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The response of the terrestrial biosphere to warming remains one of the most poorly understood and quantified aspects of the climate system. One way to test the behavior of the Earth system in warm climate states is to examine the geological record. The abundance, distribution, and/or isotopic composition of source-specific organic molecules (biomarkers) have been used to reconstruct terrestrial paleoenvironmental change over a range of geological timescales. Here, we review new or recently improved biomarker approaches for reconstructing ( a) physical climate variables (land temperature, rainfall), ( b) ecosystem state variables (vegetation, fire regime), and ( c) biogeochemical variables (soil residence time, methane cycling). This review encompasses a range of key compound classes (e.g., lipids, lignin, and carbohydrates). In each section, we explore the concept behind key biomarker approaches and discuss their successesas paleoenvironmental indicators. We emphasize that analyzing several biomarkers in tandem can provide unique insights into the Earth system. ▪ Biomarkers can be used to reconstruct terrestrial environmental change over a range of geological timescales. ▪ A multi-proxy biomarker approach provides novel insights into climate and the environment.

Clostridium difficile causes nosocomial diarrhea and is responsible for complications such as pseudomembranous colitis, megacolon, and perforation. Using 442 stool specimens, we compared the sensitivities and specificities of the Premier toxin A and B (Meridian Bioscience, Inc.) and C. difficile TOX A/B II (TechLab, Inc., Blacksburg, VA) immunoassays in the Virology Department of the Kaiser Permanente Regional Reference Laboratories. The Premier toxin A and B assay demonstrated a higher sensitivity (97.44%) and a higher positive predictive value (79.17%) than the C. difficile TOX A/B II assay (87.18% and 75.56%, respectively), while assay specificities and negative predictive values were similar. We also performed experiments using serially diluted, purified toxin A and B antigens to understand the basis for assay differences. The two assays’ toxin A antibodies detected toxin A at comparable levels. Preliminary results indicated that the toxin B antibody in the Premier toxin A and B assay could detect toxin B at a concentration of 125 pg/100 μl, while the toxin B antibody in the C. difficile TOX A/B II assay could not detect toxin B below a concentration of 250 pg/100 μl. Therefore, the Premier toxin A and B assay provides greater sensitivity than the C. difficile TOX A/B II assay, perhaps due to a superior detection ability of its toxin B antibody.

BACKGROUND Few studies of employed people who use wheelchairs, canes, crutches or walkers have been reported in the literature. One reason for this paucity of research reports is that surveys are most often made of unemployed individuals with disabilities a defined broadly. Understanding the work site of successfully employed people who use mobility devices requires the development of as survey that can be used to examine the important features of worksite from employees who use mobility devices at their worksites. OBJECTIVE This article describes the development and psychometrics of a survey on currently employed people with lower limb impairments and mobility limitations who use mobility devices. The items in the Mobility Device User Work Survey (MWS) were based on interviews and survey items pilot tested on employed mobility device users. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 183 employed people who use mobility devices including wheelchairs, canes, crutches or walkers was recruited using internet postings on disability-related organizations. The average age of the sample was 46.3, most were college educated, 72% used wheelchairs and the average number of years of employment was 24. METHODS The MWS was completed by 183 people who met the inclusion criteria. The survey was sent to these same people a second time and 132 of them returned the second survey. RESULTS The MWS consists of 106 questions on demographic, work and worksite characteristics and 58 subjective evaluation items that were organized into five scales. The internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) of the five scales were moderate (0.72) to good (0.93). Stability values of the five scales were calculated using correlations between forms and ranged from 0.70 to 0.80. The evaluative scales were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. CONCLUSIONS The MWS provides a tool for studying the variables that influence employed people who use mobility devices. Future studies of unemployed people who use mobility devices may benefit from using the results of the MWS to plan interventions.

Context. The international whole earth blazar telescope (WEBT) consortium planned and carried out three days of intensive micro-variability observations of S5 0716+714 from February 22, 2009 to February 25, 2009. This object was chosen due to its bright apparent magnitude range, its high declination, and its very large duty cycle for micro-variations. Aims. We report here on the long continuous optical micro-variability light curve of 0716+714 obtained during the multi-site observing campaign during which the Blazar showed almost constant variability over a 0.5 magnitude range. The resulting light curve is presented here for the first time. Observations from participating observatories were corrected for instrumental diff?erences and combined to construct the overall smoothed light curve. Methods. Thirty-six observatories in sixteen countries participated in this continuous monitoring program and twenty of them submitted data for compilation into a continuous light curve. The light curve was analyzed using several techniques including Fourier transform, Wavelet and noise analysis techniques. Those results led us to model the light curve by attributing the variations to a series of synchrotron pulses. Results. We have interpreted the observed microvariations in this extended light curve in terms of a new model consisting of individual stochastic pulses due to cells in a turbulent jet which are energized by a passing shock and cool by means of synchrotron emission. We obtained an excellent fit to the 72-hour light curve with the synchrotron pulse model.

The preernergence applied herbicides tested provided acceptable weed control in watermelon and cantaloupe for one month after planting. Plots treated with ethalfluralin had satisfactory yields, good weed control, and no crop injury. Bensulide and the sodium salt of naptalam in combination also resulted in satisfactory weed control for one month after planting. Clomazone provided good weed control be resulted in foliar injury expressed as folk whitening and reduced yield. Chemical names used: 0,O-bis(l-rnethlethyl) S-[2-[@henylsulfonyl) arnino] ethyl] phosphorodithioate (bensulide); 2-[2chlmophenyl) methyll4, 4-dimethyl-3-isoxamlidinone (clornazone); Nethyl-N- (2-rnethyl-2-propmyl)-2,6dinih-o-4-(kifluo~ (ethalflural'in); (sodium 2-[(1-naphthalenylamino) carbonyl] benzoate (sodium salt of naptalam).

Aim: To investigate the association between posterior uveal melanoma and iris freckles, iris naevi, and choroidal naevi. Methods: Cross sectional study of 65 patients with posterior uveal melanoma and 218 controls. Iris colour, iris freckles, iris naevi, and choroidal naevi were recorded for each eye of each patient. Results: Iris freckles were present in 40 (61.5%) patients with melanoma and 135 (61.9%) controls (p = 0.494). Iris naevi were present in four (6.2%) patients with melanoma and nine (4.1%) controls (p = 0.955). Choroidal naevi were present in 12 (18.5%) patients with melanoma and 38 (17.4%) controls (p = 0.815). Conclusion: This study did not detect an association between posterior uveal melanoma and iris freckles, iris naevi, or choroidal naevi.

College-student subjects engaged in judgments of numerosity received stimulus arrays on a computer screen that varied in their number level (low, medium, and high), the speed with which the array developed (slow, medium, or fast), and the density of the items in the array (low or high density). The subjects overestimated number when the array was small (75-125 items) but significantly underestimated number when it was at a medium (150-250) or high level (550-650). Density of array items was a significant variable, since subjects showed more underestimation under the high-density condition. Additionally, there was a speed × density interaction. The results are discussed with respect to which class of variable, sensory or cognitive, most influences perceived numerosity.

Background. Several childhood sarcomas, exhibit autocrine or paracrine growth through secretion of insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1, IGF-2) and signaling through the Type 1 receptor (IGF-1R). In some childhood sarcoma xenografts IGF-1R antibodies dramatically decrease VEGF transcription and have potential anti-angiogenic activity. However, tumor-derived IGF-2 results in intrinsic resistance to IGF-1R-targeted antibodies, and continued tumor angiogenesis. We evaluated the anti-angiogenic activity of a ligand-binding antibody (MEDI-573) alone or in combination with IGF-1 receptor-binding antibodies as a potential strategy for effectively suppressing angiogenesis in pediatric sarcomas. Methods. IGF-stimulated signaling was monitored by increased Akt phosphorylation in sarcoma and human vascular endothelial (HUVEC) cells. Effects on angiogenesis were determined in vitro by capillary tube formation in HUVECs and in vivo using a VEGF-stimulated Matrigel assay followed by assay of hemoglobin and CD34 immunostaining. Results. The IGF-ligand binding antibody MEDI-573 suppressed Akt phosphorylation induced by exogenous IGF-1 and IGF-2 in sarcoma cells. Receptor binding antibodies, MAB391 and CP1-B02, suppressed IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt, but not that induced by IGF-2. Both receptor-binding antibodies suppressed VEGF-induced HUVEC tube formation in vitro, but this was abrogated by exogenous IGF-2. MEDI-573 inhibited VEGF-stimulated HUVEC proliferation and tube formation in vitro, but did not inhibit angiogenesis in vivo, probably because MEDI-573 binds murine IGF-1 with low affinity. However, in vitro the anti-angiogenic activity of MEDI-573 was also circumvented by human recombinant IGF-1. The combination of receptor-binding and ligand-binding antibodies completely suppressed VEGF-stimulated proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in the presence of IGF-1 and IGF-2, and prevented ligand-induced phosphorylation of IGF-1R/IR receptors. Further, combining receptor-binding and ligand-binding antibodies completely suppressed VEGF-driven angiogenesis in a mouse model where Matrigel plugs containing both IGF-1 and IGF-2 were incorporated with VEGF. Conclusions. Our previous study showed that IGF-2 produced by tumor cells in the microenvironment could circumvent the anti-angiogenic effects of IGF-1 receptor binding antibodies. In contrast, IGF-1 was able to overcome the anti-angiogenic effect of the IGF-ligand binding antibody, MEDI-573. Our current study demonstrates that combining receptor and ligand binding antibodies effectively suppresses VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis in vitro and in a mouse model. Studies are ongoing to evaluate this therapeutic strategy using pediatric sarcoma xenograft models with characterized IGF expression. (Supported by grants CA77776, CA23099 and MedImmune). Citation Format: Hemant K. Bid, Cheryl A. London, Jin Gao, Haihong Zhong, Robert H. Hollingsworth, Peter J. Houghton. Dual targeting of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor and its ligands as an effective anti-angiogenic strategy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5083. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5083

We describe two patients with severe aplastic anemia in whom neutropenic enterocolitis developed while they were undergoing treatment at the National Institutes of Health. Both patients had progressive symptoms while receiving optimal medical management and both underwent and survived surgical intervention despite continued prolonged neutropenia in the perioperative period. This experience contrasts with six cases reported in the literature and suggests that surgery can be employed even in patients with profound neutropenia. Thus, in patients who remain persistently septic or who develop clinical deterioration despite medical management or who have other indications for surgical intervention, neutropenia should not be a contraindication to the appropriate or necessary procedure.

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted on 24 May at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation in Cullman, Alabama. Treatment plots were 6 rows, each 10 meters long, replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The four middle rows of each plot were sprayed with insecticides beginning at “tassel push", when the tassels were first observed growing up from the whorl, and on a 3-4 day schedule throughout the silking period until harvest. Sprays were applied on 19, 22, 26, 29 July, and on 1 and 4 Aug. Spray application was made by a self-propelled high-clearance sprayer with one hollow cone nozzle over the row and 1—6 nozzles on drop extension tubes on either side of the row (additional nozzles ere added as corn height increased). Spray volume remained constant on all spray dates at 80 gal/acre. Treatment effectiveness was determined at harvest (8 Aug) by examination of 25 randomly-picked ears per plot (100 ears per treatment) for CEW feeding damage to the ear tips. Worm feeding damage not associated with the ear tip was classified as “side damage” (assumed to be caused by other lepidopterous species). Ears were considered unmarketable if CEW damage to the ear extended 38 mm (1.5 inches) beyond the tip of the ear, or if “side damage” was present.

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted on 27 May at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation in Cullman, Alabama. Treatment plots were 6 rows, each 10 meters long, replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The four middle rows of each plot were sprayed with insecticides beginning at "tassel push", when the tassels were first observed growing up from the whorl, and on a 3—4 day schedule throughout the silking period until harvest. Sprays were applied on 15, 19, 22, 26, 29 Jul, and on 2 Aug. Spray application was made by a self-propelled high-clearance sprayer with one hollow cone nozzle over the row and 1-8 nozzles on drop extension tubes on either side of the row (additional nozzles were added as corn height increased). Spray volume remained constant on all spray dates at 80 gal/acre. An additional treatment was included to evaluate the effectiveness of a tank mix of Asana XL plus vegetable oil (Red Panther Super V Oil [93% pure]; Red Panther Chemical Co., Clarksdale, MS). Treatment effectiveness was determined at harvest (4 Aug) by examination of 25 randomly-picked ears per plot (100 ears per treatment) for CEW feeding damage and larvae in the ears. Ears were considered unmarketable if CEW damage to the ear extended 38 mm (1.5 inches) beyond the tip of the ear. Of the 800 total ears examined for CEW damage, five were infested with sap beetle (Nitidulidae) larvae and/or adults. These were included in the data set to determine the percentage of damaged and unmarketable ears.

Once you've completed your membership survey, a relatively simple analysis can provide additional information to help you respond to perceived problems. Here's how such an analysis was applied at one club

Historical crises are dealt with in terms of the number of people involved, the incidence of mortality, and their duration. By first an empirical approach and then by reasoning based on social psychology a formula is produced that enables one to compare the severity of historical crises.

Roots of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] and beet (Beta vulgaris L.) peeled with superheated steam, had higher peel and trim yields than did those peeled with saturated steam at the same pressure. Product recovery was greater with all steam-peeling methods than with caustic peeling. Direct injection of cold water into the partially pressurized steam atmosphere of the peeler also increased product recovery. Better color retention in processed beets was obtained from steam-peeled roots than from caustic-peeled roots.

A new electrochemical test for predicting the stress corrosion performance of 2219 alloy products in the T851 and T87 tempers is described. The test requires only a simple measurement of solution potential of an unstressed specimen in a mixture of absolute methyl alcohol and carbon tetrachloride. It is rapid, requiring less than an hour and has the outstanding advantage of providing differences of nearly 200 millivolts between borderline and resistant conditions of stress corrosion susceptibility, as contrasted to differences of less than 20 millivolts in conventional NaCl-H2O2 solution. The test offers an attractive possibility for evaluating stress corrosion performance of 2219 products quickly as an alternate or supplement to the conventional 30-day alternate immersion exposure in 3½% sodium chloride solution. The mechanism of the reaction between 2219 and this organic electrolyte suggests that a similar test can be developed for other aluminum alloys.

A statistical study of data from the Egyptian census for 1960 points up the influence of the employment of women on their fertility. Results show that the child/woman ratio rises with the level of female employment in the rural areas but falls as the level of employment rises in the urban areas. Subject to confirmation by more detailed methods it seems that in urban areas provision of opportunities for women to work is of major importance in attempting to reduce national fertility levels but this will have the opposite effect to what is intended in rural areas. Rural and urban fertility levels appear to be similar at a low level of economic activity; however when this economic activity surpasses 10% a noticeable fertility differential appears. Industrial or commercial work opportunities change a womans pattern of living and are essential to the permanent lowering of fertility to replacement levels. (Authors modified)

The child-caring institution, the oldest child welfare resource in America, has developed slowly and in a complicated variety of ways. Today it has stepped up its pace, carrying with it a rich tradition of caring about and for dependent children. It has the added strength of a growing reconciliation with the community and its child welfare prob lems and the parents of the children it serves. Caring for dif ferent children today, it is often broadening its base of service to accommodate their many needs. Its goals and philosophy and its unique strengths are coming into clearer focus. It reels under the pressure of increasingly disturbed family situations and of learning how to bring its strengths to bear upon these problems. Its emerging humility and expressions of faith in people is singularly noteworthy, and continued study and demonstration is needed to help guide its use of these qualities in the coming years.

A method is described for percutaneous insertion of permanent transvenous pacemaker electrodes through the right internal jugular vein by means of a cardiac catheterization sheath. The technique is simple, rapid, and safe, and it has not been associated with any complications.

Abstract The performance of a diverting agent in any workover procedure is critical to the success of the treatment. Since the factors governing diverter performance are as varied as formation permeability, performance are as varied as formation permeability, temperature, carrier fluid, and produced fluid, there is no single best diverter for all operations. This paper reports results of tests on the critical areas of diverting effectiveness, permeability damage, and removal of the diverter after the treatment. The diverters were evaluated in a circulating test unit capable of turbulent flow past 1/4" perforations. The sand packs were designed to be perforations. The sand packs were designed to be representative of high permeability unconsolidated zones. Even though most diverter systems have been designed to degrade or dissolve after the treatment, solvent performance was checked by flowing selected solvents in the test unit after the diverter was in place. In most cases, the solvents were capable of place. In most cases, the solvents were capable of quickly removing the diverter and restoring permeability. Data is presented on removal of permeability. Data is presented on removal of naphthalene and benzoic acid diverters by sublimation in a gas stream at 75 degrees, 100 degrees, and 150 degrees F. Results of the evaluation indicate that the newer types of diverters such as the organic resin slurry may be more efficient diverter systems than the established diverters such as benzoic acid flakes. Introduction The purpose of a diverting agent in any treatment is to prevent the treating fluid from entering a water zone or a high permeability zone and divert the treating fluid to a lower permeability zone. Diverting agents are usually viscous liquids or solids dispersed in a liquid slug which cake over the permeable zones much in the same manner as a drilling mud. The diverter is usually placed in a fluid pad ahead of the treating fluid or used between stages of fluid. The effectiveness of diverters depends upon maximum temperature limits, permeability, and type of production or injection permeability, and type of production or injection (i.e., gas, oil, water). With the increased emphasis placed on maximizing production, a need has arisen for more effective diverters which cause a minimum of formation permeability damage. A wide variety of diverting permeability damage. A wide variety of diverting agents are currently available but little comparative information exists on effectiveness vs. cleanup characteristics. The purpose of this report is to give a comparison of the more common diverting agents in a test system which has similar characteristics to diverting in a well containing high permeability matrix zones. The diverting agents will be permeability matrix zones. The diverting agents will be evaluated in terms of rate and efficiency of diverting effectiveness and degree of formation permeability damage caused by the diverter. permeability damage caused by the diverter. The diverters to be evaluated include benzoic acid flakes, naphthalene flakes, fine mesh sand, fine mesh salt, organic particulates, wax beads, hydroxypropyl guar polymer (approximately 2% residue) and organic resin. These products are among the most common diverting or fluid loss materials. The diverters will be tested at various concentrations in an attempt to formulate general recommendations for treatments in high permeability matrix situations. RESULTS Test Equipment The basic test apparatus shown in Figure 1 utilizes a circulating loop of 3/8" tubing, a 6.3 gal (24 liter) reservoir and a small Moyno pump to establish flow around the loop. For the easily friable materials such as naphthalene flakes, benzoic acid flakes and wax beads, an air actuated diaphragm type pump was used to minimize crushing. The sand pack test cells are lucite jacketed and surrounded by stainless steel cylinders with air pressure between the lucite and stainless steel to pressure between the lucite and stainless steel to ensure a positive seal.

We report five patients with chest roentgenograms showing peripheral infiltrates similar to that described for chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP). While lung biopsy specimens (transbronchial and open in two and transbronchial only in three cases) revealed typical changes of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) as the predominant finding in all cases, two cases had changes consistent with a resolving CEP. We speculate that (1) it may be common for BOOP to present with peripheral infiltrates, (2) chest roentgenograms showing peripheral infiltrates are not diagnostic of any specific entity, (3) idiopathic BOOP may represent the evolution of untreated CEP, (4) a lung biopsy may be a more appropriate initial approach than the therapeutic trial of corticosteroids when peripheral infiltrates of unknown origin are present, and (5) transbronchial biopsy may be adequate to establish a working clinical diagnosis of BOOP.

The influence arising from an ad-libitum extended-delayed sleep regime on the temporal distribution of REM, slow-wave NREM (stage 2) cycle durations, and waking EEG concurrent with auditory vigilance performance, was evaluated. Subjects were 16 normal healthy young adult males aged 18–24 years who slept 7–8 hr nocturnally. The experiment included an imposed 12–8:00 a.m. control condition and ad-libitum treatment of electrographically recorded laboratory sleep. On the control night the time for retiring was scheduled for 12:00 a.m. and awakening at 8:00 a.m. During the ad libitum treatment the subject was allowed to retire and awaken largely at his own inclination. From a central (C4–A1) electrocorticogram continuously recorded 1 hr after awakening, during evaluations on auditory vigilance, 1.5-sec epochs of 8–13 Hz alpha rhythm following task-relevant (signal) stimuli were integrated and rectified. The accumulation of slow-wave sleep declined systematically across cycles during both treatments. This atten...

Summary Some comments are made on an article by Professor Joel T. Rosenthal that appeared in Population Studies for July 1973. It is argued that the mortality of adult males in the English peerage may have been heavier in the mediaeval period than Rosenthal calculated. Some comparisons are made with similar populations, and the role of violence in such mortality is briefly considered.

Hollingsworth T.H. Migration and temporary absences in nominative demographic research. In: Annales de demographie historique, 1972. Techniques et methodes. Actes du colloque de Florence, 1er-3 octobre 1971. pp. 93-104.

A patient with rapidly advancing ecchymoses, gangrene of the skin, hemolytic anemia, and intravascular coagulation after reduction of a rectal prolapse is presented. The hematologic abnorm...

Selection of patients with complete heart block for permanent artificial pacing requires an estimate of the risk of death from heart block in untreated, "minimally symptomatic" patients wi...

This test was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Plots were 8 rows (44-inch centers) by 100 ft of sweet corn. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment was used. The test was designed to evaluate protection from damage provided by different schedules of insecticide applications. All treatments were Lannate sprays at 0.45 lb (AI)/acre but differed from each other in the frequency of application as follows: Tr. 1, daily sprays for 5 days followed by 3 sprays on alternate days, followed by sprays at 3-day intervals; Tr. 2, daily sprays for 5 days followed by sprays on alternate days; Tr. 3, daily sprays for 5 days followed by sprays at 3-day intervals; Tr. 4, sprays on alternate days throughout the test period; Tr. 5, untreated. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer operating at 40 psi and delivering 45 gal/acre. Applications were initiated on 8 Jul at 10% silking and were continued until 23 Jul. On 24 Jul 50 ears were randomly selected from the 2 middle rows of each plot. Ears were shucked, examined for larval damage, and rated according to the following 1 to 6 scale: 1) clean; 2) slight silk or tip damage; 3) tip damage of 1.5 inch; 5) side damage; and 6) tip and side damage. Ears rated as 4 or higher were considered unmarketable.

Naphthaleneacetic acid ethyl ester (NAA-ethyl ester) sprays applied to the base of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) nursery stock for sprout control suppressed sprout development. Rates of 0.25, 0.50, and 1% resulted in significantly less sprout development than the 0.125% rate. Sprout length was suppressed only by the second applications of the 0.25, 0.50, and 1% rates. A second application of the 0.50 and 1% rates killed the existing sprouts at time of application. Trees treated with 1% NAA-ethyl ester were shorter and smaller in diameter. The 0.25 and 0.50% rates were equally as effective in sprout control as the 1% rate, without adversely affecting tree height and diameter.

This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticultural Substation, Cullman, Alabama. Col lard transplants were set on August 11, 1977, in plots consisting of 6 rows (44-inch centers) x 30 ft separated by 5-ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized. Treatments were applied on August 30, September 9, 14, 20, and 28. The initial application was made with a Super Blue Boy 6000 sprayer. Heavy rains and wetsoil necessitated knapsack sprayer application for the 4 subsequent treatments. All treatments were made at 50 gal/acre. On September 13and 20 stand ratings were made. Two factors, average plant size and percent defoliation (nearest 5%), were used to determine treatment effectiveness. Plant size was based on a 1-5 scale, where 1 = smallest plants in all treatments and 5 = the largest plants on a given date.

This test was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Plots were 6 rows (44-inch centers) by 50 ft. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment was used. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer operating at 40 psi and delivering 41 gal/acre through three TX-18 hollow-cone nozzles, 1 over each row and 2 directed into the side of each row at the level of the ears. Applications were initiated on 18 Jul at initial silking and were continued every 2 days until 7 Aug (11 applications). On 8 Aug, 20 ears were randomly selected from the 2 middle rows of each plot. Ears were shucked, examined for larval damage and rated according to the following 1 to 6 scale: 1, clean; 2, slight silk or tip damage; 3, tip damage of < 1.5 inch; 4, tip damage of > 1.5 inch; 5, side damage; 6, tip and side damage. Ears rated as 4 or higher were considered unmarketable. The total number of CEW and FAW found in each sample of 20 ears was also recorded.