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Digitalization has led to radical changes in the distribution of goods across various sectors. The tendency is to move from traditional buyer–seller markets to subscription-based on-demand “smart” matching platforms enabled by pervasive information and communication technologies (ICTs). The driving force behind this lies in the fact that assets, which were scarce in the past, are readily abundant, approaching a regime of zero marginal costs. This is also becoming a reality in electrified energy systems due to the substantial growth of distributed renewable energy sources such as solar and wind; the increasing number of small-scale storage units such as batteries and heat pumps; and the availability of flexible loads that enable demand-side management. In this context, this article proposes a system architecture based on a logical (cyber) association of spatially distributed (physical) elements as an approach to build a virtual microgrid operated as a software-defined energy network (SDEN) that is enabled by packetized energy management. The proposed cyber-physical system presumes that electrical energy is shared among its members and that the energy sharing is enabled in the cyber domain by handshakes inspired by resource allocation methods utilized in computer networks, wireless communications, and peer-to-peer Internet applications (e.g., BitTorrent). The proposal has twofold benefits: (i) reducing the complexity of current market-based solutions by removing unnecessary and costly mediations and (ii) guaranteeing energy access to all virtual microgrid members according to their individual needs. This article concludes that the proposed solution generally complies with the existing regulations but has highly disruptive potential to organize a dominantly electrified energy system in the mid- to long-term, being a technical counterpart to the recently developed social-oriented microgrid proposals.

Thermoacoustic heat engine (TAE) has a component that namely stacks, hot heat exchanger, cold heat exchanger and resonator. The hot heat exchanger is the device that used to supply the heat on the stack to generate an acoustic work. Nowadays, the technology in development of TAE still in progress development, then to be investigated in order to step-up better prediction on the performance and design of TAE. The lacking is the main issue in research of heat exchanger, and as a consequence hot heat exchanger in TAE, the heat exchanger does not have an established method of design. Thus, this report was developed in order to design and analyse on performance test of hot heat exchangers and TAE. In the designed of the hot heat exchanger, the material kanthal was selected as a heating element and it produces the heat input of 490°C as temperature to the system which this value can generate an acoustic work in the system. Experimental studied, the result obtains the power to generate the system is 90watt which the TAE start working after 3 minutes the system was run. The hot heat exchanger supply the heat in the system at range 390 ≤ T°C ≤ 560.

The role of economic load dispatch is increasing in the future power system, making best use of the ramp rate capability of thermal generating units to follow rapid and large disturbances due to the large amount of renewable energy penetration. This paper proposes a dynamic economic load dispatch method using the generator's feasible operation region approach. It is a region within which generating units may change their outputs in order to match a demand profile while satisfying ramp-rate and supply-demand balance constraint. The method can specify the amount of reserve required to maintain a feasible operation for restrictive demand profile which cannot be served due to generating unit's capability. The proposed method has been successfully tested on a 3 generator system supplying a typical afternoon demand profile.