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Aim: To determine the incidence, knowledge and practices in patients with acne vulgaris. Study design: Observational (Cross sectional) Place and duration of study: Department of Dermatology, Pak Red Crescent Teaching Hospital, Dina Nath, Kasurfrom 1st Aug, 2021 to 31st Jan 2022. Methodology: A total of 121 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study, written informed consent was taken on spot and responses were recorded on a pre-formed questionnaire. Data was then entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software and a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 121 patients, 85(71%) were females and 35(29%) were males. 55(45%) patients had good knowledge and 66(55%) patients had poor knowledge. Among those having poor knowledge, 57% belong to 12-20 age group, 57% belong to female gender and 75% having poor knowledge were illiterate with a P-value of 0.02 which is statistically significant.Major source of information was family and friends in 65(54%) patients, followed by internet in 28(23%)patients.78% related acne with burning in epigastrium. 40% participants were in favor of using traditional medicine and 28% consulted specialist in 1 year Conclusion: Results of this study conclude that people with Acne in this part of Punjab have very poor knowledge regarding different aspects of Acne and its management. This leads to malpractice and poor management of Acne and is causing harm to the patient’s wellbeing. Educationalprograms and community-based health awareness programs should be arranged to impart knowledge and to remove the misconceptions regarding the Acne and its management. Keywords: Acne Vulgaris, Propionibacterium Acnes, Knowledge, Practices

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is on the list of Gram-negative pathogens that are increasingly being counted as significant causes of nosocomial infections leading to significantly raised levels of morbidity and mortality. Life-threatening infections become more debilitating for those having a compromised immunity. The importance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a disease-causing microbe is enhanced through its increasing resistance to antibiotic drugs, the virulence factors plus its strength to adapt to wider environmental conditions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses multiple acquired and intrinsic mechanisms providing resistance, often with augmented rates of resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs. In the last decade, the global dissemination of the presumed ‘hazardous clones’ of multiple drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa have emerged as a serious threat to communal healthcare requiring extensive study and should be managed with determination and urgency. From the list of infections that are due to Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts as a leading microbe causative for health-care-related infections in hospitalized individuals. In accordance with the guidelines by WHO, certain measures adopted in healthcare settings can help prevent transmission of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa including hand hygiene (using alcohol-based solutions), contact precautions, cleanliness of the environment, isolation of patient (cohort or single room), plus surveillance. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Nosocomial, Infections, Resistance mechanisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are a new class of anticoagulant drugs used in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Anticoagulation requires the integration of the correct type and dose of oral anticoagulants based on patient characteristic, and therefore therapy needs to be individualized for each patient. Growing scientific evidence from studies on NOACs has led to a better understanding of their benefits and safety. A large amount of available data creates a necessity for an adaptable practical document for the usage of NOACs in India. The current consensus, developed by experts from India, aims to give recommendations on various frequently raised clinical questions with regards to NOACs and its usage. This practical document provides a platform upon which future guidelines, policies, training, and education for the use of NOACs can be tailored.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). We hypothesized that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a brain region implicated in cognitive control and goal-directed behavior, plays a role behavior change during CBT by facilitating regulation of craving. To examine this, treatment-seeking participants with AUD (N=22) underwent functional MRI scanning both before and after a 12-week single-arm trial of CBT, using a regulation of craving (ROC) fMRI task designed to measure an individual’s ability to control alcohol craving and previously shown to engage the DLPFC. We found that both the number of heavy drinking days (NHDD, the primary clinical outcome) and the self-reported alcohol craving measured during the ROC paradigm were significantly reduced from pre- to post-CBT [NHDD: t=15.69, p

Background Peripheral neuropathy is a controversial but serious complication of beta-thalassemia (β-Th). Although few studies have reported no relationship between neuropathy and thalassemia, many have linked it with increasing age, iron overload, and iron chelator toxicity. This study aims to investigate the presence of neuropathy in β-Th using corneal nerve fibers. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted using corneal confocal microscopy on individuals with intermediate and major β-Th who were compared to healthy individuals. The main outcome variables were corneal main nerve and branch nerve densities which were calculated using Image J software. The comparison between groups was done using the independent-samples F-test and Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Results There was reduced corneal main nerve and branch nerve density in β-Th intermediate and major patients compared to the control group, and the results were statistically significant (p-value0.05). However, a significant correlation was not observed between serum ferritin levels and corneal nerve parameters. Conclusions The reduction in corneal nerve parameters in β-Th patients compared to healthy controls can be an indication of peripheral neuropathy in β-Th. Further work is needed to confirm these findings.

Survival outcomes of grade group 5 (GG5) prostate cancer (PCa) after standard of care therapy (SOC) remain poor. Evidence suggest that high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR) and androgen depravation therapy (ADT) can serve as immune modulators. We hypothesize that the combination of HDR, ADT, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) may synergize to improve immune response and disease control. Here we report an interim analysis of a single-center single-arm phase II trial exploring this novel combination therapy with nivolumab for GG5 PCa. Patients were enrolled from 9/2018 to 4/2021 and required to have GG5 PCa with > 30% positive cores and receive ICI plus SOC regimen, comprising ADT, external beam RT (EBRT), and HDR. ICI (240 mg) was administered every 2 weeks for 4 doses beginning 4 weeks prior to HDR. HDR consisted of two 1150 cGy implants. EBRT followed HDR and consisted of 4500 cGy in 25 fractions. Total ADT length and elective nodal radiotherapy were per physician discretion. Biopsies were taken at time of diagnosis, HDR, and 1-month post HDR. Biopsy tumor samples underwent genomic profiling. Major pathologic response (MPR) was defined as < 17% positive cores. Wilcoxon test and Area Under the Curve (AUC) Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were used for statistical analyses. Toxicity was evaluated according to CTCAE v5.0. The historic control cohort consisted of all patients treated with SOC between 1/2013 to 11/2021 and met all study inclusion/exclusion criteria. Cox regression was used to calculate 2-year (2Y) risk of metastasis with censorship at 24 months (m). Median follow up (mFUP) defined from diagnostic biopsy. Of 34 patients who received 2 or more doses of ICI, 1 patient (3%) experienced a dose limiting toxicity of autoimmune hepatitis (AH). The incidence of all grade 3 toxicity related to ICI at 3 and 6 months were both 3% (n=1; AH and QT prolongation, respectively). There was no grade 4+ toxicity at 3 m, nor any grade 3+ toxicity at 6 m. Two subjects were withdrawn from study, leaving 32 evaluable for clinical outcomes. mFUP of ICI cohort was 32 m with a 2Y PSA failure rate of 6%. CD8A, STING, ANPEP, and multiple immune signatures were associated with an early MPR (p < 0.05) with ICI. The Ricketts_Immunosuppression genomic signature strongly correlated with MPR to ICI (AUC = 0.7, p = 0.01). The control cohort consisted of 59 patients with a mFUP of 35 m and a 2Y PSA failure rate of 19%. ICI demonstrated an 88% reduction in 2Y risk of metastasis compared to controls (HR = 0.12, 95% CI, 0.02 - 1.0, p = 0.05). Combination of ICI with SOC for GG5 PCa is safe and associated with a clinically significant improvement in disease control. Key genomic features were identified to predict for early MPR to ICI. Ricketts_Immunosuppression was identified as a potential biomarker for ICI-sensitive tumor subtypes. Final analyses are anticipated in late 2023. Clinical trial information: NCT03543189. Citation Format: John Michael Bryant, Maria Sandoval, Ryan Putney, Corrado Caslini, Shivanshu Awasthi, Esther Katende, Angelina Fink, Syeda Mahrukh H Naqvi, Youngchul Kim, Jingsong Zhang, Jong Park, Amparo Serna, Julio Pow-Sang, Michael Poch, Roger Li, Brandon Manley, Arash Naghavi, Javier Torres-Roca, G. Daniel Grass, Sungjune Kim, Kujtim Latifi, Dylan Hunt, Peter A. Johnstone, Jasreman Dhillon, Rohit Jain, Daniel Fernandez, Kosj Yamoah. Combination of nivolumab with standard of care in the management of grade group 5 prostate cancer: Interim analysis of a phase II trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr CT157.

Objectives: Acute ischemic stroke patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus maybe candidates for acute revascularization treatments (intravenous thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy). Materials and Methods: We analyzed the data from 62 healthcare facilities to determine the odds of receiving acute revascularization treatments in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infected patients and odds of composite of death and non-routine discharge with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infected and non-infected patients undergoing acute revascularization treatments after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Acute ischemic stroke patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection were significantly less likely to receive acute revascularization treatments (odds ratio 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.5-0.8, p=0.0001). Among ischemic stroke patients who received acute revascularization treatments, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection was associated with increased odds of death or non-routine discharge (odds ratio 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.8-5.1). The higher odds death or non-routine discharge (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.9-2.3) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection were observed in all ischemic stroke patients without any modifying effect of acute revascularization treatments (interaction term for death (p=0.9) or death or non-routine discharge (p=0.2). Conclusions: Patients with acute ischemic stroke patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection were significantly less likely to receive acute revascularization treatments. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection was associated with a significantly higher rate of death or non-routine discharge among acute ischemic stroke patients receiving revascularization treatments.

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure. However, few recent studies have examined the characteristics of older adults living in US nursing homes with heart failure and diabetes mellitus. This study is important for clinical practice and public health action plans for heart failure. Objective To estimate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, heart failure in long-stay nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using the US 2016 Minimum Data Set data consisting of all residents with diabetes aged ≥65 years in Medicare/Medicaid certified nursing homes (n = 297,570). Diabetes mellitus and heart failure were operationalized using the resident's transfer notes at admission and the progress notes during admission through physical examination findings and current treatment orders. Results Among all residents with diabetes, 26.4% had heart failure. Increasing age of residents, and comorbidities including coronary artery disease (aOR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.31–1.37), end stage renal disease (aOR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.26–1.35), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.57–1.63) were associated with a higher odds of heart failure. Conclusions This is one of the first U.S studies to examine the prevalence and factors associated with heart failure in nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus. It highlights a clinically complex population with multiple comorbid conditions. Future research is needed to understand the pharmacological management of these residents and the extent to which appropriate management can improve quality of life for a medically vulnerable population.

Background and objectives Highly potent synthetic opioids (HPSO) are increasingly responsible for opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Methods In an open-label, uncontrolled trial to test the feasibility of extended-release buprenorphine (BXR) injection treatment of heroin-using individuals with opioid use disorder testing positive for HPSO, participants were enrolled and began an induction with sublingual BXR (n = 5). During the induction, ancillary medications (clonidine, clonazepam, zolpidem, and prochlorperazine) were provided for breakthrough opioid withdrawal symptoms. Results Two participants received the BXR injection on the second day of the induction and three participants on the third day. Discussion and conclusion All five participants were retained at least 1-month postinduction. Scientific significance It may be feasible to provide BXR treatment to HPSO-positive heroin users rapidly to achieve clinical stabilization. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00-00).

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used in many applications; however, their interactions with cells, immune cells in particular, and potential health risk(s) are not fully known. In this manuscript, we have demonstrated the potential of ZnO NPs to cross the gut barrier in an invertebrate model, Bombyx mori, and that they can reach the hemolymph where they interact with and/or are taken up by immune-competent cells resulting in various toxic responses like decline in hemocyte viability, ROS generation, morphological alterations, apoptotic cell death, etc. Exposure to these NPs also resulted in alteration of hemocyte dynamics including an immediate increase in THC, possibly due to the release of these hemocytes either from enhanced rate of cell divisions or from attached hemocyte populations, and decline in percentage of prohemocytes and increase in percentage of two professional phagocytes, i.e., granulocytes and plasmatocytes, possibly due to the differentiation of prohemocytes into phagocytes in response to a perceived immune challenge posed by these NPs. Taken together, our data suggest that ZnO NPs have the potential to cross gut barrier and cause various toxic effects that could reverse and the insects could return to normal physiological states as there is restoration and repair of various systems and their affected pathways following the clearance of these NPs from the insect body. Our study also indicates that B. mori has the potential to serve as an effective alternate animal model for biosafety, environmental monitoring and screening of NPs, particularly to evaluate their interactions with invertebrate immune system.

The objective of this study was to compare the cardiac autonomic control of dyslipidaemia patients engaged in different levels of physical activity and to determine the predictive ability of physical activity for cardiac autonomic dysfunction in these patients. This study also aimed to compare the cardiac autonomic control of dyslipidaemia patients and healthy adults. 52 patients (age: 49.1±4.53 years) with dyslipidaemia were recruited along with 16 healthy adults. Physical activity levels were assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and subjects were divided into three categories – low, moderate, and high physical activity. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis was performed for obtaining time and frequency domain parameters. Presence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction was defined as standard deviation of N-N intervals

Background: Eccentric exercise may be considered as an attractive alternative to conventional exercise in pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD...

Background Post-exercise recovery phase is associated with clustering of various cardiovascular events and, therefore, monitoring of cardiac autonomic control via heart rate variability (HRV) during this phase may allow identification of autonomic alterations that are not evident under resting conditions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Purpose To investigate and compare the diagnostic performance of resting and post-exercise HRV for detecting cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in T2DM patients. Methods Forty-two T2DM patients were categorized as CAN-positive and CAN-negative based on standard cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs). Short-term resting and post-exercise HRV after a graded exercise test were evaluated for each participant. Diagnostic performance of both resting and post-exercise HRV measures was computed using standard statistical procedures. Results Diagnostic testing yielded superior diagnostic performance of post-exercise HRV than resting HRV measures. Root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) between adjacent R-R intervals (p = 0.01), percentage of consecutive N-N intervals that vary by >50 ms (pNN50) (p = 0.03) and total power (TP) (p = 0.01) were significantly better diagnostic indicators of CAN under post-exercise conditions than at rest. Predictive ability of these post-exercise HRV measures for CAN was maintained after adjusting various clinical confounders to cardiac autonomic function. Conclusion Post-exercise HRV measures such as TP, RMSSD and pNN50 were found to be more accurate diagnostic tests for detecting CAN than resting HRV. Hence, monitoring of the HRV measures proposed here during exercise testing protocols may provide important diagnostic information regarding CAN in T2DM.

Recent trends in vaccine hesitancy have brought to light the importance of using accurate school vaccination data. This study evaluated the accuracy of a pilot statewide kindergarten vaccination survey in Oklahoma. School vaccination and exemption data were collected from November 2017 to April 2018 via the Research Electronic Data Capture system. A multivariable linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between students who are up to date for all vaccines comparing school reported and Oklahoma State Department of Health-validated data. Adjusted vaccination data were overestimated by 1.0% among public schools and 3.3% among private schools. These results were validated by a random audit of participating schools finding the school-reported vaccination data to be overestimated by 0.6% compared to true student immunization records on file. Our analysis indicates that school-reported vaccination data are sufficiently valid. Immunization record audits provide confidence in available data, which drives evidence-based decision-making.

Background Connectivity between the anterior insula (AI) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) may play a role in negative emotions that drive compulsive drinking in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). We hypothesized that reductions in drinking during cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), an effective treatment that teaches regulation (coping) skills for managing negative emotions during abstinence, would be associated with reductions in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between the AI and the BNST. Methods We included 18 patients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition diagnosis of AUD who were (1) seeking treatment and (2) drinking heavily at baseline. We measured RSFC as Pearson's correlation between the BNST and multiple regions of interest in the insula at baseline and after completion of 12 weeks of a single-arm clinical trial of outpatient CBT. We also assessed the number of heavy drinking days over the previous 28 days (NHDD) at both time points. We used 1-sample t-tests to evaluate AI-BNST RSFC at baseline, paired t-tests to evaluate changes in AI-BNST RSFC from pre-CBT to post-CBT, and linear regression to evaluate the relationship between changes in AI-BNST RSFC and NHDD. Results We found a significant positive RSFC between the AI and the BNST at baseline (p = 0.0015). While there were no significant changes in AI-BNST RSFC from pre- to post-CBT at the group level (p = 0.42), we found that individual differences in reductions in AI-BNST RSFC from pre- to post-CBT were directly related to reductions in NHDD from pre- to post-CBT (r = 0.73, p = 0.0008). Conclusions These findings provide preliminary evidence that reduced AI-BNST RSFC may be a mechanism of drinking reduction in AUD and that AI-BNST RSFC may be a target for CBT and possibly other treatments.

Background and objectives Fentanyl and other highly potent synthetic opioids are the leading cause of opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Methods This study was an open-label, uncontrolled 12-week outpatient clinical trial to test the feasibility of a single-day induction onto extended-release buprenorphine (BXR) injection treatment for five adults (N = 5) with opioid use disorder using heroin-containing fentanyl. Participants were planned to receive three monthly BXR injections (300, 300, and 100 mg). Results After receiving 24 mg sublingual buprenorphine (SL-BUP), all five participants received the BXR 300 mg injection on the first day of induction. All five participants were retained for the full 3-month study period postinduction and received all three scheduled BXR injections. Discussion and conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility of inducting users of heroin-containing fentanyl onto BXR 300 mg in a single day. Scientific significance The ability to administer a long-acting injection of BXR that assures therapeutic serum levels for a month on the first day of treatment contact is a promising development for the treatment of OUD.

Background: There is a need for alcohol use disorder (AUD) pharmacotherapy that can be administered to actively drinking outpatients. Pregabalin, a gabapentoid anticonvulsant, has preliminary evide...

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and a leading cause of liver transplantation. In clinical settings, diagnosis is often inferred based on patient attributes and generalized algorithms that haven’t been tailored to patients’ age. This study aims to understand age-dependent associations between NAFLD and patient characteristics. Methods: Subjects were identified from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016. NAFLD status was established through the U.S. Fatty Liver Index in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and viral etiology. Descriptive patient attributes' distributions are reported relying on the mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables. Prevalence estimates and prevalence ratios for NAFLD are provided in the following age stratifications: 18 and younger, 19-49, 50-64, 65-74, and 75+. Results: A total of 4,560 NHANES participants from 2007-2016 were included, with a mean age of 42.9. Prevalence ratios of NAFLD in the context of clinical/demographic characteristics varied between age groups. The NAFLD prevalence ratio for Mexican Americans compared to Non-Hispanic White was 3.44 in respondents 18 years old or younger (95%CI: 2.48-4.77) and 1.60 in respondents 75 or older (95%CI: 1.30-1.97). The magnitude of the association between albumin and NAFLD was negative. It ranged from a prevalence ratio of 0.32 (0.20 – 0.51) for respondents under 19 years of age to 1.15 (0.86-1.53) over the age of 74. Conclusion: The significant differences between participant characteristics and NAFLD within different age groups suggest that age plays an essential role in the magnitude of the association between risk factors and NAFLD. This study highlights that the accuracy of a NAFLD diagnosis in the absence of imaging and histological conformation may depend on the patients' age. Additional work should evaluate the need for diagnostic and management guidelines formally tailored to patients’ age.

Background Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a significant public health problem associated with severe morbidity and mortality. While effective pharmacotherapies are available, limitations exist with each. Induction onto extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is more difficult than initiation of buprenorphine or methadone, even in inpatient settings, as it is recommended that patients remain abstinent for at least 7 days prior to initiating XR-NTX. The purpose of this trial was to determine if lorcaserin, a 5HT2c agonist, improves outpatient XR-NTX induction rates. Methods An 8-week trial beginning with a brief detoxification period and induction onto XR-NTX. Sixty participants with OUD were enrolled in the trial, with 49 participants at the initiation of detoxification randomized to lorcaserin or placebo for 39 days. Additionally, ancillary medications were provided. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants inducted onto the first XR-NTX injection. Secondary outcomes were withdrawal severity (measured by COWS and SOWS) prior to the first injection and the proportion of participants receiving the second XR-NTX injection. Results The proportion of participants inducted onto the first (lorcaserin: 36 %; placebo: 44 %; p = .67) and the second XR-NTX injection (lorcaserin: 27 %; placebo: 31 %; p = .77) was not significantly different between treatment arms. Prior to the first injection, withdrawal scores did not significantly differ between treatment arms over time (treatment*time interaction COWS: p = .11; SOWS: p = .39). Conclusions Lorcaserin failed to improve outpatient XR-NTX induction rates. Although this study is small, the findings do not support the use of lorcaserin in promoting induction onto XR-NTX or in mitigating withdrawal symptoms.

Nowadays, the infection caused by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and countless different types of bacterial infection cause the death of millions of people worldwide. Thereby, several strategies have explored for the advancement of better and active antimicrobial agents; one of these lies in the form of two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of the graphene–polyindole (Gr@PIn) nanocomposite and polyindole (PIn) and significantly enhance the proficiency against MRSA strains which are immune to most antibiotics. The synthesized Gr@PIn and PIn have been characterized by the various biophysical techniques, especially X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy [scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)], Fourier transform infrared, Raman, UV–vis spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Electron microscopic investigations unveiled the disintegration of bacterial cell wall upon interaction with Gr@PIn. S...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a potent pathogen having global distribution. The main purpose of this study was to gain an insight into distribution pattern of the NA1 genotype of group A RSV across the globe together with its evolutionary dynamics. We focused on the second hypervariable region of the G protein gene and used the same for Phylogenetic, Bayesian and Network analyses. Eighteen percent of the samples collected from 500 symptomatic pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) were found to be positive for RSV during 2011–15 from New Delhi, India. Of these, group B RSV was predominant and clustered into two different genotypes (BA and SAB4). Similarly, group A viruses clustered into two genotypes (NA1 and ON1). The data set from the group A viruses included 543 sequences from 23 different countries including 67 strains from India. The local evolutionary dynamics suggested consistent virus population of NA1 genotype in India during 2009 to 2014. The molecular clock analysis suggested that most recent common ancestor of group A and NA1 genotype have emerged in during the years 1953 and 2000, respectively. The global evolutionary rates of group A viruses and NA1 genotype were estimated to be 3.49 × 10−3 (95% HPD, 2.90–4.17 × 10−3) and 3.56 × 10−3 (95% HPD, 2.91 × 10−3–4.18 × 10−3) substitution/site/year, respectively. Analysis of the NA1 genotype of group A RSV reported during 11 years i.e. from 2004 to 2014 showed its dominance in 21 different countries across the globe reflecting its evolutionary dynamics. The Network analysis showed highly intricate but an inconsistent pattern of haplotypes of NA1 genotype circulating in the world. Present study seems to be first comprehensive attempt on global distribution and evolution of NA1 genotype augmenting the optimism towards the vaccine development.

In the present study the effect of pramipexole alginate nanodispersion (PAND) was studied on the transgenic Drosophila exhibiting the PD symptoms. The PD flies were allowed to feed on the diet having PAND at final concentration of 1, 2 and 3 μM. A dose dependent significant delay in the loss of climbing ability and improvement in the activity was observed in PD flies. A dose dependent significant change in the oxidative stress markers and dopamine content was also observed in the PD flies exposed to various doses PAND. The improvement in the PD symptoms was more in PD flies exposed to PAND compared to PD flies exposed to pramipexole alone.

In this innovative ethnographic study, Hannah Knox takes the reader on a journey through the city of Manchester, UK, telling the story of climate change through the lives of those who model, govern...