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Among mammals, scent has long been known to encode oestrus; however, in many species, detecting pregnancy may also be important in terms of both competition and mate-choice. Here, we show, through odour presentation experiments, that pregnancy is discernible via scent by both sexes in the cooperatively breeding banded mongoose. Males spent more time investigating and were more likely to scent mark the odours of non-pregnant females, compared to pregnant females. Females showed increased levels of scent marking when odours were of the same reproductive state as themselves. These results present the first direct demonstration that pregnancy is detectable via scent in wild cooperative breeders. Detecting pregnancy may be particularly important in cooperative breeders as, in addition to the competition between males for receptive mates, there is also intense competition between females for access to alloparental care. Consequently, dominant females benefit from targeting reproductive suppression towards subordinates that represent direct threats, such as pregnant females.

This report has more significance than the usual annual report of a Health Department, because it records a high water mark in the latest American adventure in tropical medicine. In the earlier accomplishments in Cuba, in Porto Rico, in the Philippines and in Panama, the Medical Corps of the Army played a decisive part, and the names of Reed, Gorgas, Kean, Ashford, Hoff, Munson and many others are always to be associated with the successes of those days. In Haiti, as in the Virgin Islands and Santo Domingo, the credit goes to the Medical Corps of the Navy, and the names of Stitt and Butler are added to the roll of pioneer sanitarians of the West Indies. Surgeon General Stitt's connection with the work is noted in the following quotation: “In connection with this important matter of personnel it is a pleasure to the Sanitary Engineer to acknowledge the great help given by Admiral Stitt, United States Navy, to every one of Haiti's Public Health problems.”

Using an ionization chamber method, the intensity distribution and quality of forward transmitted secondary X-rays from filters of aluminium, copper, tin, and lead have been measured under standard operating conditions. Geometrical arrangements of X-ray tube, defining apertures, filter, and receiver commonly used in medical and industrial radiology are employed. Suggestions for minimizing the intensity of the secondary radiation reaching the receiver from single-metal filters are submitted.

In this article we record the results of surgical treatment of six chronic typhoid carriers; one (a "urinary" carrier) was cured by nephrectomy, three ("intestinal" carriers) were cured by cholecystectomy, and two ("intestinal" carriers) failed of cure by cholecystectomy. The diagnoses and conclusions in the "intestinal" carriers have been based entirely on the outcome of cultures of the duodenal contents rather than on the outcome of cultures of the lower intestinal contents. Negative duodenal cultures are also recorded in a seventh carrier who had a cholecystectomy in 1913.1These results, while not perfect, are believed to be better than can be shown for any other kind of treatment available at present and are certainly better than the results of no treatment at all. The literature of the treatment of typhoid carriers contains the record of a number of apparent cures following cholecystectomy2and the use of the roentgen

The bacteriology of the pneumonia of the recent epidemic has dealt, principally, with influenza bacilli, pneumococci and hemolytic streptococci, but several other organisms have also probably played a part in producing the complicated lung lesions. In this note, we wish to call attention to theB. mucosus-capsulatusgroup. The importance of recognizing these organisms is twofold: (1) In some cases they have a pathologic significance; (2) in many other cases they are probably harmless or terminal invaders; but in smears and sections, they may be mistaken for influenza bacilli. No final answer has apparently yet been given to the problem of correlating the unusual lung lesions of this epidemic with the bacteriologic findings. Without entering into a full discussion of the subject, we may say that our experience, which includes cultures from lung punctures made during life, has led us to adopt the following working hypothesis: Influenza bacilli, so called

The study of hemolytic streptococcus infections, which has been stimulated by the Army experiences of last winter, naturally includes the subject of carriers. We have done some work in this field and are convinced that the tonsils play a part that should be emphasized. It has already been shown that throat swab cultures demonstrate the presence of hemolytic streptococci in various percentages of individuals and that hemolytic streptococcus complications, for example, in measles, occur only in those with positive throats.1Throat swab cultures for hemolytic streptococci, therefore, have a practical value in the maintenance of clean and infected wards which has been confirmed by experience at this hospital. INFECTION OF THE TONSILS With the established importance of positive throat cultures as a starting point, our attention was directed toward localizing the focus of infection if there is one. For this purpose we made swab cultures in positive throat cases