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Since it was first reported in late 2019, SARS-Cov-2 had a global impact on human physical and mental health, as well as on their social life and economic endeavor. In one year, the virus has infected over 115 million people, killed almost 2.6 million of them and left many others with long-term health sequelae. The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has overwhelmed healthcare systems, interrupted routine care and prevented patientsfollow-up. All these factors led to increased mortality from other chronic diseases. Further, the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has caused an unprecedented disruption to education, economic trade, travel, social life, and has profoundly changed our way of living. In this review article we present the organization and the function of the immune system that protects us against diseases, the virology, the infection, the transmission and the pathogenesis of SARS-Cov-2, the disease Covid-19, the development of vaccines against SARS-Cov-2 and some of the questions raised by these vaccines, as well as suggested responses to them.

Since it was first reported in late 2019, SARS-Cov-2 had a global impact on human physical and mental health, as well as on their social life and economic endeavor. In one year, the virus has infected over 115 million people, killed almost 2.6 million of them and left many others with long-term health sequelae. The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has overwhelmed healthcare systems, interrupted routine care and prevented patientsfollow-up. All these factors led to increased mortality from other chronic diseases. Further, the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has caused an unprecedented disruption to education, economic trade, travel, social life, and has profoundly changed our way of living. In this review article we present the organization and the function of the immune system that protects us against diseases, the virology, the infection, the transmission and the pathogenesis of SARS-Cov-2, the disease Covid-19, the development of vaccines against SARS-Cov-2 and some of the questions raised by these vaccines, as well as suggested responses to them. &nbsp

Récemment, il a été suggéré de traiter l'infection Covid-19 avec une combinaison de l'antipaludique « Hydroxychloroquine » (200 mg 3 fois par jour pendant 6 jours) et de l’antibactérien « Azithromycine » (500 mg par jour pendant 6 jours) (4)Dans cette opinion, nous essayons de répondre aux questions suivantes : Comment ces deux molécules fonctionnent-elles ensembles et est-ce que l’Azithromycine est le meilleur choix ?

The ITER First Wall is being redesigned to address a number of issues identified during the 2007 design review. One of the main improvements concerns the handling of parallel plasma heat loads. The design must be optimised for maximum leading edge protection with acceptable power flux distribution, which is achieved by shaping the First Wall panels. The conceptual design presented in the paper can accommodate both inboard and outboard limiter plasmas for a total power in the discharge of 7.5 MW at 7.5 MA and allows the abandonment of the original dedicated port limiters.

The paper reports on latest developments for the ITER Ion Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive system: imminent acceptance tests of a prototype power supply at full power; successful factory acceptance of candidate RF amplifier tubes which will be tested on dedicated facilities; further design integration and experimental validation of transmission line components under 6MW hour-long pulses. The antenna Faraday shield thermal design has been validated above requirements by cyclic high heat flux tests. R&D on ceramic brazing is under way for the RF vacuum windows. The antenna port plug RF design is stable but major evolution of the mechanical design is in preparation to achieve compliance with the load specification, warrant manufacturability and incorporate late interface change requests. The antenna power coupling capability predictions have been strengthened by showing that, if the plasma scrape-off layer turns out to be steep and the edge density low, the reference burning plasma can realistically be displaced to improve the coupling.

Part of special issue: PLASMA-SURFACE INTERACTIONS 21: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices Kanazawa, Japan May 26-30, 2014; International audience; The base plasma heat load on the ITER first wall results from the projection of the plasma scrape off layer power profile onto the shaped surface of the first wall panels. The actual heat load on the first wall is larger than the base heat load, due to enhancement factors such as design approximations, manufacturing and assembly errors, and deviations to the ideally toroidal magnetic field configurations. The heat load increase is accounted for through penalty coefficients, ranging individually from a few percent to 50%. The probabilistic combination of individual penalty coefficients to give a global penalty coefficient is presented in the paper. The global penalty coefficient ranges from 1.37 to 2.44, depending of the first wall row and plasma phase.

The magnitude of light-induced metastable effects in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) was studied as a function of the film deposition conditions using several complementary techniques. Junction capacitance-temperature (C-T) measurements correlated with electrical conductivity, electron spin resonance (ESR), photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) and IR spectroscopy measurements were carried out on samples deposited at three different substrate temperatures in both the full dark-annealed state (state A) and the saturated light-soaked state (state B). The C-T results clearly indicated that the three types of samples behave differently when going from state A to state B. While the Fermi level shifted towards the valence band, as is usually reported, for films deposited at low temperatures, it shifted in the opposite direction for film deposited at high temperatures. However, the largest change in the density of states at the Fermi level was observed for the film deposited at the lowest temperature (exhibiting the highest hydrogen content); this was also true for the integrated defect density obtained by PDS. In contrast, the change in neutral dangling bond density deduced from ESR was rather small and about the same for all samples. As for the IR spectra, they did not show any modification between state A and state B. Our experimental results, discussed in the context of the different models proposed to explain light-induced effects in a-Si:H, are more easy to understand if one assumes the existence of other types of defects, such as the T3+-T3- centres which present a negative correlation energy, in addition to the neutral dangling bonds D0.

To analyze the clinical features of the posterior segment in posterior microphthalmos and to describe the aspects of this anomaly in Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT).A diagnosis of posterior picrophthalmos could be confirmed in a 18- year-old young man based on the presence of high hypermetropiea, axial length of the globe measurement of 14 mm and a thickening of the fovea in OCT. Family history was also positive in two other members.Posterior microphthalmos is a rare entity that may potentially be associated with blindness. OCT may be helpful both in the diagnosis and the follow-up of this anomaly.

A systematic investigation of the origin of the photoinduced changes in the defect density of states in the pseudogap of undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been carried out on films deposited by glow-discharge decomposition of silane under different conditions. We used several complementary techniques, such as junction capacitance versus temperature, electrical conductivity, electron-spin resonance, and photothermal deflection spectroscopy, to determine the shifts in the Fermi-level (${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$) position as well as the variation of the defect density of states, within the forbidden gap, after annealing (state A) and light-soaking (state B) treatments. The total hydrogen concentration and the hydrogen bonding configurations of each sample were analyzed by elastic-recoil-detection analysis (ERDA) and infrared (ir) transmission measurements, respectively, both for state A and state B. The experimental results show in all cases an increase in the bulk density of states accompanied by a shift of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$ towards the valence band in the light-soaked state B with respect to the annealed state A, but these changes depend considerably on the deposition conditions of the films. On the other hand, no change is detected either in the ERDA or in the ir spectra. Moreover, it is found that when the saturated light-soaked samples are partially annealed at temperatures ranging from 110 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 130 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and for times less than 15 min, and then left in the dark at room temperature for 24 h and more, a long-time process, characterized by a variation of the density of states as well as by a motion of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$ within the gap, occurs in these films. The observed behavior is completely different from one sample to another. From the analysis of the results, it is suggested that in some samples the photodegradation is mainly due to a trapping of the excess free carriers at charged spinless defects, which must be present in the sample at equilibrium in addition to the neutral dangling bonds.

We have investigated the effect of the deposition temperature (i.e. the hydrogen content) on the light-induced effects in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). Combined junction capacitance-temperature ( C-T ), ESR and IR absorption measurements are carried out in both the dark annealed state (A) and the saturated light-soaked state (B), as well as after partial annealing of the samples, starting from state B. The experimental results indicate that the films deposited at the highest substrate temperature (i.e. the lowest H content) exhibit a completely different behaviour from those deposited at lower substrate temperature (i.e. with higher H concentration), when the samples are left for long times at room temperature in the dark after partial annealing. These results are discussed in detail in relation to the different models proposed to explain the light-induced effects in a-Si:H.

Intracellular diseases are difficult to treat and constitute a major problem for modern medicine. In this type of diseases, a TH-1 immune response favors protection, while a TH-2 response is detrimental to the host. Current vaccines are using antigens to initiate an immune response regardless of its nature and its mechanism. New vaccines are designed to combine selected antigens with potent adjuvants to stimulate the appropriate pathway of the immune system and deliver a lasting protective immunity. The Mycobacterium recombinant vaccine system for treatment of intracellular diseases utilizes antigen delivery systems in the form of non pathogenic Mycobacterium strains, genetic transfer systems in the form of cloning and expression vectors, and related technologies to provide products containing non toxic immuno-regulating Mycobacterium adjuvants, non toxic immuno-stimulating exogenous antigens specific for a variety of diseases, and non toxic amounts of cytokines that boost the TH-1 pathway. The cloning and expression Mycobacterium vectors include both pAL5000-based extra-chromosomal and D29-based integrative vectors.

The lifetime of the beryllium armor of the ITER first wall is evaluated for normal and off-normal operation. For the individual events considered, the lifetime spans between 930 and 35×106 discharges. The discrepancy between low and high estimates is caused by uncertainties about the behavior of the melt layer during off-normal events, variable plasma operation parameters and variability of the sputtering yields. These large uncertainties in beryllium armor loss estimates are a good example of the experimental nature of the ITER project and will not be truly resolved until ITER begins burning plasma operation.