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Aus den Sedimentationskonstanten konzentrierter Losungen von Kettenmolekulen und aus den Darcy-Konstanten von Gelen, die aus Kettenmolekulen gebaut sind, kann auf den Durchmesser der zylindrischen Teilchen geschlossen werden. Die Durchmesserberechnung beruht auf der experimentellen Bestimmung der Durchlassigkeit von geometrisch ahnlichen, makroskopischen Systemen. Cellulose- und Gelatinegele zeigen sehr hohe Dispersitat. Kieselsauregele sind aus wesentlich groberen Teilchen als Ketten aufgebaut. Die Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit von Cellulosederivaten, Nucleinsaure und Polystyrol ergeben d-Werte, die auf isolierte Kettenmolekule schliessen lassen. Die Durchstrombarkeit isolierter geknauelter Kettenmolekule kann mit der Geldurchstromung und mit der Sedimentation in hohen Konzentrationen in Beziehung gesetzt werden.

In part 1 of my article published in the previous edition of the Balint Journal, I have proceeded from conceiving Balint-Work as a training of empathy. I have presented empirical studies that show the mirror-neuron system as a biological foundation of empathy. These studies let understand an embodied simulation as the foundation of a theory of mind and of empathy. I have applied these views on Balint-Work and have contrasted this conception of Balint-Work to a conception that belongs more to a theory theory of mind that stresses the intellectual effort. I have referred there to W. Konig . My conception followed the phenomenological analysis of Depraz, Varela and Vermersch in their work: “On becoming aware” . In this second part of the article, I apply the ideas from “On becoming aware” on my own experiences. I show that the processes especially in longer Balint-conferences are so intense that they carry us away, and that a foremost intellectual effort to understand does not suffice. I describe how a constructivist thinking as presented in “Die Gewissheit der Ungewissheit” by B. Porksen can help us to get more distance in such intense processes and to better esteem divergent standpoints.

The reactions of several thioketones containing a conjugated C=C bond with diazo compounds were investigated. All of the selected compounds reacted via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with the C=S group and subsequent N2 elimination to yield thiocarbonyl ylides as intermediates, which underwent a 1,3-dipolar electrocyclization to give the corresponding thiirane 25, or, by a subsequent desulfurization, to give the olefins 33a and 33b. None of the intermediate thiocarbonyl ylides reacted via 1,5-dipolar electrocyclization. If the a,b-unsaturated thiocarbonyl compound bears an amino group in the b-position, the reactions with diazo compounds led to the 2,5-dihydrothiophenes 40a–40d. In these cases, the proposed mechanism of the reactions led once more to the thiocarbonyl ylides 36 and thiiranes 38, respectively. The thiiranes reacted via an SNi’-like mechanism to give the corresponding thiolate/ammonium zwitterion 39, which underwent a ring closure to yield the 2,5-dihydrothiophenes 40. Also in these cases, no 1,5- dipolar electrocyclization could be observed. The structures of several key products were established by X-ray crystallography.

We present an analytical and numerical study of the velocity distribution function of self gravitating collisionless particles, which include dark matter and star clusters. We show that the velocity distribution derived through the Eddington's formula is identical to the analytical one derived directly from the generalized entropy of non-extensive statistical mechanics. This implies that self gravitating collisionless structures are to be described by non-extensive thermo-statistics. We identify a connection between the density slope of dark matter structures, \gamma, from \rho ~ r^{-\gamma}, and the entropic index, q, from the generalized entropy, S_q. Our numerical result confirms the analytical findings of earlier studies and clarifies which is the correct connection between the density slope and the entropic index. We use this result to conclude that from a fundamental statistical mechanics point of view the central density slope of self gravitating collisionless dark matter structures is not constrained, and even cored dark matter structures are allowed with \gamma = 0. We find that the outer density slope is bounded by \gamma= 10/3., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures; extended discussion, added slope-q relation, added refs

Anlasslich des VI. Kongresses der World Federation of Haemophilia im Juli 1970 in Baden bei Wien berichtete Flora Franklin vom Orthopaedic Hospital in Los Angeles uber ein „Patient Administered Clotting Factor Program“ [1], heute allgemein bekannt unter den Begriffen „Selftreatment“ oder „Selbstbehandlung“der Hamophilie. Vorteile ihres Vorgehens sah Frau Franklin in einem verkurzten Therapiebeginn nach Blutungseintritt mit seinen Konsequenzen fur prompte und wirksame Blutstillung, Entbehrlichkeit eines Transports und damit verbundene Kostenreduktion sowie nicht zuletzt in einer Verminderung der Fehlzeiten in der Schule und am Arbeitsplatz. Jeder, der mit den Problemen Hamophiler vertraut ist, wird die Bedeutung solcher Zielsetzungen nicht verkennen.

Haemophilia A is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of factor VIII. As an essential cofactor in the intrinsic clotting cascade, factor VIII is activated and subsequently inactivated by proteolytic cleavages involving factor IIa (thrombin), factor Xa and activated protein C (APC). Investigation of the thrombin cleavage sites at amino acids 372 and 1689 of the factor VIII protein by oligonucleotide screening, DNA amplification and direct sequencing, enabled us to identify two missense mutations in 441 unrelated haemophiliacs. A C-to-T transition, which leads to the substitution of cysteine for arginine at position 1689, was found in a severely affected patient and a previously undescribed G-to-A substitution, causing replacement of arginine1689 with histidine, was found in a patient with mild disease.

Im Zusammenhang mit der Intensivierung von Virusinaktivierungsverfahren zur Sicherheit vor Ubertragungen jeglicher Virusinfektionen wurden diese Produkte zusatzlichen Reinigungsprozessen unterzogen, um bei deutlich niedrigerem Fremdproteingehalt eine hohere spezifische Aktivitat zu erreichen. Wir haben in den letzten 2 Jahren drei derartig entwickelte Produkte untersucht und angewendet. Bei diesen Produkten handelt es sich um das Faktor VIII-Konzentrat der Firma Behring (Beriate HS), der Firma Baxter (Hemofil M) sowie der Firma Octapharma (Octa V.I.).

Nicht nur das seit langem bekannte Problem der Hepatitis-Ubertragung, sondern insbesondere der schicksalhafte Verlauf der HIV-Infektion bei Hamophilen hat in der Behandlung der Hamophilie zur Herstellung von Gerinnungskonzentraten gefuhrt, die unabhangig vom Plasma gewonnen werden.

An improved HPLC method with electrochemical detection is applied to the determination of phenyl urea herbicide residues in crops. The analysis includes extraction and hydrolysis with NaOH, clean-up by steam distillation and partition into methanol/HCl and quantitation of the aniline by HPLC with 2-column switching technique and amperometric detection.

A marked influence of oxygenated sterol compounds (OSC: 7 alpha-, 7 beta-, and 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholestanol) on the reversible gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition behavior of cholesterol-free and cholesterol-containing model membranes is evidenced by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. Liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were chosen as model membranes. Each of the investigated OSC exerts an individual influence on the phase transition of DPPC liposomes, which expresses itself in the temperature range, the corresponding enthalpy, and the peak shape of calorimetric curves. The onset temperature of the phase transition is lowered in the following range of effectiveness: 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol greater than 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol greater than 7-ketocholestanol greater than cholesterol. The mutual presence of cholesterol and of OSC leads to the following order: 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol approximately equal to 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol greater than 7-ketocholestanol greater than cholesterol (without OSC) greater than 25-hydroxycholesterol. The enthalpy of the phase transition is decreased with increasing content of cholesterol, 7 alpha- or 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol, or 7-ketocholestanol. At a concentration of about 10 mol % of the latter three OSC, the corresponding enthalpy value of the transition is lowered from 9.1 kcal/mol for pure DPPC to about 7.5 kcal/mol, whereas 10 mol % cholesterol lowers the enthalpy value to 7.0 kcal/mol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

11.4 mg of a ceramide hexahexoside (B-I) and 16.4 mg of a ceramide octa-hexoside (B-II) as blood group B-active glycosphingolipids composed of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose (molar ratios 1:3:1:1 and 1:4:2:1 respectively) have been isolated from 6,400 ml of packed human B erythrocytes. This yield is greater by more than the 13-fold amount of B-I glycosphingolipid and the 20-fold amount of B-II glycosphingolipid which has hitherto been isolated from human erythrocytes. The B-active glycosphingolipids isolated represent about 0.04% of the erythrocyte membrane and in consequence must be regarded as the main representants of B properties of the erythrocytes as far as they have been investigated up to this time. This high yield was achieved by a simple and conservative erythrocyte membrane preparation without loss of serological activity and by the improvement of some chromatographical methods which permitted a high purification without the acetylation-deacetylation procedure. Purity was checked by gas-liquid chromatographical analysis of the sugars as their alditol acetates and by the hemagglutination inhibition technique. 1.7 × 10-8 g of each of these glycosphingolipids completely inhibit the agglutination of human B erythrocytes by 4 hemagglutination units of normal human anti-B sera. A ceramide tetrahexoside and a glycolipid fraction with a high H activity could also be isolated which possibly are blood group-intermediate substances. Lewis blood group-active glycosphingolipids characterized by the hemagglutination inhibition test and by passive hemagglutination are trace constituents of other glycosphingolipid fractions.

Hemophilia A is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or abnormality of factor VIII, affecting approximately 1 male in 10,000. A subgroup of the patients develops inhibitors against factor VIII during substitution therapy. Because a considerable percentage of all cases is thought to result from de novo mutations, it is likely that many different molecular lesions lead to hemophilia A. In order to understand the molecular basis of this disorder, we examined 160 patients with different clinical features using factor VIII gene probes. We could identify six different deletions and seven nonsense mutations within the factor VIII gene. Family analysis revealed that five of these mutations occurred de novo within two generations; two of them arose in the maternal grandfather and three in the mother. In one of these mothers we could identify a mitotic origin. Mapping of the deletions showed no deletion-prone region within the gene. Furthermore, we could not find any correlation between the particular gene defects and “inhibitor” phenotypes.

An acquired hemorrhagic disorder developed in two patients in association with postsplenectomy thrombocytosis and leukocytosis during the course of the myeloproliferative syndrome. The presence of acquired von Willebrand's disease in these individuals was demonstrated by a decrease or absence of the larger von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers, alteration of the repeating vWF multimeric “triplet,” decreased ristocetin cofactor activity (vWF:RCo), and prolonged bleeding time. The bleeding stopped in both patients after treatment with either 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine]-vasopressin (DDAVP) or Cohn fraction I. Treatment with thrombocytapheresis and azathioprine or busulfan resulted in reduction of the elevated platelet and white cell counts and was associated with partial correction of the vWF abnormalities and remission of the hemostatic abnormalities. In five additional patients with the myeloproliferative syndrome, but without bleeding symptoms, large multimers of plasma vWF were diminished also. These findings suggest that acquired von Willebrand's disease should be considered when a bleeding diathesis develops during the course of the myeloproliferative syndrome.

From 8 1 of human plasma of blood-group A Le a nonsecretors three different Le a blood-group active ceramide pentasaccharides (a total of 4.65 mg) have been isolated, all revealing glucose, galactose, N -acetylglucosamine and fucose in molar ratios of 1 : 2 : 1 : 1 as determined by gas liquid chromatography. A fourth blood-group active fraction (0.72 mg) represents a mixture of a Le a active ceramide pentasaccharide and an A active ceramide hexasaccharide (molar ratio 7.7 : 2.3 as calculated from the content of different aminosugars). Additionally, two different globosides, two different hematosides and a new N -acetylglucosamine containing ceramide tetrasaccharide were obtained. All 9 glycolipid fractions demonstrated homogeneity in analytical high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) using 4 different solvent systems. 0.2 μg of each Le a active glycolipid completely inhibited the agglutination of O Le(a + b −) erythrocytes by 50 μl of 4 hemagglutinating units of caprine anti Le a serum. At least 0.04 μg of each Le a antigen are sufficient for incubation to convert 9 × 10 7 O Le(a−b−) erythrocytes into Le a -positive cells. Mainly due to the relatively low content of the blood-group A glycolipid in plasma (0.17 mg/8 1), previously negative erythrocytes readily become agglutinable by anti Le a sera and not by anti A sera after incubation with appropriate plasma.

In 9 patients with and without signs of preoperative increased turnover of coagulation factors were examined during and after open heart surgery by ECC the following coagulation parameters: thrombelastogram, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, platelets, antithrombin-III-activity and the separate plasmic coagulation factors (II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X). During ECC a qualitatively similar coagulation disturbance developed in all patients, but it was more marked in patients with postoperative bleeding complications. This coagulation disturbance may be called an increased turnover of coagulation factors with reactive fibrinolysis and may be seen as the cause of the postoperative hemorrhagic diathesis. Therefore neutralization of heparin with protamine chloride at the end of ECC is contraindicated.

An acquired hemorrhagic disorder developed in two patients in association with postsplenectomy thrombocytosis and leukocytosis during the course of the myeloproliferative syndrome. The presence of acquired von Willebrand's disease in these individuals was demonstrated by a decrease or absence of the larger von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers, alteration of the repeating vWF multimeric “triplet,” decreased ristocetin cofactor activity (vWF:RCo), and prolonged bleeding time. The bleeding stopped in both patients after treatment with either 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine]-vasopressin (DDAVP) or Cohn fraction I. Treatment with thrombocytapheresis and azathioprine or busulfan resulted in reduction of the elevated platelet and white cell counts and was associated with partial correction of the vWF abnormalities and remission of the hemostatic abnormalities. In five additional patients with the myeloproliferative syndrome, but without bleeding symptoms, large multimers of plasma vWF were diminished also. These findings suggest that acquired von Willebrand's disease should be considered when a bleeding diathesis develops during the course of the myeloproliferative syndrome.

17 substances were shown to be present in the aroma of black tea. This brings the total number of substances now identified to 187. Many of these new aromatic constituents are present only in traces. Nevertheless they possess an appreciable olfactive intensity whose flowery and/or fruity characteristics are found in many perfumed black teas such as: Kenya, Darjeeling, Ceylan, China and Oolong. The components were identified by GC/MS. and their presence in the aroma verified by GC.

ZusammenfassungVergleichende Untersuchungen über den Fibrinogengehalt und die Faktor-VIII-Aktivität in Plasmafraktionen, die entweder nach der Methode von Cohn durch Alkoholfällung oder nach der Methode von Pool und Robinson durch Kryopräzipitation gewonnen wurden, ergaben für die ersteren signifikant höhere Aktivitätsgrade.

Bei 60 Versuchspersonen wurden verschiedene psycho-physische Kriterien vor, wahrend und nach der Entnahme einer Blutkonserve beobachtet, registriert und ausgewertet. An Hand des d-2-Testes nachBrickenkamp, des Polaritatsprofiltests, der Untersuchungen mit der verfeinerten mechanischen Schreibwaage, der Registrierung von Blutdruck, Pulsfrequenz, EEG und EKG, von Reaktionszeitmessungen und von anamnestischen Angaben, Aufzeichnungen wahrend der Versuche, Fragebogen und meteorologischen Daten lies sich bis auf wenige Ausnahmen nicht nachweisen, das die einmalige Blutspende eine Gefahrdung fur den Spender bedeutet. Die geschilderten Untersuchungen ergaben jedoch, teilweise in Ubereinstimmung mit der Literatur, praktische Gesichtspunkte, die im Rahmen eines modernen Blutspendewesens berucksichtigt werden sollten. Hierauf wird im einzelnen verwiesen.

A gas-chromatographic investigation of black tea aroma has revealed, besides 19 known components, the presence of 4 new substances: 1-penten-3-ol, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, α-terpineol and β-ionone. The fragmentation pattern of 1-penten-3-ol has been determined by means of high resolution mass spectrography.

A gas-chromatographic investigation of coffee aroma has revealed, besides 34 known components, the presence of 4 new substances: 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, γ-buty-rolactone, O-acetylacetol and hexane-2,3-dione. The fragmentation pattern of 2-Methyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-one, a known component of coffee aroma, has been determined by means of high resolution mass spectrography.

Anlaslich der erneuten Beobachtung eines Falles von congenitaler Afibrinogenamie bei einer 19jahrigen Patientin werden Anamnese, Symptomatik, Diagnostik und Therapie dieser seltenen congenitalen Erkrankung besprochen. Unter Verwendung der bereits in der Literatur beschriebenen Falle wird versucht, die differential-diagnostischen Besonderheiten dieser Erkrankung vornehmlich gegenuber der oft mit ihr verwechselten, haufiger auftretenden Hamophilie hervorzuheben. Daruber hinaus wird auf die Neigung zu thrombembolischen Komplikationen nach Fibrinogensubstitution hingewiesen. Dies legt eine Kombination der Fibrinogensubstitution mit Heparingaben nahe.

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine einfache Methode beschrieben, die quantitative Bestimmungen der Aktivität des Thrombozytenfaktors 3 ermöglicht. Dem Einstufenprinzip Quicks folgend wird bei Konstanz aller übrigen Gerinnungsfaktoren der Einfluß der allein variabel gehaltenen Faktor-3-Aktivität einer Thrombozytensuspension (oder der Einfluß äquivalent wirkender Substanzen) auf die Gerinnungszeit einer Testmischung bestimmt. Die Konstanz und zugleich optimale Konzentrierung aller übrigen Gerinnungsfaktoren wird durch ein Gemisch aus thrombozytenfreiem Zitratplasma und kontaktaktiviertem Serum erreicht. Der Zusatz von Serum sichert den konstanten Einfluß jener. Gerinnungsfaktoren, die ausschließlich im Serum enthalten sind und erst nach erfolgtem Kontakt mit benetzbaren Oberflächen maximale Aktivität aufweisen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Wirkung dieses (oder dieser) serumständigen Gerinnungsfaktoren sich in verkürzten Gerinnungszeiten manifestiert.Durch Einfrierversuche mit Thrombozyten wird der bereits bekannte, aber noch umstrittene Befund bestätigt, nachdem eine volle Aktivität des Thrombozytenfaktors 3 erst nach erfolgter Thrombozytolyse nachweisbar ist.Die angegebene Methodik erscheint besonders für vergleichende Untersuchungen der Plättchenfaktor-3-Aktivität in Thrombozytensuspensionen oder in Suspensionen äquivalent wirkenden Substanzen, wie dem aus Hirn aufbereiteten lipoidhaltigem Chloroformextrakt, geeignet. Desgleichen ermöglicht sie eine quantitative Aktivitätskontrolle derjenigen Elämostyptika, deren Wirkungsprinzip dem des Thrombozytenfaktors 3 entspricht, was am Beispiel des Tachostyptans demonstriert wird.

Of the several processes by which heat is directly transformed to useful electric power thermoelectricity offers unique advantages for several areas of application. The absence of moving parts and the simplicity promise high reliability, silence, and long-lived, maintenance-free operation both as a power source and as a heat pump for refrigeration and temperature control. A substantial effort devoted to materials development has produced new semiconductors with an integrated theoretical efficiency of about 20 per cent. Further progress in materials development is needed to achieve major goals in both military and commercial applications, but important uses can already be visualized. Small power plants for remote areas and auxiliary power supplies for space vehicles are awaiting engineering improvements, some of which again require improved materials for use as electrical contacts and electrical and thermal insulators. Similarly in refrigeration, important military applications and special commercial devices can be produced with existing thermoelectric materials when engineering problems and the auxiliary materials problems are solved.