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Accepted: 2019-10-05, 資料番号: SA1190182000

Injection of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells is known as useful for activation of cellular immune system. Although the effect of LAK cells has been clarified in human or mice, this effect on function of immune cells has not been examined in calves. Healthy ten Holstein calves were injected with the LAK cells 2 days after birth (LAK Group), and another eight calves were observed as controls (Control Group). All calves received the colostrum formulation on the day of birth, and then, were inoculated with a live attenuated vaccine of bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1 at 2 (the first vaccination) and 6 (the second vaccination) weeks after birth. Peripheral blood of their dam obtained 3 weeks before calving was used for preparation of LAK cells. Blood samples were taken prior to vaccine inoculation and 3 days after the first inoculation, as well as 3 and 6 days after the second vaccination from all calves. Numbers of CD8+ and CD21+ cells increased significantly after the second vaccination in the LAK Group compared with Control Group. The present study suggested the improved effect of injecting LAK cells originated from dams on immune cells function of young calves after BHV-1 live vaccine.

Engineering plastics provide superior performance to ordinary plastics for wide range of the use. For polymer materials, dynamic stress and strain rate may be major factors to be considered when the strength is evaluated. Recently, high-speed tensile test is being recognized as a standard testing method to confirm the strength under dynamic loads. In this study, therefore, high-speed tensile test is analysed by the finite element method; then, the maximum dynamic stress and strain rate are discussed with varying the tensile speed and maximum forced displacement. The maximum strain rate increases with increasing the tensile speed u/t, but the strain rate concentration factor is found to be constant independent of tensile speed, which is defined as the maximum strain rate appearing at the notch root over the average nominal strain rate at the minimum section . It is found that the strain rate at the notch root depends on the dynamic stress rate at the notch root and independent of the notch root radius ρ. It is found that the difference between the static and dynamic maximum stress concentration (σyA,max − σyA,st) at the notch root is proportional to the tensile speed when u/t = 5000 mm/s. Strain rate concentration factors are also discussed with varying the notch depth and specimen length. Based on the elastic strain rate concentration factor, the master curve is obtained useful for understanding the impact fracture of polycarbonate for the wide range of temperature and impact speed.

In this study, the warping mechanism was examined in terms of the difference in warpage behavior due to the presence or absence of fiber filler, using a ribbed plate. It was found that the warping mechanism due to anisotropic shrinkage is caused by the filler orientation distribution and filler form, including its size and geometry. It is seen that the sensitivity (the effect of the rib thickness on the amount of warpage) increased as the glass flake content was increased in PBT-hybrid filler. From this result, the glass flake used in this study were sufficiently small and that aspect ratio was approximately 2 compared with the glass fiber (aspect ratio: 10 ∼ 20). It can be inferred therefore that the glass flake acted like spherical filler, which contributed to reducing the anisotropic shrinkage.

クローディン-16(CL-16)欠損症の9ヶ月齢の黒毛和雌牛に対して、腎臓への負担を軽減する目的で粗飼料のみによるタンパク質制限給餌をおこなった。初診時には軽度の貧血と跛行、血漿尿素窒素(UN)、クレアチニン(Crea)、総コレステロール(T-chol)およびビタミンA(VA)濃度が高値を示したが、第40病日では血漿UNとT-cholは著しく減少し、血漿CreaとVA濃度は低下したものの依然高値を示した。貧血および跛行は改善した。本症例ではタンパク質摂取量を制限することで、血液成分を改善することができたと考えられた。

子牛の肺炎における免疫反応を評価するため、自然発症した肺炎罹患子牛29頭の血清腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)活性と末梢血白血球のポピュレーションを解析した。供試子牛は検査後に死亡した群(1群、n=12)と回復した群(2群、n=17)とに分類した。1群では呼吸困難、発咳やラッセル音などが明瞭に観察された。1群の動脈血pHおよびpO2は2群に比べ有意な低値が認められた。1群の血清TNF活性は2群に比べ高値を示す傾向にあった。1群のCD3+、CD4+およびCD8+T細胞数は、2群に比べ明らかな低値を認めた。またCD3+T細胞数とpO2、血清TNF活性値とCD4+T細胞数との間には有意な相関が認められた。これらのことから子牛の肺炎の病態と血清TNF活性ならびに末梢血白血球ポピュレーションには関連があるものと示された。

The incidence and number of deaths from soft tissue sarcoma (STS) have been reported to increase in many countries. However, those in Japan have not been analysed over a long span of time. The objective of this study was to analyse the changing trends in the number of deaths from STS in Japan. We analysed the annual trends in the number of deaths from STS from 1955 to 2002 in Japan using the data from the Vital Statistics of Japan, Statistics and Information Department, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Until 2000, the number of deaths from STS had increased. The recent value of the annual increased ratio of deaths from STS was 0.5%[95% confidence interval (CI): -1.2-2.2%]. Men continued to have a higher number of deaths than women. The general trends in age-standardized death rates were roughly upward before 1995, although the death rates tended to decrease thereafter. The number and proportion of deaths at or after 60 years of age were increasing. The peak age group of deaths was roughly the sixties before 1982, and the seventies after 1983. The individuals in their sixties and seventies should be the focus of health promotion activities.

Small specimen test technology (SSTT) has been developed to investigate mechanical properties of nuclear materials. SSTT has been driven by limited availability of effective irradiation volumes in test reactors and accelerator-based neutron and charged particle sources. In this study, new bend test machines have been developed to obtain fracture behaviors of F82H steel for very small bend specimens of pre-cracked t/2-1/3CVN (Charpy V-notch) with 20 mm length and deformation and fracture mini bend specimen (DFMB) with 9 mm length and disk compact tension of 0.18DCT (disk compact tension) type, and fracture behaviors were examined at 20 °C. The effect of specimen size on ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of F82H steel was examined by using 1/2t-CVN, 1/3CVN and t/2-1/3CVN, and it was revealed that DBTT of t/2-1/3CVN and 1/3CVN was lower than that of t/2-CVN. DBTT behaviors due to helium and displacement damage in F82H-std irradiated at about 120 °C by 50 or 100 MeV He ions to 0.03 dpa were also measured by small punch tests.

炎症性疾患に罹患した乳牛における細胞性免疫状態を明らかにするために、末梢血白血球ポピュレーションおよびリンパ球幼若化反応を解析した。供試牛として飛節周囲炎、蹄底潰瘍、乳房炎に罹患した臨床例68頭と、臨床的に健康な対照群12頭を用いた。各炎症群のCD4+細胞およびMHC+CD14-細胞数が対照群に比べて低値を示し、MHC-CD14+細胞数が高値を示した。各炎症群におけるPHA刺激幼若化反応は対照群に比べ低値を示し、PWM刺激幼若化反応は高値を示した。また全ての臨床例における項目の相関においては、CD14+細胞中MHC陽性率とCD4+細胞数の問に正の相関が、CD21+IgG+細胞数とPWM刺激幼若化反応およびγ-グロブリン量との問には負の相関が認められた。これらのことから、炎症群ではT細胞機能の低下、またB細胞機能の亢進と数の減少があることが明らかとなった。乳牛の炎症性疾患では細胞性免疫機能低下と液性免疫機能亢進の状態にある可能性が示唆された。

The effects of a high magnetic field on phase transformation behaviors and microstructures in Fe-based alloys have been extensively studied. It was found that a magnetic field accelerates ferritic and martensitic transformation, changes the morphology of the transformed microstructures and increases the A3 and A1 temperature. In a magnetic field of 10 Tesla, the A1 temperature increases by about 15°C for Fe-0.8C, the A3 temperature for pure Fe increases by about 8°C and the martensitic transformation temperature Ms in 18Ni maraging steel increases by 20°C. Ferrite grains are elongated and aligned along the direction of magnetic field in Fe-0.4C and Fe-0.6C alloys by ferritic transformation, but elongation was not found in pure Fe, Fe-0.05C alloy and Fe-1.5Mn-0.11C-0.1V alloy. Aligned structure was not found either by pearlitic transformation in Fe-0.8C alloy or by cementite precipitation from martensite.

Picosecond and femtosecond lasers having different pulsewidths were employed for the generation of multi-color laser emission via stimulated Raman scattering and four-wave Raman mixing using a KGd(WO 4 ) 2 crystal. Seven emission lines, consisting of high-order Stokes and anti-Stokes emissions, were observed at a laser pulsewidth of 20 ps and a pulse energy of 70 μJ.

A high power internally matched GaN-HEMT amplifier at Ku-Band was successfully developed. In order to achieve high output power over the targeted bandwidth, a new balancing network is added to the gate side matching circuit. At 24 V drain supply voltage, the HPA delivers 80W of CW RF power with a PAE exceeding 22% over the 13.75-14.5 GHz frequency range. To the best of authors' knowledge, this output power is state-of-the-art for CW operation in this frequency band.

This paper describes the construction and performance evaluation of a mobile video communication system composed of an H.263 video encoder, decoder, and RF transceiver equipment. It can establish a video connection using a 32 kbits/s wireless channel because it uses automatic repeat request (ARQ) as the error control scheme. Retransmission control can produce excessive transmission delay, but the improved ARQ protocol and coding-rate control scheme adopted by this system minimizes the delay. This ARQ protocol uses short ARQ frame length and an acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement (ACK/NAK) indicator. The coding-rate control scheme uses backward NAK signals to reduce the coding rate of the video encoder as necessary. We measure the transmission delay characteristics of this video system and confirm that the proposed scheme can reduce the delay over a noisy channel. Subjective assessment tests involving videophone usage are also conducted. Test results show that in a noisy channel (BER=3/spl times/10/sup -3/), this system can achieve the same mean opinion store as in a noiseless channel.

The selective reduction of NO by methane on Pd-ZSM-5 catalysts with different Si/Al and Pd loadings was examined in the presence and absence of water vapor. At low Si/Al, NO reduction activity was high and stable, while at higher Si/Al, activity was lower and deactivation was significant. The deactivated samples showed PdO bands in the Raman spectra, which indicated that dispersed Pd cations play a key role in NO reduction. The influence of Si/Al on the stability of dispersed Pd cations suggested the importance of Al site pairs for the stable dispersion of Pd cations.

Effects of magnetic field on lath-type martensitic transformation behavior and the reverse transformation behavior from lath math martensite to austenite have been investigated in 18Ni maraging steel. It was found that the reverse transformation temperature during heating is increased by magnetic field. Reverse transformation behavior during isothermal holding was also found to be retarded by magnetic field.

Effects of a strong magnetic field of 10 T on the microstructure and kinetics of ferrite transformation behaviors in Fe-based alloys were investigated systematically using a vacuum electric furnace installed in a helium-free superconducting magnet. It was found that a magnetic field of 10 T significantly stimulates ferrite and pearlite transformations. The rates of ferrite nucleation and growth were measured with and without a magnetic field. It was found that a magnetic field of 10 T increases the nucleation rate of ferrite and increases the parabolic rate constant above a certain temperature, between 973 K and 993 K, but decreases below this temperature. A possible mechanism is discussed.

Effects of a strong magnetic field on recrystallization and coarsening of grains after primary recrystallization were studied in non-oriented 3% silicon steels. The strongest applied magnetic field strength was 10 tesla. It was found that primary recrystallization process is retarded by applying a strong magnetic field, and this retardation effect is affected by degree of cold rolling. Coarsening of grains after primary recrystallization was found to be retarded by applying a magnetic field during annealing.

The dimensions of fully grown martensite plates in Fe27Ni0.8C and Fe31Ni0.4C alloys formed at 4.2 K under applied magnetic field (10 Tesla) and tensile elastic stress (220 MPa) are reported. The plates formed in a cluster are classified into two categories during stereological measurements: the plates whose radial growth is limited by the austenitic grain boundaries only (Type I), and the plates whose radial growth is limited by the pre-existing martensitic plates only (Type II). It is demonstrated that the formation sequence of the plates has a strong effect on the radial growth and aspect ratio. The measured aspect ratio of type I plates in the Fe27Ni0.8C alloy agree very well with an earlier prediction based on the aspect ratio measurements in the temperature range of 193 to 77K in an Fe23.2Ni2.9Mn alloy. Both these alloys are non-invar. However, in the case of Fe31Ni0.4C alloy, which is expected to be invar, the measured aspect ratio is less than the predicted value at 4.2 K.

Effects of heat treatment, pre-strain at ambient temperature and high magnetic fields up to 24 T on the formation of α′ martensite at 77 K were examined for Fe25.5%Ni3–5%Cr alloys and a SUS304L stainless steel. The amount of α′ martensite formed at 77 K is not affected by solution treatment temperature and cooling rate from the solution treatment temperature in the former alloys. Also, the pre-strain shows a very small effect on the amount of α′. In the case of SUS304L steel, however, the solution treatment temperature, the cooling rate from the temperature and pre-strain show clear changes in the amount of α′ martensite. The difference in the effects between these two kinds of materials is attributed to the difference in the ease of formation of stacking faults or e martensite.

Infection by group B streptococcus (GBS) is an important cause of bacterial disease in neonates, pregnant women, and nonpregnant adults. Whereas serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, and V are most commonly associated with colonization and disease in the United States, strains of other serotypes have been isolated from patients in Japan. By use of an inhibition ELISA, the serotypes of 73 vaginal colonizing GBS strains isolated from healthy pregnant Japanese women were investigated. Twenty-six (35.6%) were type VIII, 18 (24.7%) were type VI, and the remaining 29 were distributed among more traditional serotypes. Strains were also tested by immunoblot for the presence of GBS surface proteins. Fifty-three (72.6%) of the 73 strains expressed one or more laddering GBS proteins. These data show that type VI and VIII GBS strains are common vaginal isolates in pregnant Japanese women and that one or more laddering proteins are present in most GBS strains.

An inclined coupling between laser and fiber (ICLF) scheme is proposed as a cost-effective means of reducing optical reflection, which causes degradation of the laser diode's relative intensity noise (RIN) characteristic. In wireless systems using sub-carrier optical transmission, it is important to achieve desirable transmission performance with low-cost optical devices to meet system requirements while keeping costs down. Optical reflection caused by optical connectors, however, prevents the attainment of such performance in optical devices. This paper describes the use of ICLF technology to reduce optical reflection. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that the use of this technology greatly improves both the RIN and the receiver sensitivity. This technology will enable cheaper optical devices implementations in fiber-oriented wireless access systems.

A novel RBS system for channeling analysis at high temperatures has been constructed. Utilizing this RBS system equipped with 950 keV He + ions, we have conducted channeling analysis on the (0 0 1) and (1 0 0) surfaces of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ single crystals, at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 780°C. Our experiments revealed that the surfaces deteriorated from around 400°C in oxygen pressures below 5 × 10 −5 Torr, as the sample temperature was increased. The surface deterioration at high temperatures was found to be strongly dependent on the oxygen pressure. The deterioration was significant in oxygen pressures below 10 −4 Torr or at pressures above 10 Torr. In oxygen pressures between 10 −3 and 1 Torr, however, the surfaces were stable at high temperatures and no surface deterioration was observed.

In order to estimate the effect of diffusion during the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) using propane on Co-ion-exchanged ZSM-5, the catalytic activity was measured for the catalysts prepared from zeolites having different crystal sizes. The conversions of NOx and propane on a catalyst having a large crystal size (1.3 μm) were much less than those on a catalyst having a smaller crystal size (0.10 μm). Based on the experimental data and certain assumptions, the effective intracrystalline diffusion coefficient of NO during the reaction in the presence of water vapor at 673 K was estimated to be (6-9)× 10-15 m2/s.

This paper describes technologies for the improvement of the noise and nonlinearity characteristics of wireless access systems based on subcarrier optical transmission. First, the superimposed subcarrier modulation (SSM) technique is proposed to reduce the reflection noise induced by fiber connectors. We experimentally confirmed that the proposed method reduces this noise, and we found the optimum frequency and power of the superimposed subcarrier, SSM design methodology is also presented, taking both noise and nonlinearity into account. Second, signal extraction with frequency arrangement (SEFA) is proposed for increasing the optical modulation index, because the third-order intermodulation distortion (IM3) produced by the optical devices can be ignored. Simulation results show that SEFA greatly improves the transmission performance in terms of both the ratio of desired-to-undesired signal and the receiver sensitivity under Rayleigh fading. Combining the SSM and SEFA is also considered, for use with FP-LDs or DFB-LDs. These technologies will enable cheaper FP-LD implementation in fiber-oriented wireless access systems.

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx by propane was investigated on Co-Beta to clarify the loaded states of cobalt and their role in catalytic activity. At low ion exchange levels less than 100%, loaded cobalt is highly dispersed, which has a high selectivity for NOx reduction. At ion exchange levels much higher than 100%, Co3O4 appears as identified by Raman spectroscopy, and it contributes to propane oxidation by oxygen and lowers the selectivity especially at high temperatures.

Both the ionized impurity scattering rate and its angular dependence in n‐type silicon were theoretically calculated using a full band model, in which a wave‐vector‐ and frequency‐dependent dielectric function was used instead of the dielectric constant of 11.7e0. The number of grid points was determined from the relation between the wave vector and screening length to ensure the validity of the ionized impurity scattering rate. The results show that (1) the calculated overlap integral is small compared with the one used in a nonparabolic band model and (2) the screening effect is strong especially for low energy electrons. The validity of the scattering rate was tested by comparing electron mobilities obtained by a full Monte Carlo simulation with experimental data.

Measurement of long term electrical characteristics of N/sub 2/O-oxynitrided gate oxide NMOSFETs revealed that the role of the nitrogen-rich layer as a blocking barrier for molecular hydrogen diffusion is dominant in the reduced device degradation. A two-step model was proposed, in which the release of hydrogen species and their reaction with the trivalent silicon atoms are the main factors for hot-carrier-induced-degradation. Hot carrier immunity of the NMOSFETs was also found to originate partially from the small increase of both the effective barrier height for electron injection and the interface trap creation energy due to the negatively charged nitrogen-rich layer.

Process simplification and turnaround time reduction for deep submicrometer CMOS fabrication are discussed. Process step analysis is carried out for standard 1Poly/1Metal CMOS structure, and consequently, both isolation and gate formation processes are extracted as items for process simplification. A combination of shallow trench isolation with retrograde well structure and single mask step well/gate doping technique is proposed for deep submicrometer CMOS fabrication. This simplified CMOS process can achieve a reduction of five mask steps and eliminates both well drive-in annealing and field oxidation without performance deterioration. As a result, a 10% process step reduction and a 20% manufacturing turnaround time reduction have been realized in comparison to the standard 1Poly/1Metal CMOS process with LOCOS isolation.

The authors have examined the responses of three types of TiNi and three types of TiNiCu shape memory alloys in a pseudoelastic state to mechanical cycling in hard cycles with a constant emax and in soft cycles with a constant σmax. It was found that the transformation stress of the B2 parent phase into martensite and the hysteresis (or the amount of energy dissipated during one cycle) diminish while the residual deformation increases as the number of cycles grows. Although the maximum deformation is greater in a soft than in a hard cycle, the critical stress for inducing martensite, at least over the first 10 cycles, declines more slowly in soft than in hard loading cycles. Ternary TiNiCu alloys displayed lower transformation deformations and transformation stresses than binary TiNi alloys. In both TiNi and TiNiCu alloys, higher nickel contents were found to increase the critical stress for slip, thereby suppressing the residual plastic deformation after the specimens were unloaded and helping to stabilize the cyclic stress-strain curves.

This paper presents the findings of an experimental study of how mechanical cycling of TiNi and TiNiCu shape memory alloys in the pseudoelastic (PE) state affects their residual elongation after unloading, their critical stress for martensite formation and their hysteresis or amount of energy dissipated during one cycle. Specimens were cycled in two basic modes: hard loading cycles at a constant ϱmax and soft ones at a constant σms. In the hard cycling the authors further investigated how the PE characteristics respond to various strain rates and how the strain rate changes. Each of the examined alloys was cycled in the PE deformation mode at a temperature where each specimen can be deformed at the same constant critical stress for martensite formation in the first cycle of the test. As the number of cycles increases, the residual strain ϱo grows, while both the stress σms for martensite transformation and the hysteresis W decrease. The rate at which ϱo grows depends on σs, σms during cycling and the type of cycling mode. By considering the two factors σs and σms, the rather complicated effect of cyclic deformation on the PE characteristics was explained. Cycling at higher strain rates has been found to increase the residual elongation left after the specimen is unloaded and to cause a more raped decline of the critical stress for martensite formation as cycling continues. After changes in the elongation rate the stability of the cyclic stress-elongation diagram depends on the amount of residual elongation present and on the stability of that diagram during the first cycling at the original elongation rate.

The authors have developed a small digital camcorder deck mechanism with a tape loading and transport mechanism suitable for very thin, metal-evaporated, 1/4-in tape. The stability of the deck mechanism is excellent; track linearity is >

In this paper are given some recent results on modeling of High Power GaN HEMT devices. The GaN HEMT is very promising for high power application, but we push device to the limits, so many issues are becoming critical. For example, access resistances Rs, Rd in high power GAN HEMT are bias and temperature dependent - their extraction from cold FET measurements can lead to over optimistic prediction for output power. Thermal management, self-heating modeling are another very important issue - they influence reliability, power and PAE. Models without dynamic self-heating are not practical for GaN. The models without breakdown can easily predict world records for PAE, output power/mm etc. Some examples are given using vectorial Large Signal Measurements (LSNA/NVNA) to provide useful, global info about device behavior, influence of traps, knee voltage walkout etc.

The effects of carbon content and ausaging on austenite γ ↔ martensite (α′) transformation behavior and reverse-transformed structure were investigated in Fe-32Ni-12Co-4Al and Fe-(26,28)Ni-12Co-4Al-0.4C (wt pct) alloys. TheM s temperature, the hardness of γ phase, and the tetragonality of α′ increase with increasing ausaging time, and these values are higher in the carbon-bearing alloys in most cases. The γ → α′ transformation behavior is similar to that of thermoelastic martensite; that is, the width of α′ plate increases with decreasing temperature in all alloys. The αt’ → γ reverse transformation temperature is lower in the carbon-bearing alloys, which means that the shape memory effect is improved by the addition of carbon. The maximum shape recovery of 84 pct is obtained in Fe-28Ni-12Co-4Al-0.4C alloy when the ausaged specimen is deformed at theM s temperature and heated to 1120 K. There are two types of reverse-transformed austenites in the carbon-bearing alloy. One type is the reversed y containing many dislocations which were formed when the γ/α′ interface moved reversibly. The plane on which dislocations lie is (01 l)γ if the twin plane is (112)α′. The other type of reverse-transformed austenite exhibits γ islands nucleated within the α′ plates.

Large scale, DC type plasma convection is investigated in the JFT-2M tokamak. In the plasma edge region, E*B type convective flows are observed, which are caused by interactions with both a poloidal limiter and an RF wave injection. Observation of changes in the edge potential during lower hybrid (LH) wave injection indicated that the confinement improvement in the LH phase is due to the reduction of an intrinsic E*B type convection. These results are used in the construction of a model that explains both the L and H modes found in the tokamak NBI experiments. The model consists of both a deterioration mechanism based on the obstacle induced convection and a recovery due to the increase of the electric conductivity along the magnetic field. Agreement between the model and typical experimental results is shown