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Factors such as using renewable resources utilization of waste materials as raw materials, high biodegradability of wastes have major importance to ensure sustainability. Using agricultural wastes, which are renewable natural fibers on an annual basis, as raw materials in composite production also means that waste materials are kept in the material cycle. When considered as a raw material, mushroom is also a renewable resource and it takes part in material production since mycelium acts as an adhesive with its enzymes between natural fibers. Due to being completely organic, composite materials made of mushroom and natural fibers can be fully degraded in nature at the end of their product life cycle. In this study, a composite material has been developed by using wheat straw as the substrate and mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus as the binder while the production method is an organic growth process. In flammability tests, it was measured that the ignition started at the 67th second. After immersion in water for 24 hours, it is determined that the water absorption value of the material is 257% and thickness expansion is between 2.55-3.63%., Sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması için yenilenebilir kaynak kullanımı, atık malzemelerin hammadde olarak değerlendirilmesi, atıkların biyo-çözünürlüğünün yüksek olması gibi faktörler büyük önem arz etmektedir. Doğal lifler, yenilenebilir kaynak olarak kompozit malzeme geliştirmede kullanılabilmekte; yıllık bazda yenilenebilen tarımsal atıkların kompozit malzemelerde hammadde olarak kullanılması ise aynı zamanda atık malzemelerin malzeme döngüsüne dahil edilmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Hammadde olarak ele alındığında mantar da yenilenebilir bir kaynak olmakta; enzimleriyle bulunduğu ortamdaki doğal lifler arasında yapıştırıcı görevi gören miselyum, malzeme üretiminde kullanılabilmektedir. Mantarın ve doğal liflerin kullanıldığı kompozit malzemeler tamamen organik olan yapıları sayesinde ürün yaşam döngülerini tamamladıktan sonra doğada tamamen bozunabilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, biyolojik etkinliği yüksek olan ve hızlı lif oluşturabilen mantar türlerinden biri olan Pleurotus ostreatus türüne ait miselyumun bağlayıcı; tarımsal atık olan buğday sapının ise substrat olarak kullanıldığı ve üretimi organik bir büyüme süreci şeklinde gerçekleşen bir kompozit malzeme geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen malzeme alev kaynağına 10, 30 ve 60 saniye maruz bırakıldığında kararma olduğu; 67. saniyede ise tutuşmanın başladığı gözlenmiştir. 24 saat suya daldırma sonucunda su alma değerinin %257 ve suda kalınlığa şişme değerinin %2.55-3.63 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The first glimpses of digital forensics (DF) starts back in 1970's, mainly financial frauds, with the widespread use of computers. The evolution of information technologies and their wider use made the digital forensics evolve and flourish. Digital forensics passed a short but complex way of "Ad-Hoc", "Structured" and "Enterprise" phases nearly in four decades. The national readiness of countries might vary for those phases depending on the economy, legislation, adoption level, expertise and other factors. Today digital forensics discipline is one of the major issues of law enforcement (LE), government, defense, industry, academics, justice and other non-governmental organizations as stakeholders have to deal with. We wanted to assess the maturity level of "Turkish Digital Forensics" in view of the digital forensics historical phases, along with some specific institutional & organizational digital forensics issues. The current digital forensic capacity and ability, understanding and adoption level of the discipline, education and training forecasts, current organizational digital forensics framework and infrastructure, expertise, certification and knowledge gained/needed by digital forensics community, tools and SW-HW used in digital forensics, national legislation, policy making and standardization issues along with the anticipated requirements for near future are aimed to address by an online survey. This paper discusses the aforementioned national issues with respect to the digital forensics discipline. It does not examine all aspects of digital forensics. The general assessment we had reached for the maturity level of "National DF" is in between the structured and enterprise phases, with a long way to go but with promising developments. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Today, although supply and demand in design are increasing notably and design consultancies are holding key supplier positions, previous studies note that a noticeable number of outsourced design projects end up with unexpected costs, latencies and unachieved manufacturability. In this research, failures of design outsourcing are taken as the main focus. A consultant firm in Ankara, Turkey has been selected as a case study, and 19 of its customers participated in the research. Feasibility and design stages have been observed and factors affecting success measured. Qualitative research complemented the quantitative findings in a partially convergent parallel mixed method. A number of managers failed to set manufacturing budgets, sales price and volume. One-third of the projects could not be completed, two-thirds did not proceed to production, and one-third did not stick to the schedule. The observed relevance of target-setting ability and success measurements was significant, as well as the prototype quantity and project completion rate.

In industrial design education, mechanics-based courses are mainly based on traditional lecture and they are highly abstract for ID students to comprehend the mechanisms The existing studies highlight the requirement of a new approach for mechanics-based courses in ID departments The study presents, a combined teaching model of mechanism mainly based on applied teaching style and action learning to improve ID students' learning experience and competencies through promoting the transference of theoretical knowledge into practical experience and learning The combined teaching model consisting of 3 phases was integrated to a design studio project that is mechanical game design Project observations and post-questionnaire were employed to analyze objectively the appropriateness of the teaching model The results indicated that, the combined teaching model improved ID students' learning outcomes and competencies in terms of transferring the gained theoretical and practical knowledge to the action learning.&nbsp

The institution of Akhism which emerged 13th century in Anatolia not only guided commercial life but also regulated socio-cultural life of Turks for centuries. Design ethics resemble Akhism principles in many aspects, especially in terms of people-oriented approach.While Industrial Design is a commercial activity based on human benefit, Akhism purposes primarily human goodness in commercial life. Akhism held relations based on interest between producer and consumer which was an important problem in trades and crafts those times. Likewise, the Industrial Design profession which emerged 20th century with modern industry provides mutual interest between producer and consumer and optimizes firm’s profit expectation and user’s benefit expectation from the same product. Nowadays, even if it can be turned into manipulating consumer by commercial concerns, design -as it should be, is an activity which is conducted for human benefit and provides emergence of products and processes that ease the life of people. Human and the economic values which does not conflicts human happiness are priorities of Design Thinking as well as Akhism Thougt System. In this study, ethic responsibilities of designer are discussed on the basis of the principles of Akhism Institution.

Bu çalışmada 5 kWh’lik kurulu PV güneş enerjisi sisteminin Ankara ilinin iklimsel koşullardaki incelemeleri hem Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği (HAD) programı yardımıyla, hem de kurulu sistemden elde edilen ölçüm verileriyle karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen karşılaştırma verilerine göre HAD programının panel yüzey sıcaklıklarına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkardığı performans değerleri incelenmiştir. HAD programından elde edilen şubat ayına göre sıcaklık, ışınım değerleri ile iklimsel değerler karşılaştırılarak sınır şartları olarak tanımlanmıştır. Tanımlanan sınır şartlarına göre aylık ortalama ışınım değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu değerler doğrultusunda elde edilecek sistemin fotovoltaik panel verimi incelenmiştir. 39°46'53.9"N 32°48'43.2”E koordinatlarında yer alan 2x10m2 yüzey alanına sahip toplam 32 adet 170W panele sahip sistem üzerinde inceleme yapılmıştır. Şubat ayı iklim verileri ortalamalarına göre yapılan analiz sonuçlarında panel yüzey sıcaklık değerleri ve panel yüzeylerine gelen ışınım şiddetleri Fluent programı aracılığıyla hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği programı ile uygulama sonuçları uyumluluk göstermiş olup güneşlenme faktörünün 0.8 olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Many governments have design policies to increase public awareness level about design and its adding value on products and services. One of these policies are design promotion activities like seminars, exhibitions and publications which are essential to increase the awareness of citizens and companies about the benefits of design. Design awards are one of these design promotion activities that provide companies reputation and publicity. Especially international design awards are significant to promote the product and the company itself in the global context. In this study, design promotion have been identified and the activities belonging to design promotion and the differences between design policy and design support have been revealed. Finally, the role of design awards as a promotion activity have been presented and four design schemes (Design Turkey Industrial Design Award, IF Design Award, Red Dot Design Award, and Good Design Award) have been compared in terms of different dynamics and promotion activities.

Modernization in the food sector have been promoting the use of advanced technology. Halva is usually produced according to the conventional methods. A new technique for halva production applications is put into practice and a system prototype equipped with automation technology was manufactured. System can perform mixing, kneading, shaping, cutting, and cooling of halva without hand touch. Airflow used for cooling can control the temperature, conveyor belt speed, guillotine cutting time, shovels, and the mixing time. Cooling tunnel calculations and pipeline analysis were carried out to reduce the center point temperature of production line whose working fluid temperature is approximately 80 degrees C and the production band which is 19 x 45 x 78 mm and 80g of mass, to 34.9 and 39.1 degrees C (cooling at similar to 416 and 597s, respectively). Halva production process which takes 12-15hr by traditional methods, is reduced to 10-20 min with the designed new cooling system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of impregnation with Imersol-Aqua (I-AQUA) on the modulus of elasticity in bending of some woods. For our study, Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), oak (Quercus petrea Liebl.), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), Uludag ˘fi r (Abies Bornmulleriana Lipsky), Oriental spruce (Picea orien- talis Lipsky), and poplar (Populus nigra L.) wood samples were prepared according to TS EN (Turkish Standards; Eu- ropean Norm) 408 and impregnated with I-AQUA by the method of short-, medium-, and long-term dipping accord- ing to ASTM D 1413 and producers' definition. After the impregnation process, modulus of elasticity was measured according to TS EN 408. Consequently, among the nonim- pregnated wood samples, modulus of elasticity was found to be the highest in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), (12,490 N mm 2 ) and the lowest in poplar (5439 N mm 2 ). As for the period of dipping, the highest modulus of elas- ticity was obtained in short-term dipping and the lowest in long-term dipping. Considering the interaction of wood type and period of impregnation, the highest modulus of elasticity in bending was obtained in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) with short-term dipping (10,720 N mm 2 ) whereas the lowest was in poplar with long-term dipping (4597 N mm 2 ). In consequence, in massive constructions and furniture elements where the modulus of elasticity in bending after impregnation is of great concern, short term impregnation of Oriental beech and Scotch pine materials could be recommended. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3210 -3217, 2006

Soil compaction caused by traffic of heavy vehicles and machinery has become a problem of world-wide concern. The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the changes in bulk density, soil strength, porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and air permeability during sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) harvesting on a typical Bavarian soil (Regosol) as well as to assess the most appropriate variable factors that fit with the effective controlling of subsequent compaction. The field experiments, measurements and laboratory testing were carried out in Freising, Germany. Two tillage systems (conventional plough tillage and reduced chisel tillage) were used in the experiments. The soil water contents were adjusted to 0.17 g g −1 ( w 1 ), 0.27 g g −1 ( w 2 ) and 0.35 g g −1 ( w 3 ). Taking the increase in bulk density, the decrease in air permeability and reduction of wide coarse pore size porosity (−6 kPa) into account, it seems that CT (ploughing to a depth of 0.25 m followed by two passes of rotary harrow to a depth 0.05 m) of plots were compacted to a depth of at least 0.25 m and at most 0.40 m in high soil water ( w 3 ) conditions. The trends were similar for “CT w 1 ” (low soil water content) plots. However, it seems that “CT w 1 ” plots were less affected than “CT w 3 ” plots with regard to bulk density increases under partial load. In contrast, diminishments of wide coarse pores (−6 kPa) and narrow (tight) coarse pores (−30 kPa) were significantly higher in “CT w 1 ” plots down to 0.4 m. Among CT plots, the best physical properties were obtained at medium soil water ( w 2 ) content. No significant increase in bulk density and no significant decrease in coarse pore size porosity and total porosity below 0.2 m were observed at medium soil water content. The soil water content seemed to be the most decisive factor. It is likely that, CS (chiselling to a depth of 0.13 m followed by two passes of rotary harrow to a depth 0.05 m) plots were less affected by traffic treatments than CT plots. Considering the proportion of coarse pore size porosity (structural porosity) and total porosity, no compaction effects below 0.3 m were found. Medium soil water content ( w 2 ) provides better soil conditions after traffic with regard to wide coarse pore size porosity (−6 kPa), air permeability (at 6 and 30 kPa water suction), total porosity and bulk density. Proportion of wide coarse pores, air permeability and bulk density seems to be suitable parameters to detect soil compaction under the conditions tested.

The impact of impregnation and bleaching on the hardness of varnish layers on oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood was investigated. A number of solutions [sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); NaOH, calcium hydroxide, and H2O2; NaOH, magnesium sulfate, and H2O2; sodium bisulfate and H2C2O4 · 2H2; sodium silicate and H2O2; and potassium permanganate, sodium bisulfate, and H2O2] were applied at a concentration of 18% to bleach both impregnated [Tanalith-CBC (T-CBC) or Imersol-WR 2000 (I-WR 2000)] and unimpregnated (natural) wood panels. Subsequently, a water-based varnish (WB) was coated over the samples, and the hardness of the varnished layers was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366. Among the samples that were varnish-coated without bleaching, T-CBC/WB yielded the highest hardness (59.50), whereas I-WR 2000/WB exhibited the lowest (49.17). However, among the samples varnish-coated after bleaching, the highest (56.50) and lowest (40.83) varnish hardness values were obtained with T-CBC/solution 2/WB and I-WR 2000/solution 4/WB, respectively. All the chemicals used for the bleaching process reduced the surface hardness. However, after the varnish coating, except for solutions 4 and 6, all the solutions showed hardness values similar to those of varnish-coated natural (control) samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 498–504, 2004

This paper discusses the loading of a typical central Anatolian soil by the most commonly used corn and wheat production agricultural equipment. It further describes the effect that loading and soil conditions have on soil strength, namely compaction, and proposes techniques for minimizing undesired soil compaction. Experiments were carried out on a typical central Anatolian medium-textured imperfectly drained clay loam soil (Cambisol). Three different tillage methods and subsequently the same field operations were used for each rotation. Shear strength., penetration resistance, bulk density and moisture variations were detected in four sampling periods at each rotation. Tillage reduced the soil strength with the mouldboard plough causing the greatest loosening. However, natural processes and the vehicular traffic caused the soil to be re-compacted to about the same values as before. In any of the cases the obtained parameters did not exceed the critical values for plant growth except the penetration resistance in the 20-30 cm depth layer during corn production. (C) 2002 ISTVS.

Hidroelektrik santrallerde enerjinin etkin donusumunu saglayan turbinler karmasik yapilari ve tasarimlari bakimindan onem tasiyan bilesenlerden biridir. Bu calismada hidroelektrik santraller icin dusu ve guc gibi temel parametreleri belirli olan bir Francis tipi turbin ve cikis borusu icin akis analizleri hesaplamali akiskanlar dinamigi (HAD) hesaplari yapilmistir. Calismanin temel amaci turbinden maksimum gucu elde edebilmek icin optimum yonlendirme kanat acisinin tespitidir. Maksimum guce ulasirken rotor kanatlarinda olusan esdeger gerilmelerin malzeme dayanimi uzerindeki etkileri de irdelenmistir. Maksimum moment, hidrolik ve cark verimi ile turbin gucu 25 o yonlendirme kanat acisinda elde edilmis olup esdeger basinc 6,7 MPa olarak hesaplanmistir.

The increased limiting effects of soil compaction on Central Anatolian soils in the recent years demonstrate the need for a detailed analysis of tillage system impacts. This study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of seven different tillage systems and subsequent wheel traffic on the physical and mechanical properties of typical Central Anatolian medium textured clay loam soil (Cambisol), south of Ankara, Turkey. Both tillage and field traffic influenced soil bulk density, porosity, air voids and strength significantly except the insignificant effect of traffic on moisture content. Traffic affected the soil properties mostly down to 20 cm. However, no excessive compaction was detected in 0-20 cm soil depth. The increases of bulk density following wheel traffic varied between 10-20% at 0-5 cm and 6-12% at 10-15 cm depth. In additions, traffic increased the penetration resistance by 30-74% at 0-10 cm and 7-33% at 10-20 cm. Less wheel traffic-induced effects were found on chisel tilled plots, compared to ploughed plots. Soil stress during wheel passage was highly correlated with soil strength. Also, both tillage and traffic-induced differences were observed in mean soil aggregate sizes, especially for mouldboard ploughed plots. The obtained data imply that chisel+cultivator-tooth harrow combination provides more desirable soil conditions for resisting further soil compaction. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

In this paper, a mask based automatic segmentation algorithm for color images which uses pixel similarity has been presented. Main concept of the algorithm relies on spatial mask for course segmentation and the Warshall's transitive closure (TC) computation algorithm for region merging. Although the proposed spatial mask approach reduces the computational burden required for segmentation or clustering techniques such as seeded region growing (SRG) or fuzzy c-means (FCM) in which user supplied parameters are essential, it has over segmentation drawback. Therefore, the transitive closure algorithm, which uses adjacency and similarity matrix associated to undirected graph of the over segmented image, has been employed to merge the regions. After comparing to existing methods, the obtained eiperimental results confirmed that the color images as well as gray level images could be segmented with considerable accuracy. Also computational complexity of image segmentation is significantly reduced. Furthermore, there is no need any user supplied parameter such as the number of clusters or seed points. (C) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

To specify haematological parameters is a routine procedure so that state of fish health while aqua culturing could be determined. So, important information related to diagnosis and treatment can be obtained by determining them. Natt & Herrick's stain solution is the most commonly method for determining haematological parameters. It is quite difficult and time-consuming to specify count of cells and to asses blood samples taken by the solution at microscope environment as a visually judgment. In this study, an automated method independent of user intervention based on seeded region growing for specifying cell related to fish blood with Natt & Herrick's stain solution is developed. To evaluate of performance of proposed method, 90 images of different species of fish (rainbow trout, sea bream) prepared with Natt & Herrick's stain solution by 100x zoom ratio are used. Results obtained proposed method determines cells with 97% accuracy.

In order to ensure that digital evidence is collected, preserved, examined, or transferred in a manner safeguarding the accuracy and reliability of the evidence, law enforcement and digital forensic units must establish and maintain an effective quality assurance system. The very first part of this system is standard operating procedures (SOP's) and/or models, conforming chain of custody requirements, those rely on digital forensics "process-phase-procedure-task-subtask" sequence. An acceptable and thorough Digital Forensics (DF) process depends on the sequential DF phases, and each phase depends on sequential DF procedures, respectively each procedure depends on tasks and subtasks. There are numerous amounts of DF Process Models that define DF phases in the literature, but no DF model that defines the phase-based sequential procedures for crime scene identified. An analytical crime scene procedure model (ACSPM) that we suggest in this paper is supposed to fill in this gap. The proposed analytical procedure model for digital investigations at a crime scene is developed and defined for crime scene practitioners; with main focus on crime scene digital forensic procedures, other than that of whole digital investigation process and phases that ends up in a court. When reviewing the relevant literature and interrogating with the law enforcement agencies, only device based charts specific to a particular device and/or more general perspective approaches to digital evidence management models from crime scene to courts are found. After analyzing the needs of law enforcement organizations and realizing the absence of crime scene digital investigation procedure model for crime scene activities we decided to inspect the relevant literature in an analytical way. The outcome of this inspection is our suggested model explained here, which is supposed to provide guidance for thorough and secure implementation of digital forensic procedures at a crime scene. In digital forensic investigations each case is unique and needs special examination, it is not possible to cover every aspect of crime scene digital forensics, but the proposed procedure model is supposed to be a general guideline for practitioners.

Asymmetrie condition among the IMD components with respect to gate to source voltage (Vgs) of four tone input GaN HEMT is determined which is based on the carrier frequency (ω 0 ). In addition to that, the critical operating frequency interval is established.

In this research, analytical determination of significant technical parameters influencing the specific ploughing resistance in conjuction with variable conditions was aimed. Considering four basic moldboard forms and their constructional features, comparative variation of parameters and their effects on specific resistance were examined. Further, appropriate form parameters for higher speeds that do not deform the required working quality were determined. In consequence, the prediction of ploughing resistance likely to occur in a given soil type were found to be a considerable factor for determining constructional parameters of working surface and it's assessed that lessening some of these parameters could keep specific resistance in desired limits.

In recent years, the sizing of the turbine designs, which are representing the working principles of the hydroelectric power plants, by doing flow calculations before their production has been possible to be performed through cost effective, time saving and reliable computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. In this study, the effects of the variation of the angles of the wicket gate in Francis type turbine, of which working principles are known, on power of the turbine was identified by CFD analysis. It was aimed to determine the optimum angle of the wicket gate by performing flow analysis for 16 different angles (12 to 48 degrees) in a model of a Francis type turbine, which was prepared in accord to the working principles identified in ANSYS software with high reliability.

The impacts of impregnation and bleaching on the varnish layer hardness of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalist L.) wood were investigated. A number of bleaching combinations {[NaOH–H 2 O 2 ], [NaOH–Ca(OH) 2 –H 2 O 2 ], [NaOH–MgSO 4 –H 2 O 2 ], [NaHSO 3 –H 2 C 2 O 4 ], [NaSiO 3 –H 2 O 2 ], [KMnO 4 + NaHSO 3 + H 2 O 2 ] } were applied at 18% concentration for bleaching to both impregnated and unimpregnated specimens of Oriental beech wood. Subsequently, water-based (WB) varnish was coated over the samples and the varnish layer hardness values were determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366-95. All of the chemicals used for bleaching reduced the surface hardness. However, after varnish coating, the hardness of most samples was similar to that of the varnish-coated natural (control) samples.