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AIM: The principal objective of this study was to carry out a comprehensive and thorough analysis to compare the safety and effectiveness of the Arctic Sun, a servo-controlled surface cooling device, with conventional cooling techniques for providing therapeutic hypothermia in adult patients who had experienced hypoxic-ischemic brain injury following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS: In order to achieve our goal, we conducted an extensive search of multiple databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to the date of July 30, 2021. We only included studies that compared the safety and efficacy of the Arctic Sun surface cooling equipment with standard cooling approaches such as cooling blankets, ice packs, and intravenous cold saline for treating comatose adult patients who had recovered after experiencing cardiac arrest. We evaluated various outcomes, including all-cause mortality, good neurological outcome at 1 month, and the occurrence of adverse effects such as infections, shock, and bleeding. We employed a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes. RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen records were identified through our search; however, only three studies met our eligibility criteria, resulting in overall 187 patients incorporated in the meta-analysis. The findings indicated no significant difference in mortality rates among the Arctic Sun device and conventional cooling techniques (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.34–1.19; P = 0.16; I2 = 0%). In addition, we found no significant difference in occurrence of good neurological outcomes (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 0.94–3.25; P = 0.08; I2 = 0%) between the two cooling methods. However, the application of the Arctic Sun device was associated with increased incidence of infections compared to standard cooling methods (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.18–5.11; P = 0.02; I2 = 0%). While no significant difference occurred in the incidence of shock (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.07–1.18; P = 0.08; I2 = 40%), the use of the Arctic Sun device was linked to significantly fewer bleeding complications compared to standard cooling methods (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02–0.79; P = 0.03; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: After analyzing the results of our meta-analysis, we concluded that the use of the Arctic Sun device for targeted temperature management following cardiopulmonary resuscitation did not result in significant differences in mortality rates or improve neurological outcomes when compared to standard cooling techniques.

Aims and Objectives: The aim is to compare the accuracy of the SRK T and HOFFER Q formulas in intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in long eyes by noting the postoperative visual outcome. Introduction: Senile cataract is a leading cause of blindness in India. Cataracts are managed by cataract extraction with implantation IOL. Before surgery, IOL power is calculated by biometry. IOL power calculation is the main key to obtaining a good refractive outcome after cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based study was conducted prospectively to evaluate IOL power using SRK T and HOFFER Q formulae in patients undergoing phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens in long eyes over a period of 18 months. Thirty patients were studied based on inclusion criteria. A detailed clinical examination, pre- and postoperative visual acuity, anterior chamber depth (ACD), and refraction were done on day 30 postsurgery. Results: The study included 30 cases with 15 patients in either group, of which 63% were male and 37% were female; 95% of the patients were aged above 50 years; the maximum number of patients in either group had an axial length in the range of 24.5–25 mm; the maximum preoperative ACD was between 3 and 4.5 mm and the maximum postoperative ACD was between 4 and 4.5 mm in both groups; 40% of the patients in either group had 6/6 vision; spherical refractive error postoperative was seen in 73% in the SRK T group and 68% in the HOFFER Q group; and cylindrical refractive error was seen in 27% in SRK T group and 32% in HOFFER Q group. Conclusion: Either formula can be used for IOL power calculation in eyes up to 26.5 mm, as not much difference in postoperative refractive error was observed. Both formulas had a lesser degree of spherical error and an equally good visual outcome postoperatively. Careful biometry is important to prevent postoperative surprises.

Introduction: On 11 March, 2020, World Health Organisation (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) a pandemic disease, and by 26 March, 2020, COVID-19 had spread to nearly 199 countries and homes worldwide. Cases substantially present with fever, dry cough and breathing difficulty. As a result of the pandemic, a number of cases visiting the hospital for non-COVID-19 diseases was drastically reduced and only emergencies were seen in our hospital. Inpatient admissions were also reduced and surgical procedures were reduced. The cost of ocular surgeries was escalated to adhere to the guidelines issued by authorities, for the safety of patients and staff. Majority of ocular surgeries are elective, and national programmes conducting cataract camps were completely stopped since cataract surgeries are elective. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the patients visiting ophthalmology OPD towards COVID-19 and ocular surgery. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional non-interventional questionnaire-based study was conducted among patients visiting ophthalmology OPD. Results: The study included 100 patients of which 54% were males and 46% were females. A total of 38% were above the age of 50 years and literates consisted of 60%. The main ocular symptom was defective vision (43%). Furthermore, 98% were aware of COVID-19. Internet/media (48%) was the major source of knowledge. In addition, 80% were aware of the cause and mode of spread, 40% were willing to undergo eye surgery and 75% agreed with government lockdown measures and were ready to take the vaccine to prevent COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: The study suggests that the population demonstrated decent knowledge, appropriate practice and a positive attitude towards COVID-19 at the time of its outbreak.

Introduction: Subjective refraction helps in establishing the suitable lens for a patient. But it also needs a patient’s cooperation for the proper estimation of the refractive error. Aim: To determine the impact of counselling of Optometrists on subjective refraction and spectacle prescription to patients attending Ophthalmology Out Patient Department (OPD) at their first visit. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted for a period of two months from June 2020 to July 2020. All patients attending the OPD at Department of Ophthalmology at R L Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Tamaka, Karnataka, India, were included in the study. A total of 120 patients, whose vision was

Anomalous blood vessels are important from the clinical aspects such as hydronephrosis, Varicocele leading to risk of infarction of kidney during renal transplant surgeries. Here, we report a case series of 30 cadavers of male and female aged between 40- 80 years in the Department of Anatomy of a tertiary care institute in Bangalore, India. In three male cadavers, there was a variation in right testicular artery arising from abdominal aorta above the right renal artery later coursing downward, giving a branch to right kidney (10%). In another two male cadavers, right testicular artery (6.6%) was arising as branch of abdominal aorta above the right renal artery later coursing downward giving branch to right suprarenal gland and also observed right accessory renal artery branch of abdominal aorta arising below superior mesenteric artery and coursing upward to lower pole of right kidney. Observed in two male cadaver, inferior phrenic artery was arising as a common trunk from abdominal aorta above the main renal vessels and coursing laterally upward to diaphragm (6.6%). All the other branches of abdominal aorta and venous drainage were normal in the dissection of cadavers. The knowledge of these variations of arteries are essential before performing any transplantation surgeries, thus one can avoid the complications during uroradiological interventions.

Introduction: The pumping capacity of heart is affected by disorders involving the valves of the heart. The mitral valve in human cadaveric heart comprises of annulus, leaflets, chordae tendinae and papillary muscle. Aim: To find morphometric analysis of normal mitral valve leaflets in the cadaveric hearts for the conservative surgical techniques. Materials and Methods: The morphometric observational analysis was done on 50 heart of embalmed adult human cadaver of both sexes (28 males, 22 females) age between 20-60 years which were taken from the Department of Anatomy during 2016-2018 in Vydehi Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Parameters measured were length and breadth of anterior and posterior leaflet, length of anterior and posterior commissure, and length of free edge of both leaflets of mitral valve. Descriptive statistical analysis was done and Mean±SD (Standard Deviation) (Min-Max) and percentage of parameters was calculated by using statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. Results: The mean length of anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets was 1.99±0.35 cm and 1.25±0.22 cm, respectively, breadth of anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets was 2.84±0.47 cm and 4.00±0.53 cm. The length of anterior leaflet was more than posterior leaflet. Breadth of posterior leaflet was more than anterior leaflets. Length of anterior commissure (0.65±0.11 cm) was more than posterior commissure (0.64±0.08 cm) in males. Conclusion: On the basis of the findings of the present study, the morphometric parameters of mitral valve leaflet was important for cardiac Surgeons during operation to assess the exact mechanical reason for valve insufficiency and in manufacture of prosthesis for mitral valve replacement.

Some systemically used drugs in managing dermatologic disorders have associated severe side effects, of which eye involvement is very significant. There are various mechanisms for these drugs to cause damage to the eye. The damage to the eye can be acute as in Stevens–Johnson syndrome or chronic as with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity. Knowledge about these drugs and information about the mechanisms and types of damage to the eye are essential. It is also important to understand the monitoring mechanisms to diagnose early and limit the damage. Newer investigative tools, especially the imaging techniques help us to diagnose the adverse effects at an early stage. All these issues are discussed in brief here.

AIM: The principal objective of this study was to carry out a comprehensive and thorough analysis to compare the safety and effectiveness of the Arctic Sun, a servo-controlled surface cooling device, with conventional cooling techniques for providing therapeutic hypothermia in adult patients who had experienced hypoxic-ischemic brain injury following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS: In order to achieve our goal, we conducted an extensive search of multiple databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to the date of July 30, 2021. We only included studies that compared the safety and efficacy of the Arctic Sun surface cooling equipment with standard cooling approaches such as cooling blankets, ice packs, and intravenous cold saline for treating comatose adult patients who had recovered after experiencing cardiac arrest. We evaluated various outcomes, including all-cause mortality, good neurological outcome at 1 month, and the occurrence of adverse effects such as infections, shock, and bleeding. We employed a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes. RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen records were identified through our search; however, only three studies met our eligibility criteria, resulting in overall 187 patients incorporated in the meta-analysis. The findings indicated no significant difference in mortality rates among the Arctic Sun device and conventional cooling techniques (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.34-1.19; P = 0.16; I² = 0%). In addition, we found no significant difference in occurrence of good neurological outcomes (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 0.94-3.25; P = 0.08; I² = 0%) between the two cooling methods. However, the application of the Arctic Sun device was associated with increased incidence of infections compared to standard cooling methods (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.18-5.11; P = 0.02; I² = 0%). While no significant difference occurred in the incidence of shock (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.07-1.18; P = 0.08; I² = 40%), the use of the Arctic Sun device was linked to significantly fewer bleeding complications compared to standard cooling methods (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02-0.79; P = 0.03; I² = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: After analyzing the results of our meta-analysis, we concluded that the use of the Arctic Sun device for targeted temperature management following cardiopulmonary resuscitation did not result in significant differences in mortality rates or improve neurological outcomes when compared to standard cooling techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is one of the most frequent zoonotic infections. Cardiac involvement is rare and when involved, affects aortic valve the most. The appearance of a new murmur on clinical examination during sepsis should suspect seeding on valves. Our patient had pulmonary valve endocarditis secondary to brucellosis which was managed with pharmacotherapy as there was no valvular pathology. Triple therapy is standard of care and usually given for months, non-response to pharmacological treatment warrants surgical intervention. Our patient completed the triple-drug regimen at 3 months and is asymptomatic at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: None

We have illustrated the fabrication of nano-structures as a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate using electro-plating and electron-beam lithography techniques to obtain an array of gold nanograin-aggregate structures of diameter ranging between 80 and 100 nm with interstitial gap of 10-30 nm. The nanostructure based SERS substrate permits us to have better control and reproducibility on generation of plasmon polaritons. The calculation shows the possible detection of myoglobin concentration down to attomole. This SERS substrate is used to investigate the structural changes of different proteins; lysozyme, ribonuclease-B, bovin serum albumin and myoglobin in the temperature range between -65 and 90 degrees C. The in-depth analysis even for small conformational changes is performed using 2D Raman correlation analysis and difference Raman analysis in order to gain straightforward understanding of proteins undergoing thermodynamical perturbation.