2013, sentinel paediatricians systematically swabbed acute respiratory illness patients for testing of influenza and 5 non-influenza viruses by PCR. We compared influenza cases and influenza-negative controls. Among children aged 2-17 years, we calculated overall and vaccine type-specific effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza, stratified by age group (2-6; 7-17 years). We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust estimates for age group, sex and month of illness. Out of 1,307 specimens, 647 (35%) were positive for influenza viruses and 189 (15%) for at least one of the tested non-influenza viruses. For vaccine effectiveness estimation, we included 834 patients (mean age 7.3 years, 53% males) in our analysis. Of 347 (42%) influenza-positive specimens, 61 (18%) were positive for A(H1N1)pdm09, 112 (32%) for A(H3N2) and 174 (50%) for influenza B virus. The adjusted overall vaccine effectiveness including both age groups was 38% (95% CI: 0.8-61%). The adjusted effectiveness for inactivated vaccines was 37% (95% CI: -35-70%) and for live vaccines 84% (95% CI: 45-95%). Effectiveness for the live vaccine was higher in 2-6 year-old children (90%, 95% CI: 20-99%) than in children aged 7-17 years (74%, 95% CI: -32-95%). Our study of the strong influenza season in 2012/13 suggests a high preventive effect of live attenuated influenza vaccine especially among young children, which could not be reached by inactivated vaccines. We recommend the use of live attenuated influenza vaccines in children unless there are contraindications.

From August 2004 to January 2005 a cluster of 7 cases of serogroup B meningococcal disease occurred in the state of Saxony-Anhalt in the town of Sangerhausen and the surrounding area. This led to an investigation of meningococcal carriage in 816 high school students (grades 9 to 13). The students were also asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding possible risk factors for carriage. The goal of the study was the evaluation of a possibly persistently increased risk for further cases in the region. Results of the study were to be used for a comprehensive and targeted education of the public. The percentage of students found harbouring N. meningitidis in the nasopharynx in Sangerhausen (9.0 %) was not elevated compared to that found in the two control regions of Kelbra, County of Sangerhausen (8.2 %) and Jessen, County of Wittenberg (9.9 %). The serogroup B fine type responsible for the cluster (P1.7-2,16:F3-3:PorB3-24) was found only in one student each in Sangerhausen and Kelbra. Thus, there was no evidence of an increased risk for further cases at the time of the study at the end of January, 2005. This may have been due to intensive contact tracing and provision of chemoprophylaxis in Sangerhausen. Visiting a disco or bar and smoking were identified as risk factors for meningococcal carriage. However, these factors were associated with carriage only in boys but not in girls. This may be explained by sex-specific differences in physical interaction with others. Efforts to prevent further cases during clusters of meningococcal disease should consider sex-specific risk behaviour.

About 1100 ATLAS bare modules will be assembled at Fraunhofer IZM. The bumping and assembly technology of these multichip-modules is described in this paper. Pixel contacts and lead–tin interconnection bumps are deposited by electroplating. A high yield manufacturing technology requires electrical test and optical inspection on wafer level as well as on chip level. In this paper, the result of optical inspection of more than 7600 readout chips is presented. Handling mistakes are the main reason for rejection of chips before flip chip assembly. A reliable process technology, the assembly of electrical Known Good Die (KGD), optical inspection after bumping and the development of a single chip repair technology result in 98% of good modules after flip chip assembly. The reliability of the bump interconnections was even checked by thermal cycling and accelerated thermal aging.

The aim of this study is to present data concerning children's participation in the German preventive medical examinations for children ("U2" to "U8") in accordance with sections 26 and 92 of the German Social Code (Book V) as retrospectively recorded by the Public Health Service ("Öffentlicher Gesundheitsdienst") of the German Province of Saxony-Anhalt during school entry medical examinations. Also we wanted to analyse the additional variables recorded per child in the areas of social factors, diagnostic findings and levels of therapeutic care in connection with their degree of participation in the preventive medical examinations.The statistical analysis of 73 628 anonymised data sets from the health monitoring system of the German Province of Saxony-Anhalt that were collected by the 14 health authorities in Saxony-Anhalt during school entry medical examinations between 2008 and 2012. An analysis of the data for 20 variables per child was performed with regard to the influence of their degree of participation in the U2 to U8 medical examinations using differences in frequency in the examination groups and checking the significance of these differences by means of the chi-squared test.99-96% of children in Saxony-Anhalt underwent the 5 preventive medical examinations U2-U6. As the children get older, the participation rates decrease (U2=98.7% down to U8=88.5%). By the time the school entry medical examinations are carried out (at an average age of 63 months), 83% of the children have -undergone all 7 preventive medical examinations for children, while 0.4% have not -undergone one single "U" examination. A child's gender has no influence on its parents' decision as to whether or not it should undergo the examinations. The results also reveal that children who attend day care -facilities are significantly more likely to have undergone all of the U examinations (84.8%) than children who are cared for at home (55.1%).The retrospective comprehensive collection of data concerning the children's degree of participation in preventive medical examinations using the school entry medical examination is suitable for identifying connections between participation rates and the social factors, diagnostic findings and levels of therapeutic care of the children in question.

In 1999, the Special Committee for Environmental Medicine affiliated to the Federal Association of Doctors in the German public health service, prepared a consensus paper on the latter's request entitled "Environmental medicine in the public health service -- a social role and its consequences: propositions with regard to the situation, aims, strategies, and opportunities for action". The propositions provide guidelines to public health departments for implementing the "Environment and Health" action programme launched by the Federal Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Federal Ministry of Health. Joint action by health and environmental authorities on the municipal, state and federal levels is considered essential. Furthermore, the comprehensive knowledge and expertise available within the public health service, including its in-depth knowledge of local and regional environmental pollution, should be further utilized in order to clarify cause and effect relationships and to initiate necessary action for minimizing any imminent risks. Environment-related public health protection is one of the major responsibilities of the public health departments within their general responsibility to provide public health care and ensure disease prevention. Doctors in private practices specializing in environmental medicine and public health departments' counselling centres for environmental medicine work closely together in terms of patient care and citizens' counselling in order to identify potential causes of environment-related health problems in the population. They issue recommendations on how to live a healthy life. Furthermore, they utilize available data and information for health policy directions. In this regard, health and environmental findings provide an important basis for an appropriate response to current developments based on the correct assessment of a particular situation, and for raising public awareness of preventive measures.

In Sachsen-Anhalt wurde durch das Gesundheitsministerium bereits im Mai 1991 eine uber das Bundes-Seuchengesetz hinausgehende Regelung zur Meldepflicht ubertragbarer Krankheiten getroffen. Diese wurde 1997 aktualisiert und in eine Verordnung uberfuhrt. Mit dem Inkrafttreten des Infektionsschutzgesetzes 2001 ist eine Novellierung der Landesverordnung notwendig geworden. Die neue Meldeverordnung wurde im April 2005 veroffentlicht. Namentlich meldepflichtig sind nun folgende Krankheiten bzw. deren Erreger: Virusmeningitis, Mumps, Roteln, Varizellen, Keratoconjunctivitis epidemica, Pertussis, Pneumokokken-Meningitis. Kriterium fur die namentliche Meldepflicht ist die grundsatzliche Moglichkeit, eine Weiterverbreitung des Erregers auf andere Menschen durch unverzugliche Masnahmen des Gesundheitsamtes zu verhindern. Daruber hinaus soll die epidemiologische Situation verfolgt und beurteilt werden. Dies gilt auch fur Borreliose, die nichtnamentlich meldepflichtig ist. Impfpraventable Krankheiten stellen einen besonderen Schwerpunkt in der Meldeverordnung des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt dar, da hier gesundheitspolitische Prioritaten mit dem Gesundheitsziel „Erreichen eines altersgerechten Impfstatus bei uber 90% der Bevolkerung“ gesetzt wurden. Die erweiterte Meldeverordnung Sachsen-Anhalts hat sich in der Verhutung und Bekampfung ubertragbarer Krankheiten bewahrt. Sie liefert belastbare Daten, die im Rahmen der Diskussion uber eine Novellierung des Infektionsschutzgesetzes hilfreich sein konnen. Zu mindest sollte die namentliche Meldepflicht derjenigen impfpraventablen Krankheiten auch bundesweit durchgesetzt werden, fur die von der Standigen Impfkommission (STIKO) eine postexpositionelle Impfung empfohlen wird.

Purpose In spring and summer 2004, a multistate outbreak of infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Give (S. Give), a relatively rare serovar in Germany, was detected. In order to identify a common exposure and to describe the characteristics of infections caused by S. Give, an outbreak investigation was performed. Materials and methods In addition to passive surveillance through mandatory case-reporting, active case-finding was conducted. A case-control study was undertaken in order to identify the probable vehicle of infection. S. Give strains were isolated and molecular subtyping was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Rates of hospitalization were assessed in patients with S. Give infection, and compared to the rates found in patients infected by the most common serovar in Germany, S. enteritidis. Results From March to July 2004, 115 cases of gastroenteritis caused by S. Give were identified, with highest incidences being observed in the states of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. Consumption of raw minced pork was strongly associated with S. Give infections (OR: 8.0; 95% CI 2.3-27.7; P = 0.001). This result was confirmed by the detection of common outbreak strains in isolates from both patients and pork, using PFGE. Infections caused by S. Give lead to hospitalization in 55% of patients > or = 60 years, but only in 17 % of younger patients (OR: 6.0; 95% CI 2.1-16.3; P or = 60 years with infections caused by S. enteritidis (OR: 2.5; 95% CI 1.1-5.4; P = 0.02). Conclusion This is, to our knowledge, the first documented multistate outbreak of salmonellosis associated with the consumption of raw minced pork in Germany. Since contamination of pork meat with Salmonella cannot be avoided, people with risk factors for severe infection should generally avoid the consumption of raw minced pork. The high hospitalization rates in patients > or = 60 years infected with S. Give possibly indicate a higher virulence of this specific serovar. Even in non-typhoidal salmonellosis, early antibiotic therapy should be considered depending on infecting serovar, age and medical history of the patient.

In Sachsen-Anhalt sind Impfungen bei Kindern bis zum vollendeten 7. Lebensjahr an das Gesundheitsamt namentlich zu melden. Ziel der Meldepflicht ist die Verbesserung und Stabilisierung der altersgerechten Durchimpfung. Bei der Umsetzung der Meldepflicht gibt es Schwierigkeiten, die mit einem Modellprojekt in den Gesundheitsamtern Magdeburg und Halle analysiert und behoben werden sollen. Entscheidend fur die Umsetzung der Meldepflicht sind das Einverstandnis der Eltern, die Bereitschaft der impfenden Arzte und das Vorliegen der personellen und technischen Moglichkeiten im Gesundheitsamt. Eine Befragung niedergelassener Kinder- und Hausarzte ergab, dass Vorbehalte gegen die Meldepflicht bezuglich des Datenschutzes und der rechtlichen Absicherung weit verbreitet sind. Die Hausarzte glauben auserdem, dass die Eltern mit einer namentlichen Meldung nicht einverstanden sind. Dass dies nicht der Fall ist, ergab eine Befragung junger Mutter. Entscheidend fur die Zustimmung junger Mutter zur Meldepflicht ist, dass der impfende Arzt ebenfalls eine positive Haltung einnimmt. Um die Impfmeldepflicht umzusetzen, ist es daher zwingend notwendig, die diesbezuglichen Bedenken der Arzte auszuraumen und den unmittelbaren Nutzen der Meldungen in der taglichen Praxis erlebbar zu machen. Dies stellt hohe Anforderungen an das Gesundheitsamt, das ein Impfregister fuhren, die Kommunikation mit den Arzten aufrecht-erhalten und die Eltern an fehlende Impfungen ihrer Kinder erinnern sollte.

Die Lebensdauerberechnung fur metallische Bauteile ist in der Ergebnisqualitat wesentlich von den notwendigen Inputgrosen abhangig. Hierzu gehoren die Finite-Elemente-Vernetzung des Bauteilmodells, die Werkstoffkennwerte und die zugrunde-gelegten Last-Zeitfunktionen, durch die das Bauteil beansprucht wird. In dieser Arbeit wird am Beispiel eines liniengeschweisten Fahrwerkbauteils aus Aluminium der Einfluss der Finite-Elemente-Modellierung auf die Lebensdauerberechnung unter-sucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wird hier auf die Schweisnahtmodellierung gelegt. Fur die Berechnung der Lebensdauer kommt das Software-Werkzeug FEMFAT der Firma “Engineering Center Steyr” zum Einsatz. Die Bewertung der Lebensdauer fur die Schweisnahte basiert hier auf einem ortlichen Spannungskonzept. Im folgenden wird die Qualifizierung der Berechnung fur den Produktiveinsatz anhand von BMW-typischen Schweisnaht-Wohlerlinien beschrieben. Integration of the lifetime calculation in the automobile development process based on MIG-welded aluminium chassis components The lifetime prediction results for metallic components depend significantly on the required calculation inputs. These inputs include the finite-element-meshing of the component geometry, the material properties and the load time histories for the component. In the present study the influence of the finite-element-modelling on the lifetime prediction is investigated, based on a line-welded aluminium chassis component. Of special interest is the modelling of the weldline. For the lifetime calculation the software tool FEMFAT from “Engineering Center Steyr” is used. The evaluation of the lifetime prediction results for weldlines is based on a local stress approach. The qualification of the calculation for the product development process is described, based on typical BMW weldline S-N-curves.

Aim: Aim of the study is to examine the hypotheses of a steeper increase in allergies and allergic sensitisations in East than in West German children between 1991 and 2000. Method: Between 1991 and 2000 we yearly repeated cross-sectional studies (SAWO: Study on school beginners) and asked 36,645 parents about diagnoses and symptoms of allergies in their six-year old children (response: 79%). The study was done in Leipzig, Halle, Merseburg, Magdeburg, small towns in the Altmark region, Duisburg, Essen, Koln and Borken during spring. An allergological investigation was included 1991, 1994,1997 and 2000. Dermatologists diagnosed a prevalent atopic eczema, administered a skin prick test (n = 7,229) and blood was taken for the determination of specific IgE antibodies against common allergens (n = 7,714, RAST). Odds Ratios (OR) for trend were calculated separately for the data from East and West Germany and are given along with their 95% confidence intervals. Results: Allergies and their symptoms (exception: atopic eczema) were less prevalent in East German children born before the reunification than in West German ones. In East as well as in West Germany bronchial asthma was diagnosed more often in 2000 than in 1991 (OR East: 2.42 [1.78-3.28] West: 2.07 [1.43-3.00]). In contrast the prevalence of atopic eczemas was more than halved between 1991 and 2000. Of all symptoms and diagnoses of allergies only hay fever and its symptoms showed an upward trend in East Germany which was steeper than the trend in West Germany (OR East: 4.41 [3.17-6.13] West: 1.74 [1.19-2.57]). This can partly be explained by a parallel trend in sensitisation against grass pollen. Conclusion: The spatial and temporal pattern of the allergic diseases bronchial asthma, hay fever and atopic eczema in six-year old children from Germany is different. The expected steeper increase of allergies in East than in West Germany could only be shown for hay fever.

The pure ternary phases on the line Yb2O3-SeO2 in thermodynamical equilibrium have been synthesized by solid state reaction and characterized using X-ray powder diffraction and IR-spectroscopy. There exist three phases: Yb2SeO5, Yb2Se3O9 and Yb2Se4O11, the last one with a homogeneiety range extending a higher SeO2-content. The thermal decompositions have been determined by total pressure measurements, and the thermodynamical data of the compounds have been derived. The phase diagram and the phase barogram have been established using the results of thermal analysis and total pressure measurements.

The crystal structure of Bi4O5I2 has been solved from a 3:1 twinned crystal; accurate lattice parameters have been determined by a Rietveld refinement. Bi4O5I2 crystallizes with space group P21 (no. 4), Z=4, a=14.944(1), b=5.6983(3), c=11.263(1) Å, β= 99.81(1)°. Its structure is isotypic to the structure of the homologous Bi4O5Br2 for which more reliable lattice parameters have been determined by a Rietveld refinement. The effects of replacement of Br by I on the structure are discussed and compared with corresponding effects in the BiOX family (X = Cl, Br, I). A structural reason for the deviation of the twin supercells of the two compounds from orthogonality is discussed.

The solution enthalpies have been determined for the ternary phases RE2SexO3+2x existing on the pseudo-binary section RE2O3-SeO2 and for RE2O3 and SeO2 in 4n HCl (RE =Nd, Sm, Y). From these date the enthalpies of formation of the ternary phases have been derived via suitable solution schemes on the basis of the known enthalpies of formation of RE2O3 and SeO2.

Ternary pure phases in the thermodynamical equilibrium Y2SexO3+2x in the pseudo-binary Y2O3-SeO2 system have been synthesized by solid state reactions and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and DSC measurements. A new phase Y2Se3.5O10 was found besides the known phases Y2Se4O11, Y2Se3O9 and Y2SeO5. The thermal decomposition properties of the compounds have been determined by total pressure measurements and their thermodynamics data have been derived from their decomposition functions and Cp values. The phase diagram and the phase barogram have been established.

This paper presents a miniature timing microsystem based on a pair of wafer-level packaged co-integrated low and high frequency silicon resonators −430kHz and 26MHz respectively- so as to implement a μW-level accurate, low power, temperature-compensated real time clock (RTC) and to generate low noise, low jitter clocks at any frequency between 1–50MHz in a reconfigurable way at less than 10mW power dissipation. Singulated resonator dies were assembled on a CMOS wafer by thermo-compressive bonding on Au stud-bumps and the resulting system was characterized at wafer level.

This paper describes techniques for the miniaturized, low-cost wafer level chip-scale packaging of MEMS based system in packages (SiPs). The approaches comprise permanent bonding of cap structures using adhesives or solder onto a passive or active silicon wafer which is populated with MEMS components or which is itself a MEMS wafer. The paper addresses different options for manufacturing of lid or cap structures and their subsequent bonding to the partner wafer. Different technologies like bonding of full area cap wafers as well as partial capping approaches based on reconfigured cap structures on a help wafer or cap structures created on a compound wafer are presented. Examples like the selective capping process for RF-MEMS switches are discussed in detail. All processes were performed at 200 mm wafer scale.

The thermodynamical data of solid Lanthanum Aluminium Bromide LaAl3Br12 have been obtained by determination of the decomposition equilibria from total pressure measurements. For different compositions LaBr3/AlBr3, the barogram of the binary system LaBr3-AlBr3 was constructed and from this and DTA the melting diagram was determined. The chemical trans­ port of LaBr3 with AlBr3 is suggesting the existence of two gaseous complexes LaAl3Br12 and LaAl2Br9. The data are: ΔH°B(LaAl3Br12,f,298) =-587,2 ± 7 kcal/mol, S°(LaAl3Br12,f,298) = 179,3 ± 7 cal/K·mol; ΔH°B(LaAl3Br12,g,298) =-548,7 ± 5 kcal/mol, S°(LaAl3Br12,g,298) = 239,4 ± 6 cal/K·mol; ΔH°B(LaAl2Br9,g,298) =-619,7 ± 5,5 kcal/mol, S°(LaAl2Br9,g,298) = 212,0 ± 7 cal/K·mol. From solution calorimetric measurements follows the enthalpy of formation of the solid com­plexes: ΔH°B(LaAl3Br12,f,298) =-590,9 ± 3 kcal/mol.

The interrelation between biological pollution of indoor spaces and health disorders, allergic symptoms and health issues in general is well known. Besides animal epithelia, the exposure to house dust mites and mould fungi is considered a serious risk factor. In the scope of a comparative study involving school beginners in East and West Germany (launched in 1991), dust was vacuumed from a total of 218 mattresses of children's beds and checked for their content of house dust mites and mould fungi. This investigation aimed at assessing the degree of exposure, to determine regional differences, if any, and to uncover the correlation between exposure and symptoms. Dust mite infestation was highest in the small town of Borken in Westphalia (in 86 % of the specimens > 2 μg mite allergens/g of dust) and lowest in Magdeburg in Saxony-Anhalt (55.3 %). Total concentrations of mould fungi varied from 1.4×10 3 CFU/g of dust and 300×10 3 CFU/g of dust with a geometric mean of 26.5 x 10 3 CFU/g of dust. A total of 41 different genera/species were identified. Most frequent were the following genera: Penicillium, Eurotium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Epicoccum and Cladosporium. The importance of individual factors influencing was confirmed. Humidity decreases the higher the flat is situated in a building. This partly explains the differences in concentrations between Borken where children live mainly on the ground floor, and the other cities with taller buildings. Spores of mould fungi were discovered more frequently in mattresses from humid flats. An association between biological indoor space factors and some allergological parameters seemed obvious, however, due to the small size of the test group most of them were not significant.

Five phases exist in the system Co-Si: Co3Si, α- and β-Co2Si, CoSi and CoSi2. The phases α-Co2Si and CoSi could be prepared by chemical transport with iodine as transport agent in the temperature range between T1 (700 °C) and T2 (900 °C). In a attempted systematic clarification of the chemical transport reactions of all phases in the system, the effective transport equilibria were determined. Thermodynamic data show satisfactory agreement between calculation and experiment.

Pseudoternary System Bi2O3/Bi2Se3/Bi2Te3, Phase Diagram, Thermodynamic Data The phase diagram of the pseudoternary system Bi2O3/Bi2Se3/Bi2Te3 is found to include a quaternary solid solution Bi2O2 (TexSe1-x) and ternary, intermetallic mixed crystals Bi2(TexSe1-x)3. Using thermodynamic modeling of the solid solutions it is possible to calcu­ late complex heterogeneous equilibria between all phases of this phase diagram. As a result we can thermodynamically describe the observed phase relations: Bi2(TexSe1-x)3 ⊿H°m(298) = 0; ⊿S°m(298) = R[xlnx + (1-x)ln(1-x)] Bi2O2(TexSe1-x) ⊿H°m(298) = Ω · x(1-x); O⊿S°m(298) = R/4 [xlnx + (1-x)ln(1-x)] Ω = 0,6 kcal/mol