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1. Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Emissions from the Low-luminosity AGN NGC 4278 by LHAASO

Author: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Axikegu, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, A. V. Bukevich, Q. Cao, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, A. M. Chen, E. S. Chen, H. X. Chen, Liang Chen, Lin Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, M. Y. Cui, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, Danzengluobu, X. Q. Dong, K. K. Duan, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, J. Fang, J. H. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, H. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, X. T. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. L. Feng, S. Gabici, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, W. K. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. Giacinti, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, F. L. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, M. Hasan, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. Y. He, Y. He, Y. K. Hor, B. W. Hou, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, Q. Hu, S. C. Hu, D. H. Huang, T. Q. Huang, W. J. Huang, X. T. Huang, X. Y. Huang, Y. Huang, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jia, K. Jiang, X. W. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, M. Jin, M. M. Kang, I. Karpikov, D. Kuleshov, K. Kurinov, B. B. Li, C. M. Li, Cheng Li, Cong Li, D. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, Jian Li, Jie Li, K. Li, S. D. Li, W. L. Li, X. R. Li, Xin Li, Y. Z. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S. J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, D. B. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. N. Liu, Q. Luo, Y. Luo, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, Z. Min, W. Mitthumsiri, H. J. Mu, Y. C. Nan, A. Neronov, L. J. Ou, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, J. C. Qi, M. Y. Qi, B. Q. Qiao, J. J. Qin, A. Raza, D. Ruffolo, A. Sáiz, M. Saeed, D. Semikoz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, F. W. Shu, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Y. Su, D. X. Sun, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, J. Takata, P. H. T. Tam, Q. W. Tang, R. Tang, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, C. Wang, C. B. Wang, G. W. Wang, H. G. Wang, H. H. Wang, J. C. Wang, Kai Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, P. H. Wang, R. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, Zhen Wang, Zheng Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, Q. W. Wu, S. Wu, X. F. Wu, Y. S. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, D. X. Xiao, G. Xiao, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, D. R. Xiong, Z. Xiong, D. L. Xu, R. F. Xu, R. X. Xu, W. L. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, J. Z. Yan, T. Yan, C. W. Yang, C. Y. Yang, F. Yang, F. F. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, W. X. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. Yue, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, M. Zha, B. B. Zhang, F. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, Li Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. B. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yong Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, X. H. Zhao, F. Zheng, W. J. Zhong, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, M. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, B. Y. Zhu, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, Y. C. Zou, X. Zuo, and The LHAASO Collaboration
Subjects: High energy astrophysics, Gamma-ray astronomy, Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei, LINER galaxies, Blazars, Fanaroff-Riley radio galaxies, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The first source catalog of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) reported the detection of a very high energy gamma-ray source, 1LHAASO J1219+2915. This Letter presents a further detailed study of the spectral and temporal behavior of this pointlike source. The best-fit position of the TeV source (R.A. = 185.°05 ± 0.°04, decl. = 29.°25 ± 0.°03) is compatible with NGC 4278 within ∼0.°03. Variation analysis shows an indication of variability on a timescale of a few months in the TeV band, which is consistent with low-frequency observations. Based on these observations, we report the detection of TeV γ -ray emissions from this low-luminosity active galactic nucleus. The observation by LHAASO's Water Cherenkov Detector Array during the active period has a significance level of 8.8 σ with a best-fit photon spectral index Γ = 2.56 ± 0.14 and a flux f _1–10 TeV = (7.0 ± 1.1 _sta ± 0.35 _syst ) × 10 ^−13 photons cm ^−2 s ^−1 , or approximately 5% of the Crab Nebula. The discovery of VHE gamma-ray emission from NGC 4278 indicates that compact, weak radio jets can efficiently accelerate particles and emit TeV photons.
Published: 2024
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2. The First LHAASO Catalog of Gamma-Ray Sources

Author: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Q. An, Axikegu, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, J. T. Cai, Q. Cao, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, A. M. Chen, E. S. Chen, Liang Chen, Lin Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, M. Y. Cui, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, X. Q. Dong, K. K. Duan, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, X. T. Feng, Y. L. Feng, S. Gabici, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, L. Q. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, W. K. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. Giacinti, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, F. L. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. Y. He, X. B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y. K. Hor, B. W. Hou, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, Q. Hu, S. C. Hu, D. H. Huang, T. Q. Huang, W. J. Huang, X. T. Huang, X. Y. Huang, Y. Huang, Z. C. Huang, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jia, K. Jiang, X. W. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, M. Jin, M. M. Kang, T. Ke, D. Kuleshov, K. Kurinov, B. B. Li, Cheng Li, Cong Li, D. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, H. Y. Li, J. Li, Jian Li, Jie Li, K. Li, W. L. Li, X. R. Li, Xin Li, Y. Z. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S. J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, J. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. N. Liu, R. Lu, Q. Luo, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, Z. Min, W. Mitthumsiri, H. J. Mu, Y. C. Nan, A. Neronov, Z. W. Ou, B. Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, M. Y. Qi, Y. Q. Qi, B. Q. Qiao, J. J. Qin, D. Ruffolo, A. Sáiz, D. Semikoz, C. Y. Shao, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, F. W. Shu, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Y. Su, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Q. W. Tang, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, C. Wang, C. B. Wang, G. W. Wang, H. G. Wang, H. H. Wang, J. C. Wang, K. Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, P. H. Wang, R. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, Zhen Wang, Zheng Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, X. F. Wu, Y. S. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, J. J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, D. X. Xiao, G. Xiao, G. G. Xin, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, Z. Xiong, D. L. Xu, R. F. Xu, R. X. Xu, W. L. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, J. Z. Yan, T. Yan, C. W. Yang, F. Yang, F. F. Yang, H. W. Yang, J. Y. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, S. B. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, Y. M. Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. Yue, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, M. Zha, B. B. Zhang, F. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, Li Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. B. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yong Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, F. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, M. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, X. Zuo, and (The LHAASO Collaboration)
Subjects: Gamma-ray astronomy, Gamma-ray observatories, Catalogs, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We present the first catalog of very-high-energy and ultra-high-energy gamma-ray sources detected by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory. The catalog was compiled using 508 days of data collected by the Water Cherenkov Detector Array from 2021 March to 2022 September and 933 days of data recorded by the Kilometer Squared Array from 2020 January to 2022 September. This catalog represents the main result from the most sensitive large coverage gamma-ray survey of the sky above 1 TeV, covering decl. from −20° to 80°. In total, the catalog contains 90 sources with an extended size smaller than 2° and a significance of detection at >5 σ . Based on our source association criteria, 32 new TeV sources are proposed in this study. Among the 90 sources, 43 sources are detected with ultra-high energy ( E > 100 TeV) emission at >4 σ significance level. We provide the position, extension, and spectral characteristics of all the sources in this catalog.
Published: 2024
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3. Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera

Author: F. Aharonian, Q. An, Axikegu, L. X. Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, H. Cai, J. T. Cai, Z. Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, X. C. Chang, B. M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli, X. J. Dong, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, Z. X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, Y. L. Feng, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. C. He, S. L. He, X. B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y. K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. Hu, S. C. Hu, X. J. Hu, D. H. Huang, Q. L. Huang, W. H. Huang, X. T. Huang, Z. C. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B. B. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, H. Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W. L. Li, X. Li, X. R. Li, Y. Li, Y. Z. Li, Z. Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S. J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, J. S. Liu, J. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. N. Liu, Z. X. Liu, W. J. Long, R. Lu, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y. C. Nan, B. Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, M. Y. Qi, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, J. R. Shi, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, B. D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H. G. Wang, J. C. Wang, J. S. Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, R. N. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. J. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, W. X. Wu, X. F. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, J. J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, G. Xiao, H. B. Xiao, G. G. Xin, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, D. L. Xu, R. X. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, C. W. Yang, F. F. Yang, J. Y. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, S. B. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, Y. M. Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, B. B. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, X. Zuo, and The LHAASO Collaboration
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in this application. Eighteen SiPM-based cameras with square light funnels have been built for WFCTA. The telescopes have collected more than 100 million cosmic ray events and preliminary results indicate that these cameras are capable of working under moonlight. The characteristics of the light funnels and SiPMs pose challenges (e.g. dynamic range, dark count rate, assembly techniques). In this paper, we present the design features, manufacturing techniques and performances of these cameras. Finally, the test facilities, the test methods and results of SiPMs in the cameras are reported here.
Published: 2021
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4. Observation of Gamma Rays up to 320 TeV from the Middle-aged TeV Pulsar Wind Nebula HESS J1849−000

Author: M. Amenomori, S. Asano, Y. W. Bao, X. J. Bi, D. Chen, T. L. Chen, W. Y. Chen, Xu Chen, Y. Chen, Cirennima, S. W. Cui, Danzengluobu, L. K. Ding, J. H. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, Zhaoyang Feng, Z. Y. Feng, Qi Gao, A. Gomi, Q. B. Gou, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. Hayashi, H. H. He, Z. T. He, K. Hibino, N. Hotta, Haibing Hu, H. B. Hu, K. Y. Hu, J. Huang, H. Y. Jia, L. Jiang, P. Jiang, H. B. Jin, K. Kasahara, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, S. Kato, I. Kawahara, T. Kawashima, K. Kawata, M. Kozai, D. Kurashige, Labaciren, G. M. Le, A. F. Li, H. J. Li, W. J. Li, Y. Li, Y. H. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, J. S. Liu, L. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, W. Liu, H. Lu, X. R. Meng, Y. Meng, K. Munakata, K. Nagaya, Y. Nakamura, Y. Nakazawa, H. Nanjo, C. C. Ning, M. Nishizawa, R. Noguchi, M. Ohnishi, S. Okukawa, S. Ozawa, X. Qian, X. L. Qian, X. B. Qu, T. Saito, Y. Sakakibara, M. Sakata, T. Sako, T. K. Sako, T. Sasaki, J. Shao, M. Shibata, A. Shiomi, H. Sugimoto, W. Takano, M. Takita, Y. H. Tan, N. Tateyama, S. Torii, H. Tsuchiya, S. Udo, H. Wang, S. F. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Wangdui, H. R. Wu, Q. Wu, J. L. Xu, L. Xue, Z. Yang, Y. Q. Yao, J. Yin, Y. Yokoe, Y. L. Yu, A. F. Yuan, L. M. Zhai, H. M. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Ying Zhang, S. P. Zhao, Zhaxisangzhu, X. X. Zhou, and Y. H. Zou
Subjects: Galactic cosmic rays, Pulsar wind nebulae, Gamma-ray sources, Gamma-ray astronomy, Gamma-ray observatories, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Gamma rays from HESS J1849−000, a middle-aged TeV pulsar wind nebula (PWN), are observed by the Tibet air shower array and the muon detector array. The detection significance of gamma rays reaches 4.0 σ and 4.4 σ levels above 25 TeV and 100 TeV, respectively, in units of the Gaussian standard deviation σ . The energy spectrum measured between 40 TeV < E < 320 TeV for the first time is described with a simple power-law function of ${dN}/{dE}={(2.86\pm 1.44)\times {10}^{-16}(E/40\,\mathrm{TeV})}^{-2.24\pm 0.41}\,{\mathrm{TeV}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}\,{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}$ . The gamma-ray energy spectrum from the sub-TeV ( E < 1 TeV) to sub-PeV (100 TeV < E < 1 PeV) ranges, including the results of previous studies, can be modeled with the leptonic scenario, i.e., inverse Compton scattering by high-energy electrons accelerated by the PWN of PSR J1849−0001. On the other hand, the gamma-ray energy spectrum can also be modeled with the hadronic scenario in which gamma rays are generated from the decay of neutral pions produced by collisions between accelerated cosmic-ray protons and the ambient molecular cloud found in the gamma-ray-emitting region. The cutoff energy of cosmic-ray protons E _p,cut is estimated as ${\mathrm{log}}_{10}({E}_{{\rm{p}},\mathrm{cut}}/\mathrm{TeV})={3.73}_{-0.66}^{+2.98}$ , suggesting that protons are accelerated up to the PeV energy range. Our study thus proposes that HESS J1849−000 should be further investigated as a new candidate as a Galactic PeV cosmic-ray accelerator, or “PeVatron.”
Published: 2023
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5. Influence of Microscopic Effects on the Static Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Iron HT200 Specimens

Author: L. Fan, H. B. Hu, X. S. Tang, J. J. He, and W. Chen
Subjects: Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492
Abstract: Gray cast iron HT200 material is a kind of pearlitic gray cast iron. Flake graphite in the gray cast iron greatly destroys the integrity of the matrix and affect the static strength. The influence of microscopic effects on the tensile static strength of gray cast iron HT200 specimens is investigated. The microstructures are observed by the scanning electron microscope. The failure tests are done under the static loads for the cylinder specimens of gray cast iron HT200. Then, an energy density zone (EDZ) model is applied to the simulation of the fracture process of the specimens. The energy density zone model is a macro/micro-trans-scale crack growth model that can depict a fracture process from an initial microdefect at the microscale to the final break at the macroscale. Three scale transitional functions as well as the size of the initial microdefect in the model represent the microscopic effects in a fracture process. Three scale transitional functions are speculated in view of the physical failure mechanisms. Two other material parameters in the model are determined from the test data. Thereby, the fracture process of gray cast iron specimens is numerically simulated, and the static strength values are calculated. The calculated values of static strength of gray cast iron specimens are identical to the test values. It is seen that the energy density zone model can accurately describe a fracture process of brittle materials like gray cast iron. In addition, the calculated results show that the microscopic effects did affect the static strength of gray cast material.
Published: 2021
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6. Line-of-shower trigger method to lower energy threshold for GRB detection using LHAASO-WCDA

Author: C. F. Feng, Bin Zhou, X. L. Ji, R. Lu, H. B. Xiao, J. R. Shi, W. Zeng, Z. H. Wang, Shengxue Zhang, Pak-Hin Thomas Tam, H. C. Li, Jun Liu, H. Y. Jia, B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, W. X. Wu, Junjie Mao, Y. Q. Guo, Dong Liu, F. Ji, H. R. Wu, Y. J. Wei, Alejandro Sáiz, Oleg Shchegolev, L. Feng, V. Rulev, L. Xue, Xuliang Chen, Xing-Yuan Hou, D. M. Wei, S. Hu, M. L. Chen, Jianeng Zhou, J. Y. Liu, Warit Mitthumsiri, Y. Zhang, Q. An, Y. He, Q. Gao, Ruizhi Yang, X. N. Sun, H. B. Hu, H. Liu, L. Chen, X. G. Wang, S. Q. Xi, J. Fang, X. H. You, Ping Zhou, Z. C. Huang, Y. Z. Li, P. F. Zhang, C. Y. Wu, Hong-Guang Wang, G. M. Xiang, W. Liu, Yu-Lei Chen, Zihuang Cao, X. C. Chang, Z. K. Zeng, Y. J. Bi, H. D. Liu, Y. D. Cheng, Bo Zhang, Y. Zheng, L. Q. Yin, Duo Yan, F. Zheng, Hao Zhou, X. X. Zhou, Q. Yuan, Hefan Li, J. F. Chang, Z. X. Liu, Felix Aharonian, H. N. He, C. D. Gao, Lei Zhao, Q. H. Chen, Youping Li, Y. M. Ye, B. B. Li, Yongchun Wang, Y. D. Cui, Bai Yibing, L. P. Wang, J. B. Zhao, Y. J. Wang, J. Y. Yang, S. Z. Chen, Yunchao Liu, B. Z. Dai, Rong Xu, Z. X. Fan, Z. Y. You, Z. G. Dai, X. F. Wu, He Zhang, S. H. Feng, S. B. Yang, J. J. Xia, W. Gao, S. L. He, Y. P. Wang, B. M. Chen, Fan Yang, A. Masood, Kun Fang, S.H. Chen, Yugang Zhang, H. Cai, Lang Shao, H. Wang, J.W. Xia, L. Z. Zhao, G. C. Xiao, X. X. Zhai, Y. C. Nan, Shi-Qi Hu, X. J. Bi, Z. Li, R. Liu, E. W. Liang, X. Zuo, M. J. Yang, Y. H. Yao, W. L. Li, L. X. Zhang, H. K. Lv, Xufang Li, B. Y. Pang, Zebo Tang, M. H. Gu, Z. Y. Pei, Xuejiao Li, F. R. Zhu, T. L. Chen, Qie Sun, K. J. Zhu, Ying Zhang, H. M. Zhang, J. Chen, H. L. Dai, Y. L. Xin, T. Wen, S. W. Cui, M. Zha, J. C. He, W. H. Huang, L. X. Bai, Binyu Zhao, Yun-Feng Liang, Jixia Li, X. H. Cui, Xinbo He, K. Jiang, X. J. Hu, J. W. Zhang, Li-Sheng Geng, Wenwu Tian, Z. X. Wang, Xiaofei Zhang, David Ruffolo, Yu. V. Stenkin, C. Hou, Z. B. Sun, Shuibin Lin, Lu Zhang, K. Levochkin, Cheng Guang Zhu, X. D. Sheng, Minghao Qi, Houdun Zeng, Jun-Jie Wei, Jia Zhang, Y. A. Han, H. B. Li, Danzengluobu, Rui Zhang, H. C. Song, Linbin Yang, Y. Z. Fan, J. T. Cai, H. H. He, Y. M. Xing, F. Y. Li, D. H. Huang, H. Zhu, Xiang Zhang, M. M. Ge, J. G. Guo, S. R. Zhang, N. Cheng, L. L. Ma, G. H. Gong, J. S. Wang, Cunguo Wang, Shujuan Liu, N. Yin, Y. H. Yu, W. J. Long, Axikegu, Xuelong Wang, P. P. Zhang, Chunlong Li, Minghui Liu, D. Bastieri, Jinyao Liu, Z. G. Yao, X. H. Ma, M. Heller, K. Li, Z. J. Jiang, J. Liu, R. N. Wang, V. I. Stepanov, Jian Wang, Chiming Jin, D.A. Kuleshov, G. G. Xin, M. J. Chen, S. P. Zhao, Y. Y. Guo, Donglian Xu, X. L. Guo, X. J. Dong, Y. K. Hor, T. Montaruli, Y. L. Feng, W. Wang, P. Pattarakijwanich, S. Wu, B. D. Wang, C. X. Liu, Y. W. Bao, X. T. Huang, R. Zhou, L. Y. Wang, D. della Volpe, C. W. Yang, Jun-Hui Fan, Zujian Wang, Q. B. Gou, Qizhi Huang, B. Liu, Bingshui Gao, Xiang-Yu Wang, Tao Zeng, and Bin Ma
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Cherenkov detector, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics, law.invention, Air shower, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Duty cycle, law, Observatory, Gamma-ray burst, Energy (signal processing), Line (formation)
Abstract: Observation of high energy and very high emission from Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) is crucial to study the gigantic explosion and the underline processes. With a large field-of-view and almost full duty cycle, the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA), a sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), is appropriate to monitor the very high energy emission from unpredictable transients such as GRBs. Nevertheless, the main issue for an extensive air shower array is the high energy threshold which limits the horizon of the detector. To address this issue a new trigger method is developed in this article to lower the energy threshold of WCDA for GRB observation. The proposed method significantly improves the detection efficiency of WCDA for gamma-rays around the GRB direction at 10-300 GeV. The sensitivity of the WCDA for GRB detection with the new trigger method is estimated. The achieved sensitivity of the quarter WCDA array above 10 GeV is comparable with that of Fermi-LAT. The data analysis process and corresponding fluence upper limit for GRB 190719C is presented as an example.
Published: 2021

7. A dynamic range extension system for LHAASO WCDA-1

Author: F. Aharonian, Q. An, null Axikegu, L. X. Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, H. Cai, J. T. Cai, Z. Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, X. C. Chang, B. M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, null Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli, X. J. Dong, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, Z. X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, Y. L. Feng, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. C. He, S. L. He, X. B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y. K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. Hu, S. C. Hu, X. J. Hu, D. H. Huang, Q. L. Huang, W. H. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. Huang, Z. C. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B. B. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, H. Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W. L. Li, X. Li, X. R. Li, Y. Li, Y. Z. Li, Z. Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S. J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, J. S. Liu, J. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. N. Liu, Z. X. Liu, W. J. Long, R. Lu, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y. C. Nan, B. Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, M. Y. Qi, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, J. R. Shi, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, B. D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H. G. Wang, J. C. Wang, J. S. Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, R. N. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. J. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, W. X. Wu, X. F. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, J. J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, G. Xiao, H. B. Xiao, G. G. Xin, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, D. L. Xu, R. X. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, C. W. Yang, F. F. Yang, J. Y. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, S. B. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, Y. M. Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, B. B. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, and X. Zuo
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dynamic range, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Extension (predicate logic), Measure (mathematics), Effective nuclear charge, Nuclear physics, Air shower, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Orders of magnitude (time), Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The main scientific goal of LHAASO-WCDA is to survey gamma-ray sources with energy from 100 GeV to 30 TeV. To observe high-energy shower events, especially to measure the energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 100 TeV to 10 PeV, a dynamic range extension system (WCDA++) is designed to use a 1.5-inch PMT with a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude for each cell in WCDA-1. The dynamic range is extended by using these PMTs to measure the effective charge density in the core region of air shower events, which is an important parameter for identifying the composition of primary particles. The system has been running for more than one year. In this paper, the details of the design and performance of WCDA++ are presented.
Published: 2021

8. Constraints on heavy decaying dark matter from 570 days of LHAASO observations

Author: Zhen, Cao, F, Aharonian, Q, An, Axikegu, L X, Bai, Y X, Bai, Y W, Bao, D, Bastieri, X J, Bi, Y J, Bi, J T, Cai, Zhe, Cao, J, Chang, J F, Chang, E S, Chen, Liang, Chen, Long, Chen, M J, Chen, M L, Chen, Q H, Chen, S H, Chen, S Z, Chen, T L, Chen, Y, Chen, H L, Cheng, N, Cheng, Y D, Cheng, S W, Cui, X H, Cui, Y D, Cui, B, D'Ettorre Piazzoli, B Z, Dai, H L, Dai, Z G, Dai, Danzengluobu, D, Della Volpe, K K, Duan, J H, Fan, Y Z, Fan, Z X, Fan, J, Fang, K, Fang, C F, Feng, L, Feng, S H, Feng, X T, Feng, Y L, Feng, B, Gao, C D, Gao, L Q, Gao, Q, Gao, W, Gao, W K, Gao, M M, Ge, L S, Geng, G H, Gong, Q B, Gou, M H, Gu, F L, Guo, J G, Guo, X L, Guo, Y Q, Guo, Y Y, Guo, Y A, Han, H H, He, H N, He, S L, He, X B, He, Y, He, M, Heller, Y K, Hor, C, Hou, X, Hou, H B, Hu, Q, Hu, S, Hu, S C, Hu, X J, Hu, D H, Huang, W H, Huang, X T, Huang, X Y, Huang, Y, Huang, Z C, Huang, X L, Ji, H Y, Jia, K, Jia, K, Jiang, Z J, Jiang, M, Jin, M M, Kang, T, Ke, D, Kuleshov, K, Levochkin, B B, Li, Cheng, Li, Cong, Li, F, Li, H B, Li, H C, Li, H Y, Li, J, Li, Jian, Li, Jie, Li, K, Li, W L, Li, X R, Li, Xin, Li, Y Z, Li, Zhe, Li, Zhuo, Li, E W, Liang, Y F, Liang, S J, Lin, B, Liu, C, Liu, D, Liu, H, Liu, H D, Liu, J, Liu, J L, Liu, J S, Liu, J Y, Liu, M Y, Liu, R Y, Liu, S M, Liu, W, Liu, Y, Liu, Y N, Liu, W J, Long, R, Lu, Q, Luo, H K, Lv, B Q, Ma, L L, Ma, X H, Ma, J R, Mao, A, Masood, Z, Min, W, Mitthumsiri, Y C, Nan, Z W, Ou, B Y, Pang, P, Pattarakijwanich, Z Y, Pei, M Y, Qi, Y Q, Qi, B Q, Qiao, J J, Qin, D, Ruffolo, A, Sáiz, C Y, Shao, L, Shao, O, Shchegolev, X D, Sheng, J Y, Shi, H C, Song, Yu V, Stenkin, V, Stepanov, Y, Su, Q N, Sun, X N, Sun, Z B, Sun, P H T, Tam, Z B, Tang, W W, Tian, B D, Wang, C, Wang, H, Wang, H G, Wang, J C, Wang, J S, Wang, L P, Wang, L Y, Wang, R, Wang, R N, Wang, W, Wang, X G, Wang, X Y, Wang, Y, Wang, Y D, Wang, Y J, Wang, Y P, Wang, Z H, Wang, Z X, Wang, Zhen, Wang, Zheng, Wang, D M, Wei, J J, Wei, Y J, Wei, T, Wen, C Y, Wu, H R, Wu, S, Wu, X F, Wu, Y S, Wu, S Q, Xi, J, Xia, J J, Xia, G M, Xiang, D X, Xiao, G, Xiao, G G, Xin, Y L, Xin, Y, Xing, Z, Xiong, D L, Xu, R X, Xu, L, Xue, D H, Yan, J Z, Yan, C W, Yang, F F, Yang, H W, Yang, J Y, Yang, L L, Yang, M J, Yang, R Z, Yang, S B, Yang, Y H, Yao, Z G, Yao, Y M, Ye, L Q, Yin, N, Yin, X H, You, Z Y, You, Y H, Yu, Q, Yuan, H, Yue, H D, Zeng, T X, Zeng, W, Zeng, Z K, Zeng, M, Zha, X X, Zhai, B B, Zhang, F, Zhang, H M, Zhang, H Y, Zhang, J L, Zhang, L X, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Lu, Zhang, P F, Zhang, P P, Zhang, R, Zhang, S B, Zhang, S R, Zhang, S S, Zhang, X, Zhang, X P, Zhang, Y F, Zhang, Y L, Zhang, Yi, Zhang, Yong, Zhang, B, Zhao, J, Zhao, L, Zhao, L Z, Zhao, S P, Zhao, F, Zheng, Y, Zheng, B, Zhou, H, Zhou, J N, Zhou, P, Zhou, R, Zhou, X X, Zhou, C G, Zhu, F R, Zhu, H, Zhu, K J, Zhu, X, Zuo, S, Ando, M, Chianese, D F G, Fiorillo, G, Miele, K C Y, Ng, and GRAPPA (ITFA, IoP, FNWI)
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The kilometer square array (KM2A) of the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) aims at surveying the northern γ-ray sky at energies above 10 TeV with unprecedented sensitivity. γ-ray observations have long been one of the most powerful tools for dark matter searches, as, e.g., high-energy γ rays could be produced by the decays of heavy dark matter particles. In this Letter, we present the first dark matter analysis with LHAASO-KM2A, using the first 340 days of data from 1/2-KM2A and 230 days of data from 3/4-KM2A. Several regions of interest are used to search for a signal and account for the residual cosmic-ray background after γ/hadron separation. We find no excess of dark matter signals, and thus place some of the strongest γ-ray constraints on the lifetime of heavy dark matter particles with mass between 105 and 109 GeV. Our results with LHAASO are robust, and have important implications for dark matter interpretations of the diffuse astrophysical high-energy neutrino emission.
Published: 2022

9. The Original Anisotropy of TeV Cosmic Rays in the Local Interstellar Medium

Author: Ming Zhang, N. V. Pogorelov, Y. Zhang, H. B. Hu, and R. Schlickeiser
Published: 2020
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10. Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources

Author: Alejandro Sáiz, Y. H. Yao, W. X. Wu, P. P. Zhang, Zhuo Li, R. Liu, Pak-Hin Thomas Tam, H. C. Li, Liang Chen, J. C. Wang, Y. L. Xin, L. Chen, M. J. Chen, Hong-Guang Wang, Y. J. Wei, S. Hu, Junjie Mao, Y. Q. Guo, J. Y. Liu, V. Rulev, P. F. Zhang, L. Xue, H. B. Hu, H. Liu, Rui Zhang, Linbin Yang, C. F. Feng, F. Ji, Xiaofei Zhang, F. Zheng, V. I. Stepanov, Ping Zhou, Q. H. Chen, H. R. Wu, Warit Mitthumsiri, X. C. Chang, Z. K. Zeng, C. D. Gao, Bin Zhou, W. L. Li, S. Z. Chen, M. M. Ge, Lei Zhao, Y. Z. Li, Y. Y. Guo, Y. J. Bi, Zhe Cao, Y. K. Hor, Xuejiao Li, H. D. Liu, S. H. Feng, B. Liu, Y. D. Cheng, Bo Zhang, H. K. Lv, H. M. Zhang, K. Levochkin, Y. J. Wang, L. X. Bai, Jixia Li, T. Montaruli, Duo Yan, Hefan Li, Ying Zhang, Bingshui Gao, Q. An, H. B. Xiao, J. R. Shi, X. D. Sheng, Z. X. Liu, W. H. Huang, M. L. Chen, Jianeng Zhou, Q. Gao, Minghao Qi, W. Zeng, Li-Sheng Geng, J. Chen, B. M. Chen, T. Wen, S. W. Cui, Z. X. Wang, Chiming Jin, S. B. Yang, L. Z. Zhao, C. W. Yang, J. B. Zhao, D.A. Kuleshov, Y. M. Xing, L. P. Wang, E. W. Liang, X. F. Wu, Zhe Li, B. Y. Pang, B. B. Li, X. Zuo, Cong Li, S. Q. Xi, Kun Fang, W. Gao, B. Z. Dai, Z. H. Wang, H. Cai, Jun Liu, Zhen Wang, J. C. He, Houdun Zeng, J. Fang, G. C. Xiao, Y. C. Nan, Z. G. Yao, Z. Y. Pei, Jun-Hui Fan, X. X. Zhou, Q. Yuan, H. B. Li, Shi-Qi Hu, G. G. Xin, J. F. Chang, Xufang Li, Oleg Shchegolev, G. M. Xiang, S. P. Zhao, W. Liu, X. L. Ji, M. J. Yang, H. H. He, R. Lu, Zhengguo Cao, Felix Aharonian, J. W. Zhang, H. C. Song, Yongchun Wang, Yugang Zhang, Wenwu Tian, He Zhang, Bai Yibing, S. L. He, Donglian Xu, Y. L. Feng, Zebo Tang, X. L. Guo, Y. D. Cui, X. J. Dong, Zheng Wang, Jun-Jie Wei, Q. B. Gou, Qizhi Huang, H. N. He, K. J. Zhu, M. Zha, B. D. Wang, Ruizhi Yang, X. N. Sun, Y. P. Wang, Z. C. Huang, H. L. Dai, H. Wang, Xiang Zhang, Xing-Yuan Hou, Yunchao Liu, H. Y. Jia, D. M. Wei, Z. G. Dai, Rong Xu, Fan Yang, A. Masood, F. Y. Li, Xinbo He, Youping Li, X. T. Huang, L. Y. Wang, X. R. Li, J. J. Xia, K. Jiang, Binyu Zhao, X. J. Hu, Yun-Feng Liang, W. Wang, Y. A. Han, J. G. Guo, Yu. V. Stenkin, Lang Shao, J.W. Xia, P. Pattarakijwanich, X. H. You, S.H. Chen, S. R. Zhang, C. Hou, Shuibin Lin, Lu Zhang, L. Feng, Xuelong Wang, S. Wu, X. X. Zhai, Xuliang Chen, C. X. Liu, L. L. Ma, Y. He, Z. X. Fan, Z. Y. You, F. R. Zhu, Y. W. Bao, Qie Sun, Yi Chen, X. G. Wang, Yi Zhang, Xiang-Yu Wang, D. H. Huang, R. Zhou, Hao Zhou, H. Zhu, X. J. Bi, D. della Volpe, Tao Zeng, T. L. Chen, Bin Ma, J. S. Wang, Cunguo Wang, L. X. Zhang, Shujuan Liu, N. Yin, N. Cheng, D. Bastieri, X. H. Cui, Cheng Li, W. J. Long, Shengxue Zhang, Axikegu, Li Zhang, G. H. Gong, Danzengluobu, M. H. Gu, Y. H. Yu, Jie Zhang, Y. Z. Fan, Dong Liu, C. Y. Wu, J. T. Cai, Long Chen, Y. Zheng, L. Q. Yin, Y. M. Ye, J. Y. Yang, B D Ettorre Piazzoli, David Ruffolo, Z. B. Sun, Cheng Guang Zhu, X. H. Ma, M. Heller, K. Li, Z. J. Jiang, J. Liu, Yong Zhang, Minghui Liu, R. N. Wang, and Jinyao Liu
Subjects: Physics, Multidisciplinary, Photon, COSMIC cancer database, Proton, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Electron, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Supernova, Crab Nebula, Pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 1015 electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons—cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays1. The principal signature of both electron and proton PeVatrons is ultrahigh-energy (exceeding 100 TeV) γ radiation. Evidence of the presence of a proton PeVatron has been found in the Galactic Centre, according to the detection of a hard-spectrum radiation extending to 0.04 PeV (ref. 2). Although γ-rays with energies slightly higher than 0.1 PeV have been reported from a few objects in the Galactic plane3–6, unbiased identification and in-depth exploration of PeVatrons requires detection of γ-rays with energies well above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the detection of more than 530 photons at energies above 100 teraelectronvolts and up to 1.4 PeV from 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources with a statistical significance greater than seven standard deviations. Despite having several potential counterparts in their proximity, including pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants and star-forming regions, the PeVatrons responsible for the ultrahigh-energy γ-rays have not yet been firmly localized and identified (except for the Crab Nebula), leaving open the origin of these extreme accelerators. Observations of γ-rays with energies up to 1.4 PeV find that 12 sources in the Galaxy are PeVatrons, one of which is the Crab Nebula.
Published: 2021

11. EFFECT OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER STRAIN XF-1 ON SOIL NUTRIENTS AND GROWTH OF AMORPHA FRUTICOSA

Author: Q.-F. Wu, L.-M. He, and H.-B. Hu
Subjects: Horticulture, biology, Soil nutrients, Strain (chemistry), Aspergillus niger, Amorpha fruticosa, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy and Crop Science, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Published: 2020

12. Design and expected performances of the large acceptance calorimeter for the HERD space mission

Author: Pacini, L., Adriani, O., Bai, Y. -L., Bao, T. -W., Berti, E., Bottai, S., Cao, W. -W., Casaus, J., Cui, X. -Z., D’Alessandro, R., Formato, V., Gao, J. -R., Li, R., Liu, X., Lorusso, L., Lyu, L. -W., Marin, J., Martinez, G., Pizzolotto, C., Qin, J. -J., Quan, Z., Shi, D. -L., Starodubtsev, O., Tang, Z. -C., Tiberio, A., Vagelli, V., Velasco, M. A., Wang, B., Wang, Hongmei, R. -J., Z. -G., Xu, M., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Zheng, J. -K., Alemanno, F., Aloisio, R., Altomare, G., Ambrosi, G., An, Q., Antonelli, M., Azzarello, P., Bai, L., Bai, Y. L., Bao, T. W., Barbanera, M., Barbato, F. C. T., Bernardini, P., Berti, B., Bertucci, B., X. J., Bi, Bigongiari, G., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bordas, P., Bosch-Ramon, V., Brogi, P., Cadoux, F., Campana, D., Cao, W. W., Cao, Z., Catanzani, E., Cattaneo, P. W., Chang, J., Chang, Y. H., Chen, G. M., Chen, F., Cianetti, F., Comerma, A., Cortis, D., Cui, X. H., Cui, X. Z., Dai, C., Dai, Z. G., Gaetanoe, De, Mitri, De, Palma, De, Felice, Di, Giovanni, Di, Santo, Di, Venere, Di, Dong, L., Dong, J. N., Donvito, Y. W., Duranti, G., D’Urso, M., Evoli, D., Fang, C., Fariña, K., Favre, L., Feng, Y., Feng, C. Q., Feng, H., Feng, H. B., Finetti, Z. K., Formato, N., Frieden, V., Fusco, J. M., Gao, P., Gargano, J. R., Gascon-Fora, F., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, D., Giovacchini, N., Gomez, F., Gong, S., Gou, K., Guida, Q. B., Guo, R., Guo, D. Y., Guo, J. H., Y. Q., He, H. H., Hu, H. B., Hu, J. Y., Hu, Hu, P., Huang, Y. M., Huang, G. S., Huang, J., Huang, W. H., Huang, X. T., Huang, Y. B., Ionica, Y. F., Jouvin, M., Kotenko, L., Kyratzis, A., Marra, La, Li, D., M. J., Li, Q. Y., Li, S. L., Li, Li, T., Li, X., Li, Z., Liang, Z. H., Liang, E. W., Liao, M. J., Licciulli, C. L., Lin, F., Liu, S. J., Liu, D., Liu, H. B., Liu, H., Liu, J. B., Liu, S. B., Liu, X. W., Loparco, Y. Q., Loporchio, F., Lu, S., Lyu, X., Lyu, J. G., Maestro, L. W., Mancini, E., Manera, E., Marin, R., Marrocchesi, J., Marsella, P. S., Marzullo, M., Mauricio, D., Mocchiutti, J., Morettini, G., Mori, G., Mussolin, L., Nicola, Mazziotta, Oliva, M., Orlandi, A., Osteria, D., Pacini, G., Panico, L., Pantalei, B., Papa, F. R., Papini, S., Paredes, P., Parenti, J. M., Pauluzzi, A., Pearce, M., Peng, M., Perfetto, W. X., Perrina, F., Perrotta, C., Pillera, G., Pizzolotto, R., Qiao, C., Qin, R., Quadrani, J. J., Quan, L., Rappoldi, Z., Raselli, A., Ren, G., Renno, X. X., Ribo, F., Rico, M., Rossella, J., Ryde, M., Sanmukh, F., Scotti, A., Serini, V., Shi, D., Shi, D. L., Silveri, Q. Q., Starodubtsev, L., Su, O., D. T., Su, Sukhonos, M., Suma, D., Sun, A., Sun, X. L., Surdo, Z. T., Tang, A., Tiberio, Z. C., Tykhonov, A., Vagelli, A., Vannuccini, V., Velasco, E., Walter, M., Wang, R., Wang, A. Q., Wang, J. C., Wang, J. M., Wang, J. J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R. J., Wang, S., Wang, X. Y., Wang, X. L., Wei, Z. G., Wei, D. M., J. J., Wu, B. B., Wu, Wu, J., L. B., Wu, Wu, X., Xin, X. F., Y. L., Xu, Yan, Z. Z., Yang, H. R., Yin, Y., P. F., Yu, Yuan, Y. W., Zampa, Q., Zampa, G., Zha, N., Zhang, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, F. Z., Zhang, L. F., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y. L., Zheng, Z. G., Zhou, J. K., Zhu, Y. L., Zhu, F. R., and K. J.
Subjects: Space experiments, Energy, Scintillating fiber, Performance, Monte Carlo methods, Measurements of, Space stations, Space missions, Cosmology, Cosmic rays, Intelligent systems, Scintillation counters, Silicon detectors, Charge detectors, Fiber trackers, Radiation detection, Read out systems, Calorimeters
Published: 2022

13. Gamma-ray performance study of the HERD payload

Author: Adriani, O., Alemanno, F., Aloisio, R., Altomare, C., Ambrosi, G., An, Q., Antonelli, M., Azzarello, P., Bai, L., Bai, Y. L., Bao, T. W., Barbanera, M., Barbato, F. C. T., Bernardini, P., Berti, E., Bertucci, B., X. J., Bi, Bigongiari, G., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bordas, P., Bosch-Ramon, V., Bottai, S., Brogi, P., Cadoux, F., Campana, D., Cao, W. W., Cao, Z., Casaus, J., Catanzani, E., Cattaneo, P. W., Chang, J., Chang, Y. H., Chen, G. M., Chen, Y., Cianetti, F., Comerma, A., Cortis, D., Cui, X. H., Cui, X. Z., Dai, C., Dai, Z. G., D'Alessandro, R., Gaetano, De, Mitri, De, Palma, De, Felice, Di, Giovanni, Di, Santo, Di, Venere, Di, Dong, L., Dong, J. N., Donvito, Y. W., Duranti, G., D'Urso, M., Evoli, D., Fang, C., Fariña, K., Favre, L., Feng, Y., Feng, C. Q., Feng, H., Feng, H. B., Finetti, Z. K., Formato, N., Frieden, V., Fusco, J. M., Gao, P., Gargano, J. R., Gascon-Fora, F., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, D., Giovacchini, N., Gomez, F., Gong, S., Gou, K., Guida, Q. B., Guo, R., Guo, D. Y., Guo, J. H., Y. Q., He, H. H., Hu, H. B., Hu, J. Y., Hu, Hu, P., Huang, Y. M., Huang, G. S., Huang, J., Huang, W. H., Huang, X. T., Huang, Y. B., Ionica, Y. F., Jouvin, M., Kotenko, L., Kyratzis, A., Marra, La, Li, D., M. J., Li, Q. Y., Li, Li, R., S. L., Li, Li, T., Li, X., Li, Z., Liang, Z. H., Liang, E. W., Liao, M. J., Licciulli, C. L., Lin, F., Liu, S. J., Liu, D., Liu, H. B., Liu, H., Liu, J. B., Liu, S. B., Liu, X., Liu, X. W., Loparco, Y. Q., Loporchio, F., Lu, S., Lyu, X., Lyu, J. G., Maestro, L. W., Mancini, E., Manera, E., Marin, R., Marrocchesi, J., Marsella, P. S., Martinez, G., Marzullo, M., Mauricio, D., Mocchiutti, J., Morettini, G., Mori, G., Mussolin, L., Nicola, Mazziotta, Oliva, M., Orlandi, A., Osteria, D., Pacini, G., Panico, L., Pantaleo, B., Papa, F. R., Papini, S., Paredes, P., Parenti, J. M., Pauluzzi, A., Pearce, M., Peng, M., Perfetto, W. X., Perrina, F., Perrotta, C., Pillera, G., Pizzolotto, R., Qiao, C., Qin, R., Quadrani, J. J., Quan, L., Rappoldi, Z., Raselli, A., Ren, G., Renno, X. X., Ribo, F., Rico, M., Rossella, J., Ryde, M., Sanmukh, F., Scotti, A., Serini, V., Shi, D., Shi, D. L., Silveri, Q. Q., Starodubtsev, L., Su, O., D. T., Su, Sukhonos, M., Suma, D., Sun, A., Sun, X. L., Surdo, Z. T., Tang, A., Tiberio, Z. C., Tykhonov, A., Vagelli, A., Vannuccini, V., Velasco, E., Walter, M., Wang, R., Wang, A. Q., Wang, B., Wang, J. C., Wang, J. M., Wang, J. J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R. J., Wang, S., Wang, X. Y., Wang, X. L., Wei, Z. G., Wei, D. M., J. J., Wu, B. B., Wu, Wu, J., L. B., Wu, Wu, X., Xin, X. F., Y. L., Xu, Xu, M., Yan, Z. Z., Yang, H. R., Yin, Y., P. F., Yu, Yuan, Y. W., Zampa, Q., Zampa, G., Zha, N., Zhang, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, F. Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, L. F., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y. L., Zheng, Z. G., Zhou, J. K., Zhu, Y. L., Zhu, F. R., and K. J.
Subjects: Energy, Performance, Cosmology, Gamma rays, Optical transfer function, Space stations, Dark matter searches, Detector geometry, Full simulations, Gamma-rays, Knee energy, Performance study, Radiation detection, Space astronomy, Cosmic rays
Published: 2022

14. The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detector (HERD) Trigger System

Author: Velasco, M. A., Bao, T., Berti, E., Bonvicini, V., Casaus, J., Giovacchini, F., Liu, X., Marco, R., Marín, J., Martínez, G., Mori, N., Oliva, A., Pacini, L., Quan, Z., Tang, Z., Xu, M., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Adriani, O., Alemanno, F., Aloisio, R., Altomare, G., Ambrosi, G., An, Q., Antonelli, M., Azzarello, P., Bai, L., Bai, Y. L., Bao, T. W., Barbanera, M., Barbato, F. C. T., Bernardini, B., Bertucci, B., X. J., Bi, Bigongiari, G., Bongi, M., Bordas, P., Bosch-Ramon, V., Bottai, S., Brogi, P., Cadoux, F., Campana, D., Cao, W. W., Cao, Z., Catanzani, E., Cattaneo, P. W., Chang, J., Chang, Y. H., Chen, G. M., Chen, F., Cianetti, F., Comerma, A., Cortis, D., Cui, X. H., Cui, X. Z., Dai, C., Dai, Z. G., D'Alessandro, R., Gaetanoe, De, Mitri, De, Palma, De, Felice, Di, Giovanni, Di, Santo, Di, Venere, Di, Dong, L., Dong, J. N., Donvito, Y. W., Duranti, G., D'Urso, M., Evoli, D., Fang, C., Fariña, K., Favre, L., Feng, Y., Feng, C. Q., Feng, H., Feng, H. B., Finetti, Z. K., Formato, N., Frieden, V., Fusco, J. M., Gao, P., Gargano, J. R., Gascon-Fora, F., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, D., Gomez, N., Gong, S., Gou, K., Guida, Q. B., Guo, R., Guo, D. Y., Guo, J. H., Y. Q., He, H. H., Hu, H. B., Hu, J. Y., Hu, Hu, P., Huang, Y. M., Huang, G. S., Huang, J., Huang, W. H., Huang, X. T., Huang, Y. B., Ionica, Y. F., Jouvin, M., Kotenko, L., Kyratzis, A., Marra, La, Li, D., M. J., Li, Q. Y., Li, Li, R., S. L., Li, Li, T., Li, X., Li, Z., Liang, Z. H., Liang, E. W., Liao, M. J., Licciulli, C. L., Lin, F., Liu, S. J., Liu, D., Liu, H. B., Liu, H., Liu, J. B., Liu, S. B., Liu, X. W., Loparco, Y. Q., Loporchio, F., Lu, S., Lyu, X., Lyu, J. G., Maestro, L. W., Mancini, E., Manera, E., Marrocchesi, R., Marsella, P. S., Martinez, G., Marzullo, M., Mauricio, D., Mocchiutti, J., Morettini, G., Mussolin, L., Nicola, Mazziotta, Orlandi, M., Osteria, D., Panico, G., Pantalei, B., Papa, F. R., Papini, S., Paredes, P., Parenti, J. M., Pauluzzi, A., Pearce, M., Peng, M., Perfetto, W. X., Perrina, F., Perrotta, C., Pillera, G., Pizzolotto, R., Qiao, C., Qin, R., Quadrani, J. J., Rappoldi, L., Raselli, A., Ren, G., Renno, X. X., Ribo, F., Rico, M., Rossella, J., Ryde, M., Sanmukh, F., Scotti, A., Serini, V., Shi, D., Shi, D. L., Silveri, Q. Q., Starodubtsev, L., Su, O., D. T., Su, Sukhonos, M., Suma, D., Sun, A., Sun, X. L., Surdo, Z. T., Tang, A., Tiberio, Z. C., Tykhonov, A., Vagelli, A., Vannuccini, V., Velasco, E., Walter, M., Wang, R., Wang, A. Q., Wang, B., Wang, J. C., Wang, J. M., Wang, J. J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R. J., Wang, S., Wang, X. Y., Wang, X. L., Wei, Z. G., Wei, D. M., J. J., Wu, B. B., Wu, Wu, J., L. B., Wu, Wu, X., Xin, X. F., Y. L., Xu, Yan, Z. Z., Yang, H. R., Yin, Y., P. F., Yu, Yuan, Y. W., Zha, Q., Zhang, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, F. Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, L. F., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y. L., Zheng, Z. G., Zhou, J. K., Zhu, Y. L., Zhu, F. R., and K. J.
Subjects: Cosmology, Gamma rays, Intelligent systems, Monte Carlo methods, Space stations, Tellurium compounds, Topology, Dark matter, Electron spectrum, Energy, Fundamental physics, Measurements of, Plastic scintillator detector, Precise measurements, Radiation detection, Space-borne, Trigger systems, Cosmic rays
Published: 2022

15. The Plastic Scintillator Detector of the HERD space mission

Author: Kyratzis, D., Alemanno, F., Altomare, C., Barbato, F. C. T., Bernardini, P., Cattaneo, P. W., Mitri, De, Palma, De, Venere, Di, Santo, Di, Fusco, M., Gargano, P., Loparco, F., Loporchio, F., Marsella, S., Mazziotta, G., Pantaleo, M. N., Parenti, F. R., Pillera, A., Rappoldi, R., Raselli, A., Rossella, G., Serini, M., Silveri, D., Surdo, L., Wu, A., Adriani, L., Aloisio, O., Ambrosi, G., An, G., Antonelli, Q., Azzarello, M., Bai, P., Bai, L., Bao, Y. L., Barbanera, T. W., Berti, M., Bertucci, B., Bi, B., Bigongiari, X. J., Bongi, G., Bonvicini, M., Bordas, V., Bosch-Ramon, P., Bottai, V., Brogi, S., Cadoux, P., Campana, F., Cao, D., Cao, W. W., Casaus, Z., Catanzani, J., Chang, E., Chang, J., Chen, Y. H., Chen, G. M., Cianetti, F., Comerma, F., Cortis, A., Cui, D., Cui, X. H., Dai, X. Z., Dai, C., D'Alessandro, Z. G., Gaetano, De, Felice, Di, Giovanni, Di, Dong, A., Dong, J. N., Donvito, Y. W., Duranti, G., D'Urso, M., Evoli, D., Fang, C., Fariña, K., Favre, L., Feng, Y., Feng, C. Q., Feng, H., Feng, H. B., Finetti, Z. K., Formato, N., Frieden, V., Gao, J. M., Gascon-Fora, J. R., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, D., Giovacchini, N., Gomez, F., Gong, S., Gou, K., Guida, Q. B., Guo, R., Guo, D. Y., Guo, J. H., Y. Q., He, H. H., Hu, H. B., Hu, J. Y., Hu, Hu, P., Huang, Y. M., Huang, G. S., Huang, J., Huang, W. H., Huang, X. T., Huang, Y. B., Ionica, Y. F., Jouvin, M., Kotenko, L., Marra, La, Li, D., M. J., Li, Q. Y., Li, Li, R., S. L., Li, Li, T., Li, X., Li, Z., Liang, Z. H., Liang, E. W., Liao, M. J., Licciulli, C. L., Lin, F., Liu, S. J., Liu, D., Liu, H. B., Liu, H., Liu, J. B., Liu, S. B., Liu, X., Liu, X. W., Y. Q., Lu, Lyu, X., Lyu, J. G., Maestro, L. W., Mancini, E., Manera, E., Marin, R., Marrocchesi, J., Martinez, P. S., Martinez, G., Marzullo, M., Mauricio, D., Mocchiutti, J., Morettini, G., Mori, G., Mussolin, L., Oliva, L., Orlandi, A., Osteria, D., Pacini, G., Panico, L., Papa, B., Papini, S., Paredes, P., Pauluzzi, J. M., Pearce, M., Peng, M., Perfetto, W. X., Perrina, F., Perrotta, C., Pizzolotto, G., Qiao, C., Qin, R., Quadrani, J. J., Quan, L., Ren, Z., Renno, X. X., Ribo, F., Rico, M., Ryde, J., Sanmukh, F., Scotti, A., Shi, V., Shi, D. L., Starodubtsev, Q. Q., Su, O., D. T., Su, Sukhonos, M., Suma, D., Sun, A., Sun, X. L., Tang, Z. T., Tiberio, Z. C., Tykhonov, A., Vagelli, A., Vannuccini, V., Velasco, E., Walter, M., Wang, R., Wang, A. Q., Wang, B., Wang, J. C., Wang, J. M., Wang, J. J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R. J., Wang, S., Wang, X. Y., Wang, X. L., Wei, Z. G., Wei, D. M., J. J., Wu, B. B., Wu, Wu, J., L. B., Wu, Wu, X., Xin, X. F., Y. L., Xu, Xu, M., Yan, Z. Z., Yang, H. R., Yin, Y., P. F., Yu, Yuan, Y. W., Zampa, Q., Zampa, G., Zha, N., Zhang, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, F. Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, L. F., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y. L., Zheng, Z. G., Zhou, J. K., Zhu, Y. L., Zhu, F. R., and K. J.
Subjects: Energy, Gamma-ray astronomy, Charged particles, Gamma rays, High energy gamma rays, Measurements of, Space-borne instruments, Space stations, Mass composition, Space missions, Cosmology, Cosmic ray energy spectrum, Plastic scintillator detector, Precise measurements, Scintillation counters, Cosmic rays
Published: 2022

16. First Wide Field-of-view X-Ray Observations by a Lobster-eye Focusing Telescope in Orbit

Author: C. Zhang, Z. X. Ling, X. J. Sun, S. L. Sun, Y. Liu, Z. D. Li, Y. L. Xue, Y. F. Chen, Y. F. Dai, Z. Q. Jia, H. Y. Liu, X. F. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, S. N. Zhang, F. S. Chen, Z. W. Cheng, W. Fu, Y. X. Han, H. Li, J. F. Li, Y. Li, P. R. Liu, X. H. Ma, Y. J. Tang, C. B. Wang, R. J. Xie, A. L. Yan, Q. Zhang, B. W. Jiang, G. Jin, L. H. Li, X. B. Qiu, D. T. Su, J. N. Sun, Z. Xu, S. K. Zhang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhang, X. Z. Bi, Z. M. Cai, J. W. He, H. Q. Liu, X. C. Zhu, H. Q. Cheng, C. Z. Cui, D. W. Fan, H. B. Hu, M. H. Huang, C. C. Jin, D. Y. Li, H. W. Pan, W. X. Wang, Y. F. Xu, X. Yang, B. Zhang, M. Zhang, W. D. Zhang, D. H. Zhao, M. Bai, Z. Ji, Y. R. Liu, F. L. Ma, J. Su, J. Z. Tong, Y. S. Wang, Z. J. Zhao, C. Feldman, P. O’Brien, J. P. Osborne, R. Willingale, V. Burwitz, G. Hartner, A. Langmeier, T. Müller, S. Rukdee, T. Schmidt, E. Kuulkers, and W. Yuan
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract: As a novel X-ray focusing technology, lobster eye micro-pore optics (MPO) feature both a wide observing field of view and true imaging capability, promising sky monitoring with significantly improved sensitivity and spatial resolution in soft X-rays. Since first proposed by Angel (1979), the optics have been extensively studied, developed and trialed over the past decades. In this Letter, we report on the first-light results from a flight experiment of the Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy ($LEIA$), a pathfinder of the wide-field X-ray telescope of the Einstein Probe mission. The piggyback imager, launched in July 2022, has a mostly un-vignetted field of view of $18.6^\circ \times 18.6^\circ $. Its spatial resolution is in the range of 4$-$7 arcmin in FWHM and the focal spot effective area is 2$-$3 cm$^2$, both showing only mild fluctuations across the field of view. We present images of the Galactic center region, Sco X-1 and the diffuse Cygnus Loop nebular taken in snapshot observations over 0.5$-$4 keV. These are truly wide-field X-ray images of celestial bodies observed, for the first time, by a focusing imaging telescope. Initial analyses of the in-flight data show excellent agreement between the observed images and the on-ground calibration and simulations. The instrument and its characterization are briefly described, as well as the flight experiment. The results provide a solid basis for the development of the present and proposed wide-field X-ray missions using lobster eye MPO., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letter
Published: 2022

17. Discovery of a new $\gamma$-ray source LHAASO J0341+5258 with emission up to 200TeV

Author: Zhengguo Cao, L. Feng, Xufang Li, Zebo Tang, Jun-Jie Wei, C. Y. Wu, Jia Zhang, L. X. Bai, Yi Zhang, H. K. Lv, Jixia Li, L. L. Yang, Z. X. Wang, M. Zha, Y. M. Ye, X. H. Ma, L. P. Wang, X. G. Wang, Donglian Xu, X. L. Guo, Y. A. Han, Binyu Zhao, Yun-Feng Liang, Houdun Zeng, Zhe Li, Y. Su, B. Z. Dai, Z. G. Dai, Jinmei Liu, B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, Z. G. Yao, Y. Zheng, W. X. Wu, M. L. Chen, Jianeng Zhou, Hefan Li, W. Wang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Rong Xu, J. J. Xia, X. X. Zhai, J. Fang, F. R. Zhu, Qie Sun, Yi Chen, H. B. Li, G. M. Xiang, W. Liu, B. Y. Pang, S. Wu, X. L. Ji, R. Lu, K. Li, Y. J. Bi, H. D. Liu, Y. D. Cheng, Bo Zhang, L. Q. Yin, Hanzhong Zhang, C. X. Liu, D. della Volpe, Y. D. Cui, Kun Fang, Yugang Zhang, E. W. Liang, Ping Zhou, Z. J. Jiang, Y. J. Wei, J. Liu, Yong Zhang, Duo Yan, Yu. V. Stenkin, S. L. He, Y. P. Wang, Z. X. Liu, D. H. Huang, R. N. Wang, S. M. Liu, F. Ji, V. Rulev, Y. Z. Li, H. H. He, H. Zhu, C. Hou, Zheng Wang, B. Q. Ma, Y. C. Nan, L. Xue, Jun Liu, Lu Zhang, H. Y. Jia, D. M. Wei, V. I. Stepanov, E. S. Chen, Sina Chen, K. J. Zhu, Y. Q. Qi, Fulai Guo, J. Y. Shi, Minghui Liu, Yi Liu, J. B. Zhao, H. Wang, X. F. Wu, Zhen Wang, Z. X. Fan, Z. Y. You, Shi-Qi Hu, J. Y. Yang, N. Cheng, Z. K. Zeng, C. D. Gao, X. H. You, Long Gao, H. C. Song, Lei Zhao, D.A. Kuleshov, X. X. Zhou, Q. Yuan, B. M. Chen, Ruizhi Yang, X. N. Sun, Shengxue Zhang, Danzengluobu, J. F. Chang, S. P. Zhao, H. Liu, J.W. Xia, W. Gao, G. C. Xiao, Felix Aharonian, Xinbo He, K. Jiang, Pak-Hin Thomas Tam, H. C. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Z. Fan, Dong Liu, Y. W. Bao, P. F. Zhang, X. J. Bi, H. N. He, T. L. Chen, L. Z. Zhao, X. J. Hu, R. Zhou, Ying Zhang, Oleg Shchegolev, Junjie Mao, Y. Q. Guo, F. Y. Li, K. Levochkin, J. T. Cai, X. D. Sheng, Cong Li, X. Zuo, B. B. Li, Long Chen, Yunchao Liu, H. L. Dai, T. Wen, S. W. Cui, S. Z. Chen, David Ruffolo, Y. M. Xing, H. R. Wu, Liang Chen, Xiang-Kun Dong, S. Hu, J. Y. Liu, X. Y. Huang, P. P. Zhang, X. H. Cui, Minghao Qi, Z. B. Sun, Y. Bai, Z. Y. Pei, Cheng Guang Zhu, Yuan-Hao Wang, Zhuo Li, Warit Mitthumsiri, H. M. Zhang, Q. An, Y. H. Yao, W. H. Huang, H. Zhou, W. J. Long, Binbin Zhou, Li-Sheng Geng, R. Liu, Xiang Zhang, J. G. Guo, J. W. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, Wenwu Tian, L. L. Ma, Q. Gao, C. F. Feng, Jiangang He, J. S. Wang, Cunguo Wang, Y. L. Xin, Z. C. Huang, H. B. Hu, N. Yin, B. Q. Qiao, Xin Li, Cheng Li, Jiajun Qin, M. H. Gu, Boyang Wang, Rui Zhang, H. B. Xiao, W. Zeng, L. X. Zhang, S. H. Feng, M. M. Ge, Axikegu, Yonggang Wang, M. J. Chen, Zhao-Qi Wang, Y. Y. Guo, Li Zhang, G. H. Gong, Zhe Cao, Y. K. Hor, Y. H. Yu, T. Montaruli, Jian Wang, Chiming Jin, Z. Min, Xuelong Wang, G. G. Xin, Kai-Kai Duan, D. Bastieri, Y. L. Feng, T. Ke, S. J. Lin, X. T. Huang, L. Y. Wang, B. Liu, Jingzhi Yan, Bingshui Gao, Xiang-Yu Wang, Yulong Li, Tao Zeng, Xuliang Chen, Y. He, C. W. Yang, Jun-Hui Fan, Q. B. Gou, W. L. Li, D. X. Xiao, Qizhi Huang, J. Chen, Xiao-Hu Zhang, H. Cai, M. J. Yang, S. Q. Xi, Hong-Guang Wang, Alejandro Sáiz, Q. H. Chen, S. B. Yang, Fan Yang, A. Masood, F. Zheng, Lang Shao, and M. Heller
Subjects: Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Gamma ray, Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Galactic plane, Crab Nebula, Pulsar, Space and Planetary Science, Angular diameter, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Supernova remnant, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: We report the discovery of a new unidentified extended $\gamma$-ray source in the Galactic plane named LHAASO J0341+5258 with a pre-trial significance of 8.2 standard deviations above 25 TeV. The best fit position is R.A.$=55.34^{\circ}\pm0.11^{\circ}$ and Dec$=52.97^{\circ}\pm0.07^{\circ}$. The angular size of LHAASO J0341+5258 is $0.29^\circ \pm 0.06^\circ_{stat} \pm0.02^\circ_{sys}$. The flux above 25 TeV is about $20\%$ of the flux of Crab Nebula. Although a power-law fit of the spectrum from 10 TeV to 200 TeV with the photon index $\alpha=2.98 \pm 0.19_{stat} \pm 0.02_{sys}$ is not excluded, the LHAASO data together with the flux upper limit at 10 GeV set by the Fermi LAT observation, indicate a noticeable steepening of an initially hard power-law spectrum %($\alpha \leq 1.75$) spectrum with a cutoff at $\approx 50$ TeV. We briefly discuss the origin of UHE gamma-rays. The lack of an energetic pulsar and a young SNR inside or in the vicinity of LHAASO J0341+5258 challenge, but do not exclude both the leptonic and hadronic scenarios of gamma-ray production., Comment: Accepted by APJL
Published: 2021

18. Exploring Lorentz Invariance Violation from Ultrahigh-Energy γ Rays Observed by LHAASO

Author: Zhen, Cao, F, Aharonian, Q, An, Axikegu, L X, Bai, Y X, Bai, Y W, Bao, D, Bastieri, X J, Bi, Y J, Bi, H, Cai, J T, Cai, Zhe, Cao, J, Chang, J F, Chang, B M, Chen, E S, Chen, J, Chen, Liang, Chen, Long, Chen, M J, Chen, M L, Chen, Q H, Chen, S H, Chen, S Z, Chen, T L, Chen, X L, Chen, Y, Chen, N, Cheng, Y D, Cheng, S W, Cui, X H, Cui, Y D, Cui, B D'Ettorre, Piazzoli, B Z, Dai, H L, Dai, Z G, Dai, Danzengluobu, D, Della Volpe, X J, Dong, K K, Duan, J H, Fan, Y Z, Fan, Z X, Fan, J, Fang, K, Fang, C F, Feng, L, Feng, S H, Feng, Y L, Feng, B, Gao, C D, Gao, L Q, Gao, Q, Gao, W, Gao, M M, Ge, L S, Geng, G H, Gong, Q B, Gou, M H, Gu, F L, Guo, J G, Guo, X L, Guo, Y Q, Guo, Y Y, Guo, Y A, Han, H H, He, H N, He, J C, He, S L, He, X B, He, Y, He, M, Heller, Y K, Hor, C, Hou, X, Hou, H B, Hu, S, Hu, S C, Hu, X J, Hu, D H, Huang, Q L, Huang, W H, Huang, X T, Huang, X Y, Huang, Z C, Huang, F, Ji, X L, Ji, H Y, Jia, K, Jiang, Z J, Jiang, C, Jin, T, Ke, D, Kuleshov, K, Levochkin, B B, Li, Cheng, Li, Cong, Li, F, Li, H B, Li, H C, Li, H Y, Li, Jian, Li, Jie, Li, K, Li, W L, Li, X R, Li, Xin, Li, Y, Li, Y Z, Li, Zhe, Li, Zhuo, Li, E W, Liang, Y F, Liang, S J, Lin, B, Liu, C, Liu, D, Liu, H, Liu, H D, Liu, J, Liu, J L, Liu, J S, Liu, J Y, Liu, M Y, Liu, R Y, Liu, S M, Liu, W, Liu, Y, Liu, Y N, Liu, Z X, Liu, W J, Long, R, Lu, H K, Lv, B Q, Ma, L L, Ma, X H, Ma, J R, Mao, A, Masood, Z, Min, W, Mitthumsiri, T, Montaruli, Y C, Nan, B Y, Pang, P, Pattarakijwanich, Z Y, Pei, M Y, Qi, Y Q, Qi, B Q, Qiao, J J, Qin, D, Ruffolo, V, Rulev, A, Sáiz, L, Shao, O, Shchegolev, X D, Sheng, J R, Shi, H C, Song, Yu V, Stenkin, V, Stepanov, Y, Su, Q N, Sun, X N, Sun, Z B, Sun, P H T, Tam, Z B, Tang, W W, Tian, B D, Wang, C, Wang, H, Wang, H G, Wang, J C, Wang, J S, Wang, L P, Wang, L Y, Wang, R N, Wang, W, Wang, X G, Wang, X J, Wang, X Y, Wang, Y, Wang, Y D, Wang, Y J, Wang, Y P, Wang, Z H, Wang, Z X, Wang, Zhen, Wang, Zheng, Wang, D M, Wei, J J, Wei, Y J, Wei, T, Wen, C Y, Wu, H R, Wu, S, Wu, W X, Wu, X F, Wu, S Q, Xi, J, Xia, J J, Xia, G M, Xiang, D X, Xiao, G, Xiao, H B, Xiao, G G, Xin, Y L, Xin, Y, Xing, D L, Xu, R X, Xu, L, Xue, D H, Yan, J Z, Yan, C W, Yang, F F, Yang, J Y, Yang, L L, Yang, M J, Yang, R Z, Yang, S B, Yang, Y H, Yao, Z G, Yao, Y M, Ye, L Q, Yin, N, Yin, X H, You, Z Y, You, Y H, Yu, Q, Yuan, H D, Zeng, T X, Zeng, W, Zeng, Z K, Zeng, M, Zha, X X, Zhai, B B, Zhang, H M, Zhang, H Y, Zhang, J L, Zhang, J W, Zhang, L X, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Lu, Zhang, P F, Zhang, P P, Zhang, R, Zhang, S R, Zhang, S S, Zhang, X, Zhang, X P, Zhang, Y F, Zhang, Y L, Zhang, Yi, Zhang, Yong, Zhang, B, Zhao, J, Zhao, L, Zhao, L Z, Zhao, S P, Zhao, F, Zheng, Y, Zheng, B, Zhou, H, Zhou, J N, Zhou, P, Zhou, R, Zhou, X X, Zhou, C G, Zhu, F R, Zhu, H, Zhu, K J, Zhu, and X, Zuo
Subjects: General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract: Recently, the LHAASO Collaboration published the detection of 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources above 100 TeV, with the highest energy photon reaching 1.4 PeV. The first detection of PeV γ rays from astrophysical sources may provide a very sensitive probe of the effect of the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV), which results in decay of high-energy γ rays in the superluminal scenario and hence a sharp cutoff of the energy spectrum. Two highest energy sources are studied in this work. No signature of the existence of the LIV is found in their energy spectra, and the lower limits on the LIV energy scale are derived. Our results show that the first-order LIV energy scale should be higher than about 10^{5} times the Planck scale M_{Pl} and that the second-order LIV scale is10^{-3}M_{Pl}. Both limits improve by at least one order of magnitude the previous results.
Published: 2021

19. Measurement of the Gamma-Ray Energy Spectrum beyond 100 TeV from the HESS J1843–033 Region

Author: M. Amenomori, S. Asano, Y. W. Bao, X. J. Bi, D. Chen, T. L. Chen, W. Y. Chen, Xu Chen, Y. Chen, null Cirennima, S. W. Cui, null Danzengluobu, L. K. Ding, J. H. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, Zhaoyang Feng, Z. Y. Feng, Qi Gao, A. Gomi, Q. B. Gou, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, H. H. He, Z. T. He, K. Hibino, N. Hotta, Haibing Hu, H. B. Hu, K. Y. Hu, J. Huang, H. Y. Jia, L. Jiang, P. Jiang, H. B. Jin, K. Kasahara, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, S. Kato, T. Kawashima, K. Kawata, M. Kozai, D. Kurashige, null Labaciren, G. M. Le, A. F. Li, H. J. Li, W. J. Li, Y. Li, Y. H. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, J. S. Liu, L. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, W. Liu, X. L. Liu, Y.-Q. Lou, H. Lu, X. R. Meng, Y. Meng, K. Munakata, K. Nagaya, Y. Nakamura, Y. Nakazawa, H. Nanjo, C. C. Ning, M. Nishizawa, M. Ohnishi, S. Okukawa, S. Ozawa, L. Qian, X. Qian, X. L. Qian, X. B. Qu, T. Saito, Y. Sakakibara, M. Sakata, T. Sako, T. K. Sako, J. Shao, M. Shibata, A. Shiomi, H. Sugimoto, W. Takano, M. Takita, Y. H. Tan, N. Tateyama, S. Torii, H. Tsuchiya, S. Udo, H. Wang, Y. P. Wang, null Wangdui, H. R. Wu, Q. Wu, J. L. Xu, L. Xue, Z. Yang, Y. Q. Yao, J. Yin, Y. Yokoe, N. P. Yu, A. F. Yuan, L. M. Zhai, C. P. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Ying Zhang, S. P. Zhao, null Zhaxisangzhu, and X. X. Zhou
Subjects: Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract: HESS J1843–033 is a very high energy gamma-ray source whose origin remains unidentified. This work presents, for the first time, the energy spectrum of gamma rays beyond 100 TeV from the HESS J1843–033 region using the data recorded by the Tibet air shower array and its underground muon detector array. A gamma-ray source with an extension of 0.°34 ± 0.°12 is successfully detected above 25 TeV at (α, δ) = (281.°09 ± 0.°10, −3.°76 ± 0.°09) near HESS J1843–033 with a statistical significance of 6.2σ, and the source is named TASG J1844–038. The position of TASG J1844–038 is consistent with those of HESS J1843–033, eHWC J1842–035, and LHAASO J1843–0338. The measured gamma-ray energy spectrum in 25 TeV < E < 130 TeV is described with dN / dE = ( 9.70 ± 1.89 ) × 10 − 16 (E/40 TeV)−3.26±0.30 TeV−1 cm−2 s−1, and the spectral fit to the combined spectra of HESS J1843–033, LHAASO J1843–0338, and TASG J1844–038 implies the existence of a cutoff at 49.5 ± 9.0 TeV. Associations of TASG J1844–038 with SNR G28.6–0.1 and PSR J1844–0346 are also discussed in detail for the first time.
Published: 2022

20. [Feasibility, efficacy and safety of transbrachial access for interventional therapy on paravalvular leak post surgical valve replacement]

Author: H, Zhang, H B, Hu, J H, Lyu, R G, Xie, K J, Pang, Y, Liu, L, Xu, and X B, Pan
Subjects: Adult, Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation, Male, Cardiac Catheterization, Middle Aged, Surgical Instruments, Treatment Outcome, Aortic Valve, Heart Valve Prosthesis, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Female, Aged, Retrospective Studies
Published: 2021

21. First Detection of sub-PeV Diffuse Gamma Rays from the Galactic Disk: Evidence for Ubiquitous Galactic Cosmic Rays beyond PeV Energies

Author: Takashi Sako, X. R. Meng, X. L. Qian, Zhaoyang Feng, K. Kawata, Zicai Yang, L. Xue, Haibing Hu, Hong-peng Lu, Yu-Lei Chen, N. Tateyama, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Z. T. He, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, msub, W. J. Li, Y. Zhang, T. L. Chen, M. Amenomori, W. Y. Chen, A. Shiomi, K. Fang, M. Sakata, M. Shibata, Gui-Ming Le, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, Qi Gao, A. F. Yuan, M. Ohnishi, S. Ozawa, H. Sugimoto, Masaki Nishizawa, Y. H. Lin, Cirennima, S. Udo, mrow, T. Ohura, L. K. Ding, C. F. Feng, L. M. Zhai, Ang Li, X. J. Bi, Y. Ko, L. L. Jiang, Yongjun Bao, Y. Nakamura, Z. Y. Feng, H. B. Hu, H. Y. Jia, Masayoshi Kozai, Yang Guo, H. B. Jin, Jian Huang, Jia Zhang, Labaciren, Shoji Torii, Y. Q. Guo, Y. H. Tan, Zhaxisangzhu, Y. Yokoe, Huaguang Wang, H. J. Li, Donghong Chen, Y. Q. Lou, H. R. Wu, H. H. He, Shi-Ping Zhao, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, Chihiro Kato, K. Hibino, mrow> γ, Yi Zhang, J. Fang, C. X. Liu, J. S. Liu, Wenwei Liu, Y. Yamamoto, H. Nakada, H. Nanjo, Ying Zhang, S. W. Cui, X. B. Qu, B. Liu, W. Kihara, J. Shao, To. Saito, Danzengluobu, Katsuaki Kasahara, Y. Katayose, Xu Chen, Shigeaki Kato, Xiang Zhang, N. Hotta, Kazuoki Munakata, and W. Takano
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Disc, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: We report, for the first time, the long-awaited detection of diffuse gamma rays with energies between 100 TeV and 1 PeV in the Galactic disk. Particularly, all gamma rays above 398 TeV are observed apart from known TeV gamma-ray sources and compatible with expectations from the hadronic emission scenario in which gamma rays originate from the decay of $\pi^0$'s produced through the interaction of protons with the interstellar medium in the Galaxy. This is strong evidence that cosmic rays are accelerated beyond PeV energies in our Galaxy and spread over the Galactic disk., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Physical Review Letters
Published: 2021

22. Gamma-Ray Observation of the Cygnus Region in the 100-TeV Energy Region

Author: Lihe Qian, H. H. He, Shi-Ping Zhao, Jia Zhang, J. Fang, Xi Liu, Yun-Hui Li, Donghong Chen, Y. Yamamoto, Q. Wu, J. S. Liu, mrow, H. M. Zhang, W. Takano, Wangdui, T. Ohura, X. X. Zhou, Takashi Sako, Ang Li, H. Sugimoto, L. K. Ding, H. Nakada, Z. Y. Feng, Huaguang Wang, Y. Yokoe, S. Ozawa, T. K. Sako, J. H. Yin, A. F. Yuan, H. Nanjo, N. P. Yu, X. L. Qian, Z. T. He, Kun Fang, Shoji Torii, C. C. Ning, M. Sakata, X. B. Qu, Peng Jiang, Y. H. Lin, T. L. Chen, X. R. Meng, Jian Huang, Gui-Ming Le, Y. P. Wang, Zhaxisangzhu, mrow> γ, Yu-Lei Chen, Yi Zhang, Zhaoyang Feng, Yongjun Bao, D. Kurashige, S. Okukawa, Chihiro Kato, L. Xue, Xiao-Feng Qian, Jun Xu, W. Y. Chen, Labaciren, Y. Q. Guo, H. B. Hu, Haibing Hu, Zicai Yang, Hong-peng Lu, N. Hotta, C. X. Liu, Wenwei Liu, H. J. Li, Y. Q. Lou, H. R. Wu, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, Masayoshi Kozai, msub, W. J. Li, Q. B. Gou, Y. Zhang, Masato Takita, A. Shiomi, M. Ohnishi, M. Shibata, N. Tateyama, Cirennima, Y. H. Tan, K. Kawata, S. Udo, M. Amenomori, H. B. Jin, Liyu Liu, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Masaki Nishizawa, Chuang Zhang, A. Gomi, C. F. Feng, Kazuoki Munakata, X. J. Bi, Ying Zhang, L. L. Jiang, S. W. Cui, Qi Gao, L. M. Zhai, Yang Guo, K. Hibino, B. Liu, Danzengluobu, Y. Q. Yao, J. Shao, H. Y. Jia, Y. Katayose, Shigeaki Kato, To. Saito, Katsuaki Kasahara, Xu Chen, Y. Nakazawa, Yoshimichi Nakamura, and Xiang Zhang
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Centroid, Astrophysics, Pulsar wind nebula, Galaxy, Particle acceleration, Pulsar, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: We report observations of gamma-ray emissions with energies in the 100 TeV energy region from the Cygnus region in our Galaxy. Two sources are significantly detected in the directions of the Cygnus OB1 and OB2 associations. Based on their positional coincidences, we associate one with a pulsar PSR J2032+4127 and the other mainly with a pulsar wind nebula PWN G75.2+0.1 with the pulsar moving away from its original birthplace situated around the centroid of the observed gamma-ray emission. This work would stimulate further studies of particle acceleration mechanisms at these gamma-ray sources., Accepted for publication in the Physical Review Letters
Published: 2021

23. Extended Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission Surrounding PSR J0622+3749 Observed by LHAASO-KM2A

Author: F, Aharonian, Q, An, Axikegu, L X, Bai, Y X, Bai, Y W, Bao, D, Bastieri, X J, Bi, Y J, Bi, H, Cai, J T, Cai, Z, Cao, J, Chang, J F, Chang, X C, Chang, B M, Chen, J, Chen, L, Chen, M J, Chen, M L, Chen, Q H, Chen, S H, Chen, S Z, Chen, T L, Chen, X L, Chen, Y, Chen, N, Cheng, Y D, Cheng, S W, Cui, X H, Cui, Y D, Cui, B Z, Dai, H L, Dai, Z G, Dai, Danzengluobu, D, Della Volpe, B, D'Ettorre Piazzoli, X J, Dong, J H, Fan, Y Z, Fan, Z X, Fan, J, Fang, K, Fang, C F, Feng, L, Feng, S H, Feng, Y L, Feng, B, Gao, C D, Gao, Q, Gao, W, Gao, M M, Ge, L S, Geng, G H, Gong, Q B, Gou, M H, Gu, J G, Guo, X L, Guo, Y Q, Guo, Y Y, Guo, Y A, Han, H H, He, H N, He, J C, He, S L, He, X B, He, Y, He, M, Heller, Y K, Hor, C, Hou, X, Hou, H B, Hu, S, Hu, S C, Hu, X J, Hu, D H, Huang, Q L, Huang, W H, Huang, X T, Huang, Z C, Huang, F, Ji, X L, Ji, H Y, Jia, K, Jiang, Z J, Jiang, C, Jin, D, Kuleshov, K, Levochkin, B B, Li, C, Li, F, Li, H B, Li, H C, Li, H Y, Li, J, Li, K, Li, W L, Li, X, Li, X R, Li, Y, Li, Y Z, Li, Z, Li, E W, Liang, Y F, Liang, S J, Lin, B, Liu, C, Liu, D, Liu, H, Liu, H D, Liu, J, Liu, J L, Liu, J S, Liu, J Y, Liu, M Y, Liu, R Y, Liu, S M, Liu, W, Liu, Y N, Liu, Z X, Liu, W J, Long, R, Lu, H K, Lv, B Q, Ma, L L, Ma, X H, Ma, J R, Mao, A, Masood, W, Mitthumsiri, T, Montaruli, Y C, Nan, B Y, Pang, P, Pattarakijwanich, Z Y, Pei, M Y, Qi, D, Ruffolo, V, Rulev, A, Sáiz, L, Shao, O, Shchegolev, X D, Sheng, J R, Shi, H C, Song, Yu V, Stenkin, V, Stepanov, Q N, Sun, X N, Sun, Z B, Sun, P H T, Tam, Z B, Tang, W W, Tian, B D, Wang, C, Wang, H, Wang, H G, Wang, J C, Wang, J S, Wang, L P, Wang, L Y, Wang, R N, Wang, W, Wang, X G, Wang, X J, Wang, X Y, Wang, Y D, Wang, Y J, Wang, Y P, Wang, Z, Wang, Z H, Wang, Z X, Wang, D M, Wei, J J, Wei, Y J, Wei, T, Wen, C Y, Wu, H R, Wu, S, Wu, W X, Wu, X F, Wu, S Q, Xi, J, Xia, J J, Xia, G M, Xiang, G, Xiao, H B, Xiao, G G, Xin, Y L, Xin, Y, Xing, D L, Xu, R X, Xu, L, Xue, D H, Yan, C W, Yang, F F, Yang, J Y, Yang, L L, Yang, M J, Yang, R Z, Yang, S B, Yang, Y H, Yao, Z G, Yao, Y M, Ye, L Q, Yin, N, Yin, X H, You, Z Y, You, Y H, Yu, Q, Yuan, H D, Zeng, T X, Zeng, W, Zeng, Z K, Zeng, M, Zha, X X, Zhai, B B, Zhang, H M, Zhang, H Y, Zhang, J L, Zhang, J W, Zhang, L, Zhang, L X, Zhang, P F, Zhang, P P, Zhang, R, Zhang, S R, Zhang, S S, Zhang, X, Zhang, X P, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Y F, Zhang, Y L, Zhang, B, Zhao, J, Zhao, L, Zhao, L Z, Zhao, S P, Zhao, F, Zheng, Y, Zheng, B, Zhou, H, Zhou, J N, Zhou, P, Zhou, R, Zhou, X X, Zhou, C G, Zhu, F R, Zhu, H, Zhu, K J, Zhu, X, Zuo, and X Y, Huang
Abstract: We report the discovery of an extended very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray source around the location of the middle-aged (207.8 kyr) pulsar PSR J0622+3749 with the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The source is detected with a significance of 8.2σ for E25 TeV assuming a Gaussian template. The best-fit location is (right ascension, declination) =(95.47°±0.11°,37.92°±0.09°), and the extension is 0.40°±0.07°. The energy spectrum can be described by a power-law spectrum with an index of -2.92±0.17_{stat}±0.02_{sys}. No clear extended multiwavelength counterpart of the LHAASO source has been found from the radio to sub-TeV bands. The LHAASO observations are consistent with the scenario that VHE electrons escaped from the pulsar, diffused in the interstellar medium, and scattered the interstellar radiation field. If interpreted as the pulsar halo scenario, the diffusion coefficient, inferred for electrons with median energies of ∼160 TeV, is consistent with those obtained from the extended halos around Geminga and Monogem and much smaller than that derived from cosmic ray secondaries. The LHAASO discovery of this source thus likely enriches the class of so-called pulsar halos and confirms that high-energy particles generally diffuse very slowly in the disturbed medium around pulsars.
Published: 2021

24. Discovery of the Ultra-high energy gamma-ray source LHAASO J2108+5157

Author: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Q. An, null Axikegu, L. X. Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, H. Cai, J. T. Cai, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, B. M. Chen, E. S. Chen, J. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, Dan-Zeng Dan-Zeng-Luo-Bu, D. della Volpe, X. J. Dong, K. K. Duan, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, Z. X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, Y. L. Feng, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, L. Q. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, F. L. Guo, J. G. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. C. He, S. L. He, X. B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y. K. Hor, C. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. Hu, S. C. Hu, X. J. Hu, D. H. Huang, Q. L. Huang, W. H. Huang, X. T. Huang, X. Y. Huang, Z. C. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, C. Jin, T. Ke, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B. B. Li, Cheng Li, Cong Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, H. Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W. L. Li, X. R. Li, Xin Li, Y. Li, Y. Z. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S. J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, J. S. Liu, J. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. N. Liu, Z. X. Liu, W. J. Long, R. Lu, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, A. Masood, Z. Min, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y. C. Nan, B. Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, M. Y. Qi, Y. Q. Qi, B. Q. Qiao, J. J. Qin, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, J. Y. Shi, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Y. Su, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, B. D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H. G. Wang, J. C. Wang, J. S. Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, R. N. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. J. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, Zhen Wang, Zheng Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, W. X. Wu, X. F. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, J. J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, D. X. Xiao, G. Xiao, H. B. Xiao, G. G. Xin, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, D. L. Xu, R. X. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, J. Z. Yan, C. W. Yang, F. F. Yang, J. Y. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, S. B. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, Y. M. Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, B. B. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, Li Zhang, Lu Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yong Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, and X. Zuo
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Molecular cloud, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Gamma ray, Flux, Sigma, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Gamma-ray astronomy, Space and Planetary Science, Energy spectrum, Ultrahigh energy, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We report the discovery of a UHE gamma-ray source, LHAASO J2108+5157, by analyzing the LHAASO-KM2A data of 308.33 live days. Significant excess of gamma-ray induced showers is observed in both energy bands of 25-100 TeV and $\gt$100 TeV with 9.5 sigma and 8.5 sigma, respectively. This source is not significantly favored as an extensive source with the angular extension smaller than the point-spread function of KM2A. The measured energy spectrum from 20 to 200 TeV can be approximately described by a power-law function with an index of -2.83$\pm$ 0.18stat. A harder spectrum is demanded at lower energies considering the flux upper limit set by Fermi-LAT observations. The position of the gamma-ray emission is correlated with a giant molecular cloud, which favors a hadronic origin. No obvious counterparts have been found, deeper multiwavelength observations will help to shed new light on this intriguing UHE source., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted by ApJL
Published: 2021
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25. Potential PeVatron supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 seen in the highest-energy gamma rays

Author: Yu-Lei Chen, Y. Yamamoto, N. Hotta, X. L. Qian, Hsiao-Chi Lu, Jian Huang, J. Shao, M. Shibata, H. Nakada, Masaki Nishizawa, X. J. Bi, M. Takita, Yi Zhang, Q. B. Gou, C. F. Feng, Y. Ko, L. Xue, Xu Chen, Yongjun Bao, J. S. Liu, L. L. Jiang, Kun Fang, Zicai Yang, Huaguang Wang, T. Ohura, Kazuoki Munakata, L. K. Ding, Haibing Hu, K. Kasahara, W. J. Li, Y. Yokoe, W. Takano, W. Kihara, Xuan Zhang, Labaciren, H. H. He, K. Kawata, Ying Zhang, Z. Y. Feng, B. Liu, Shi-Ping Zhao, W. Y. Chen, S. Ozawa, Jia Zhang, S. Torii, Y. Zhang, H. Nanjo, S. W. Cui, Takeshi Saito, J. Fang, A. Shiomi, Donghong Chen, Qi Gao, M. Amenomori, L. M. Zhai, Yang Guo, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, Z. T. He, H. Sugimoto, Danzengluobu, Y. H. Tan, Y. Q. Guo, T. L. Chen, Chihiro Kato, H. Y. Jia, H. J. Li, Y. Q. Lou, H. R. Wu, H. B. Jin, C. X. Liu, Wenwei Liu, M. Ohnishi, A. F. Yuan, Cirennima, S. Udo, Y. Katayose, Shigeaki Kato, Y. Nakamura, N. Tateyama, Harufumi Tsuchiya, M. Sakata, Gui-Ming Le, H. B. Hu, Masayoshi Kozai, Y. H. Lin, K. Hibino, Ang Li, X. B. Qu, X. R. Meng, Zhaoyang Feng, Zhaxisangzhu, T. K. Sako, X. Y. Zhang, and Minghui Liu
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Electron, Synchrotron, law.invention, Particle acceleration, Pulsar, law, Atomic nucleus, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Supernova remnant, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Cosmic rays (protons and other atomic nuclei) are believed to gain energies of petaelectronvolts (PeV) and beyond at astrophysical particle accelerators called 'PeVatrons' inside our Galaxy. Although a characteristic feature of a PeVatron is expected to be a hard gamma-ray energy spectrum that extends beyond 100 teraelectronvolts (TeV) without a cutoff, none of the currently known sources exhibits such a spectrum due to the low maximum energy of accelerated cosmic rays or insufficient detector sensitivity around 100 TeV. Here we report the observation of gamma-ray emission from the supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 above 10 TeV. This work provides flux data points up to and above 100 TeV and indicates that the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission above 10 TeV is well correlated with a molecular cloud rather than the pulsar PSR J2229+6114. Regarding the gamma-ray emission mechanism of G106.3+2.7, this morphological feature appears to favor a hadronic origin via the {\pi}0 decay caused by accelerated relativistic protons over a leptonic one via the inverse-Compton scattering by relativistic electrons. Furthermore, we point out that an X-ray flux upper limit on the synchrotron spectrum would provide important information to firmly establish the hadronic scenario as the mechanism of particle acceleration at the source., Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy
Published: 2021
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26. Direct Measurement of the Pseudoscalar Decay Constant, fDs

Author: Z. P. Zheng, Y. Jin, J. C. Li, C. C. Zhang, D. Paluselli, G. P. Zhou, J. G. Lu, G. Zioulas, S. Z. Lin, W. R. Zhao, Z. A. Liu, L. S. Wang, M. H. Ye, R. B. Li, I. Blum, Z. Q. Xu, Y. H. Zhou, K. R. He, R. J. Wilson, Chun-Hua Jiang, D. P. Stoker, J. H. Liu, T. J. Wang, S. Whittaker, R. Malchow, G. L. Tong, T. Hu, Michael Schernau, W. Yang, B. A. Zhuang, P. Gratton, Q. P. Jia, J. Panetta, S. M. Chen, X. M. Xia, H. B. Lan, W. X. Zhao, S. Q. Gao, J. Nie, J. Fang, L. S. Zheng, X. R. Shi, Y. Z. Huang, G. P. Chen, Y. B. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y. C. Zhu, O. Bardon, P. L. Wang, E. Soderstrom, H. Shen, Wei Li, D. X. Zhao, B. Y. Zhang, F. C. Porter, F. Sun, X. Q. Hu, W. D. Li, Y. F. Gu, S. H. Kang, D. Z. Xu, J. M. lzen, X. F. Zhou, D. Q. Huang, R. S. Xu, Y. Y. Wang, Y. Y. Shao, C. S. Gao, D. G. Hitlin, M. He, D. L. Shen, J. Quigley, S. Z. Ye, M. Hatanaka, M. Mandelkern, C. Z. Yuan, H. B. Hu, R. G. Liu, Jinxing Zheng, S. J. Chen, H. S. Mao, B. K. Kim, Y. Q. Chen, S. T. Xue, J. W. Zhang, B. Schmid, B. S. Cheng, J. Z. Bai, A. Breakstone, Q. Liu, Xingzhu Cui, M. G. Zhao, G. Y. Hu, F. A. Harris, L. Jones, J. H. Gu, J. Schultz, X. L. Fan, F. Li, H. L. Ni, H. C. Cui, Y. K. Que, J. Chen, Li Zhou, H. B. Yao, Q. M. Zhu, H. Z. Shi, P. Wang, Jun-Bing Ma, Y. P. Tan, S. M. Wang, D. M. Xi, J. Yan, S. W. Han, J. Synodinos, X. F. Song, P. P. Xie, X. Y. Shen, P. F. Lang, J. W. Zhao, S. D. Gu, S. Q. Zhang, L. Z. Wang, A. M. Ma, H. S. Zhou, J. J. He, M. Z. Wang, H. L. Ding, M. H. Kelsey, Y. N. Guo, E. Torrence, H. S. Sun, X. C. Lou, J. Oyang, H. Y. Sheng, W. Dunwoodie, R. K. Yamamoto, Y. L. Han, P. Q. Li, M. L. Gao, W. G. Li, Xinglong Li, D. H. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, X. Q. Li, S. Q. Tang, Pihong Zhao, W. J. Wisniewski, C. S. Yu, C. X. Yu, B. Lowery, W. X. Gu, R. Cowan, E. Prabhakar, Y. B. Chen, W. H. Toki, C. Y. Yang, N. D. Qi, H. M. Liu, A. J. Lankford, Y. F. Lai, H. F. Chen, X. C. Meng, W. F. Wang, J. Standifird, L. J. Pan, Michael J. Fero, Y. Y. Zhang, A. J. S. Smith, Y. S. Zhu, C. M. Yang, W. X. Gao, Z. Z. Du, W. G. Yan, S. J. Sun, E. C. Ma, Lei Zhang, H. L. Zhang, G. Rong, Z. Q. Yu, S.L. Olsen, T. H. Burnett, F. Wang, Z. P. Mao, and Q. Y. Li
Subjects: Physics, Pseudoscalar, Particle physics, Exponential decay
Published: 2020

27. Prospects for a Multi-TeV Gamma-ray Sky Survey with the LHAASO Water Cherenkov Detector Array

Author: Guoqing Xiao, Bo Gao, Yu-Hua Yao, B. Q. Qiao, E. W. Liang, X. G. Wang, Yong Zhang, X. C. Chang, X. H. Cui, S. Wu, F. Y. Li, M. M. Ge, H. L. Dai, L. X. Bai, Z. G. Yao, Lei Zhao, Chang Jin, L. Chen, J. W. Zhao, H. D. Liu, Duo Yan, BZ Zhao, Z. X. Liu, Y. C. Nan, H. B. Li, H. K. Lv, B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, W. X. Wu, Xiao-Yang Zhang, Y. D. Cheng, Z. H. Wang, F. R. Zhu, Y. Wang, M. Zha, P. Zhou, Yi Chen, C. X. Liu, Xufang Li, Yinong Liu, Jun-Jie Wei, Y. Y. Guo, R. Y. Liu, X. F. Wu, L. Zhang, X. J. Wang, H. M. Zhang, V. Rulev, Xiao-Hu Zhang, Y. Yu, C. Y. Wu, Zhe Cao, W. H. Huang, Guanghua Gong, Li-Sheng Geng, B. M. Chen, L. Xue, B. Liu, L. L. Yang, D. H. Huang, Y. A. Han, B. B. Zhang, D. M. Wei, Y. D. Cui, S. R. Zhang, Ziyi Wang, Zhengguo Cao, X. L. Ji, R. Lu, Jianrong Zhou, M. J. Yang, Z. Y. Pei, Y. M. Ye, S. P. Chao, H. C. Li, Jun He, Qiang Yuan, G. M. Xiang, Z. J. Jiang, Jiaxing Li, V. Alekseenko, J. F. Chang, Danzengluobu, H. Y. Jia, J. Chen, Zebo Tang, P. Pattarakijwanich, J. S. Liu, H. Y. Zhang, J. R. Mao, Wang Yanfang, H. Wang, D. Bastieri, Liang-Liang Wang, Jie Zhang, Teresa Montaruli, Cong Li, Y. Li, K. Levochkin, X. J. Bi, T. X. Zeng, Chao-Peng Wang, J. W. Zhang, S. Z. Chen, H. Liu, X. D. Sheng, Yu. V. Stenkin, C. Hou, H. Zhu, Z. K. Zeng, P. P. Zhang, P. F. Zhang, Wenwu Tian, W. J. Long, Lanqing Ma, G. G. Xin, S. H. Feng, X. Y. Wang, X. Zuo, J. C. Wang, W. H. Wang, R. Zhou, N. Yin, H. B. Hu, C. F. Feng, S. M. Liu, X. T. Huang, Yi Zhang, N. Cheng, Cheng Li, Ying Zhang, Hong-Jie Li, H. Li, Y. Zheng, M. L. Chen, Axikegu, S. B. Yang, S. W. Cui, F. Ji, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, Bo-Qiang Ma, C. W. Yang, L. Feng, Z. G. Dai, L. Z. Zhao, L. Q. Yin, Wang Yingjie, Wei Liu, Zujian Wang, Z. Li, W. Zeng, Shengxue Zhang, Q. B. Gou, Huihai He, M. H. Gu, J. Fang, X. L. Chen, H. G. Wang, O. Shchegolev, S. L. He, K. Jiang, F. Zheng, T. L. Chen, W. Gao, T. Wen, L. Shao, Yucheng Feng, M. Y. Qi, X. X. Zhou, Yiwei Wang, Felix Aharonian, K. Li, Y. F. Liang, Ruizhi Yang, Y. W. Bao, David Ruffolo, Z. Y. You, S. Hu, J. Y. Liu, Ming Chen, Warit Mitthumsiri, V. Stepanov, Q. An, Q. Gao, K. J. Zhu, Z. B. Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Y. Q. Guo, H. R. Wu, B. Z. Dai, D. Liu, M. Heller, Sina Chen, H. D. Zeng, X. H. You, Renxin Xu, C. G. Zhu, Minghui Liu, X. H. Ma, Y. He, J. R. Shi, Yuan-Ming Xing, F. F. Yang, X. X. Li, W. L. Li, Q. H. Chen, D. della Volpe, Huang Qiyan, A. Masood, H. Cai, and Alejandro Sáiz
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Active galactic nucleus, Cherenkov detector, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, law.invention, Hochenergie-Astrophysik Theorie - Abteilung Hinton, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Observatory, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, media_common, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Order (ring theory), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Projection (relational algebra), Air shower, Sky, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is a major component of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Array Observatory (LHAASO), a new generation cosmic-ray experiment with unprecedented sensitivity, currently under construction. The WCDA is aimed at the study of TeV $\gamma$-rays. In order to evaluate the prospects of searching for TeV $\gamma$-ray sources with the WCDA, we present in this paper a projection for the one-year sensitivity of the WCDA to TeV $\gamma$-ray sources from TeVCat (footnote: http://tevcat.uchicago.edu) using an all-sky approach. Out of 128 TeVCat sources observable to the WCDA up to a zenith angle of $45^\circ$, we estimate that 42 would be detectable for one year of observations at a median energy of 1 TeV. Most of them are Galactic sources, and the extragalactic sources are Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)., Comment: 10 pages,10 figures, it is to be published in Chinese Physics C
Published: 2020
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28. Absolute calibration of LHAASO WFCTA camera based on LED

Author: W. J. Long, Rong Xu, Cong Li, J. J. Xia, Houdun Zeng, Axikegu, Yongchun Wang, H. H. He, Xufang Li, X. X. Zhai, Y. D. Cui, L. Feng, H. B. Li, F. R. Zhu, Qie Sun, Yi Chen, F. Y. Li, C. F. Feng, D. H. Huang, Bin Zhou, J. Y. Shi, V. I. Stepanov, H. Zhu, Jun-Jie Wei, L. Z. Zhao, F. Ji, M. Zha, Jia Zhang, Y. H. Yao, Yi Zhang, B. Q. Qiao, Rui Zhang, Linbin Yang, Zhengguo Cao, M. L. Chen, Jianeng Zhou, Jian Wang, Chiming Jin, Zhe Cao, M. M. Ge, X. Zuo, Xuliang Chen, D.A. Kuleshov, Hong-Guang Wang, Y. He, Xiang-Yu Wang, E. S. Chen, Y. A. Han, N. Cheng, J. Fang, S. Hu, J. Y. Liu, G. M. Xiang, H. C. Song, S. P. Zhao, Zebo Tang, H. B. Xiao, W. Liu, L. X. Bai, Binyu Zhao, Yun-Feng Liang, Tao Zeng, Jixia Li, W. Zeng, Bin Ma, Donglian Xu, Z. Min, Xuelong Wang, Xiaofei Zhang, X. L. Guo, X. J. Dong, Hefan Li, S. H. Feng, Q. H. Chen, G. G. Xin, Warit Mitthumsiri, Kai-Kai Duan, Ying Zhang, P. F. Zhang, Z. X. Wang, H.Y. Gan, T. Wen, S. W. Cui, K. Levochkin, Hao Zhou, W. Wang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Kun Fang, D. M. Wei, H. Cai, S. Wu, Sina Chen, X. D. Sheng, Minghao Qi, C. X. Liu, Y. L. Feng, D. Bastieri, Q. An, B. Y. Pang, B. Liu, B. D. Wang, T. Ke, S. B. Yang, Bai Yibing, Lidan Gao, Y. W. Bao, Y. C. Nan, S. Z. Chen, Zhe Li, Shi-Qi Hu, X. H. You, H. B. Hu, H. Liu, X. T. Huang, J. C. He, Bingshui Gao, R. Zhou, L. Y. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Li Zhang, Z. G. Dai, M. J. Yang, Fan Yang, A. Masood, David Ruffolo, C. W. Yang, Q. Gao, Jun Liu, Z. K. Zeng, C. D. Gao, Lei Zhao, Z. C. Huang, B. B. Li, G. H. Gong, Lang Shao, M. J. Chen, Y. J. Wang, H. M. Zhang, D. della Volpe, He Zhang, Jianguo Qin, Y. J. Bi, Jun-Hui Fan, H. D. Liu, W. H. Huang, Y. D. Cheng, Z. B. Sun, Bo Zhang, Duo Yan, Z. X. Liu, Ruizhi Yang, X. N. Sun, Li-Sheng Geng, S. L. He, W. L. Li, Y. P. Wang, Y. H. Yu, Z. G. Yao, D. X. Xiao, J.W. Xia, X. G. Wang, H. L. Dai, Y. Y. Guo, Danzengluobu, Y. Q. Qi, H. Wang, W. Gao, Yi Liu, J. B. Zhao, Y. K. Hor, J. Chen, Zheng Wang, Q. B. Gou, L. P. Wang, Qizhi Huang, T. L. Chen, X. F. Wu, X. L. Ji, R. Lu, Cheng Guang Zhu, Zhuo Li, T. Montaruli, S. Q. Xi, Zhen Wang, Y.T. Fu, G. C. Xiao, Y. Z. Fan, X. H. Cui, Z. Y. Pei, B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, W. X. Wu, H. Y. Jia, Y. Wang, B. Z. Dai, Alejandro Sáiz, Youping Li, J. T. Cai, R. Liu, Long Chen, Y. J. Wei, Fengqin Guo, J. F. Chang, V. Rulev, L. Xue, Liang Chen, Y. L. Xin, Yugang Zhang, Xinbo He, K. Jiang, X. J. Bi, X. J. Hu, Y. Zheng, L. Q. Yin, X. Y. Huang, J. W. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, Wenwu Tian, Pak-Hin Thomas Tam, H. C. Li, Z. X. Fan, Z. Y. You, J. Y. Yang, Ping Zhou, Junjie Mao, Y. Z. Li, F. Zheng, Y. Q. Guo, H. R. Wu, B. M. Chen, X. X. Zhou, Q. Yuan, Felix Aharonian, H. N. He, M. Heller, K. Li, L. L. Ma, Yu. V. Stenkin, Z. J. Jiang, J. Liu, Yong Zhang, R. N. Wang, C. Hou, Shuibin Lin, S. M. Liu, Lu Zhang, J. S. Wang, Cunguo Wang, E. W. Liang, N. Yin, K. J. Zhu, Minghui Liu, Shengxue Zhang, Cheng Li, Dong Liu, Jinyao Liu, C. Y. Wu, Y. M. Ye, Yunchao Liu, Y. M. Xing, H. K. Lv, X. H. Ma, Xiang Zhang, Y. Su, J. G. Guo, S. R. Zhang, M. H. Gu, L. X. Zhang, Jiawei Yan, Xin Li, and Oleg Shchegolev
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Metrology, law.invention, Telescope, Air shower, Silicon photomultiplier, Optics, law, Calibration, business, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract: The main scientific goal of the LHAASO WFCTA experiment is to measure the cosmic ray energy spectra and composition from 10 TeV to 1 EeV. Cherenkov photons in the extensive air shower measured by the SiPM camera of Cherenkov telescopes can be used to reconstruct the cosmic ray energy. The absolute calibration of the camera is a crucial step to achieve the accurate measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum. A multi-wavelength cylindrical illuminator based on LEDs is developed and mounted inside the telescope to calibrate and monitor the camera, and the illuminator’s stability is better than 0.5% under the temperature variation from -26 to 26 ° C. A portable probe with a single photoelectron resolution of 21.6% is developed. After calibration by National Institute of Metrology, China (NIM), the probe is taken to the LHAASO site to measure the absolute photon density of the cylindrical illuminator inside the telescope. Based on the illuminator with known photon density, the photon conversion factor of the camera can be calibrated, and the overall calibration uncertainty is less than 2.6%.
Published: 2022

29. [Effect of enterostomy on analgesic pattern in patients with advanced digestive tract cancer]

Author: J Y, Ling, Y Y, Li, L X, Zhong, W W, Li, H, Liu, Y, Cai, H B, Hu, J W, Zhang, and Y H, Deng
Subjects: Male, Analgesics, Enterostomy, Humans, Pain, Female, Middle Aged, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Retrospective Studies
Published: 2019

30. Geometrical reconstruction of fluorescence events observed by the LHAASO experiment *

Author: F. Aharonian, Q. An, null Axikegu, L. X. Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, H. Cai, J. T. Cai, Z. Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, X. C. Chang, B. M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, null Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, X. J. Dong, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, Z. X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, Y. L. Feng, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. C. He, S. L. He, X. B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y. K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. Hu, S. C. Hu, X. J. Hu, D. H. Huang, Q. L. Huang, W. H. Huang, X. T. Huang, Z. C. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B. B. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, H. Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W. L. Li, X. Li, X. R. Li, Y. Li, Y. Z. Li, Z. Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S.J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, J. S. Liu, J. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. N. Liu, Z. X. Liu, W. J. Long, R. Lu, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y. C. Nan, B. Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, M. Y. Qi, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, J. R. Shi, H. C. Song, Yu.V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, B. D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H. G. Wang, J. C. Wang, J. S. Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, R. N. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. J. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, W. X. Wu, X. F. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, J. J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, G. Xiao, H. B. Xiao, G. G. Xin, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, D. L. Xu, R. X. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, C. W. Yang, F. F. Yang, J. Y. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, S. B. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, Y. M. Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, B. B. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, and X. Zuo
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Resolution (electron density), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, Fluorescence, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Trajectory, Range (statistics), 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract: The LHAASO-WFCTA experiment, which aims to observe cosmic rays in the sub-EeV range using the fluorescence technique, uses a new generation of high-performance telescopes. To ensure that the experiment has excellent detection capability associated with the measurement of the energy spectrum, the primary composition of cosmic rays, and so on, an accurate geometrical reconstruction of air-shower events is fundamental. This paper describes the development and testing of geometrical reconstruction for stereo viewed events using the WFCTA (Wide Field of view Cherenkov/Fluorescence Telescope Array) detectors. Two approaches, which take full advantage of the WFCTA detectors, are investigated. One is the stereo-angular method, which uses the pointing of triggered SiPMs in the shower trajectory, and the other is the stereo-timing method, which uses the triggering time of the fired SiPMs. The results show that both methods have good geometrical resolution; the resolution of the stereo-timing method is slightly better than the stereo-angular method because the resolution of the latter is slightly limited by the shower track length.
Published: 2021

31. Observation of the Crab Nebula with LHAASO-KM2A − a performance study *

Author: F. Aharonian, Q. An, 克古 Axikegu, L. X. Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, H. Cai, J. T. Cai, Z. Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, X. C. Chang, B. M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, 罗布 Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, X. J. Dong, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, Z. X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, Y. L. Feng, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. C. He, S. L. He, X. B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y. K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. Hu, S. C. Hu, X. J. Hu, D. H. Huang, Q. L. Huang, W. H. Huang, X. T. Huang, Z. C. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B. B. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, H. Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W. L. Li, X. Li, X. R. Li, Y. Li, Y. Z. Li, Z. Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S. J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, J. S. Liu, J. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. N. Liu, Z. X. Liu, W. J. Long, R. Lu, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y. C. Nan, B. Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, M. Y. Qi, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, J. R. Shi, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, B. D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H. G. Wang, J. C. Wang, J. S. Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, R. N. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. J. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, W. X. Wu, X. F. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, J. J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, G. Xiao, H. B. Xiao, G. G. Xin, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, D. L. Xu, R. X. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, C. W. Yang, F. F. Yang, J. Y. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, S. B. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, Y. M. Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, B. B. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, and X. Zuo
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, High energy, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Cosmic distance ladder, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Crab Nebula, 0103 physical sciences, Energy spectrum, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: A sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), KM2A is mainly designed to observe a large fraction of the northern sky to hunt for γ-ray sources at energies above 10 TeV. Even though the detector construction is still underway, half of the KM2A array has been operating stably since the end of 2019. In this paper, we present the KM2A data analysis pipeline and the first observation of the Crab Nebula, a standard candle in very high energy γ-ray astronomy. We detect γ-ray signals from the Crab Nebula in both energy ranges of 10 100 TeV and 100 TeV with high significance, by analyzing the KM2A data of 136 live days between December 2019 and May 2020. With the observations, we test the detector performance, including angular resolution, pointing accuracy and cosmic-ray background rejection power. The energy spectrum of the Crab Nebula in the energy range 10-250 TeV fits well with a single power-law function dN/dE = (1.13 0.05 0.08 ) 10 (E/20 TeV) cm s TeV . It is consistent with previous measurements by other experiments. This opens a new window of γ-ray astronomy above 0.1 PeV through which new ultrahigh-energy γ-ray phenomena, such as cosmic PeVatrons, might be discovered.
Published: 2021

32. Characterization of radiation damage caused by 23MeV protons in Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC)

Author: Z. Xu, Fei Xie, Xu Zhou, C. X. Liu, Xufang Li, H. B. Hu, Zhi Chang, Shuo Zhang, Juan Zhang, Yu-Dong Gu, Yanguo Li, Xue-Feng Lu, Zheng-Wei Li, Jianling Zhao, Yifei Zhang, and Yupeng Xu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Radioactive source, Alpha particle, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, Optics, Silicon photomultiplier, 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, Irradiation, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation
Abstract: A automatic gain control system (AGC) is designed to continuously monitor and automatically control the gain of the phoswich detectors onboard the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT). It consists of a Am 241 radioactive source and a photo-detector. The Am 241 radioactive source is tagged within a plastic scintillator (BC440M). The scintillating photons produced by the decayed alpha particles from the radioactive source is readout by the photo-detector. The Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) produced by Hamamatsu is used as the photo-detector for AGC. To verify the feasibility of its application in space environment, four MPPCs (S10362-33-050C) were irradiated by a beam of 23 MeV protons. The integrated proton fluence that exposed to the four MPPC samples are 1.0 × 10 8 p cm − 2 , 2.0 × 10 8 p cm − 2 , 4.0 × 10 8 p cm − 2 and 1.0 × 10 10 p cm − 2 respectively. It is found that the increment leakage current of the MPPC samples caused by irradiation damage increase linearly with the integrated fluence. The pulse-height resolution of the MPPC has deteriorated hardly after irradiation. When irradiated up to 1.1 × 10 9 cm − 2 1 MeV equivalent neutrons, the MPPC completely lost its photon-counting capability but could still work as a photo-detector for AGC. The MPPC fails as a photo-detector for the AGC when the irradiated 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluences is up to 2.7 × 10 10 cm − 2 .
Published: 2016

33. The Original Anisotropy of TeV Cosmic Rays in the Local Interstellar Medium

Author: H. B. Hu, Ming Zhang, Reinhard Schlickeiser, Y. Zhang, and Nikolai V. Pogorelov
Subjects: Physics, Interstellar medium, Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Anisotropy
Published: 2020

34. LncRNA LINC01116 competes with miR-145 for the regulation of ESR1 expression in breast cancer

Author: H-B, Hu, Q, Chen, and S-Q, Ding
Subjects: Adult, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Male, MicroRNAs, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Humans, Breast Neoplasms, Female, RNA, Long Noncoding, Middle Aged, Aged
Abstract: To investigate the biological role and clinical significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) LINC01116 in breast cancer.In the public database Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the breast cancer data set GSE54002 was screened for differentially expressed lncRNA LINC01116 in breast cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues. Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of LINC01116 in 64 breast cancer tissues and 30 normal breast tissues. Level of LINC01116 and clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer were statistically analyzed. The effect of LINC01116 in breast cancer cells was investigated after knockdown of LINC01116. Luciferase reporter gene was further used to investigate the mechanism of endogenous RNA (ceRNA).Results of GSE54002 showed that the expression of LINC01116 in breast cancer tissues was significantly increased. In clinical samples, the level of LINC01116 in patients with breast cancer was significantly increased, which was correlated with the overall survival, tumor size and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage in patients, but not correlated with the age, sex and lymph node metastasis (p0.05). LINC01116 can act as an endogenous sponge and bind directly to miR-145, resulting in the up-regulation of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), a target gene of miR-145.LncRNA LINC01116 is highly expressed in breast cancer and is a new prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. Our study establishes a new link between LINC01116, miR-145 and ESR1.
Published: 2018

35. Influence of Earth-Directed Coronal Mass Ejections on the Sun's Shadow Observed by the Tibet-III Air Shower Array

Author: T. K. Sako, H. Nanjo, Zicai Yang, T. Shirai, N. Hotta, W. J. Li, M. Sakata, Gui-Ming Le, X. L. Qian, K. Kawata, Ang Li, Haibing Hu, J. S. Liu, H. Lu, H. B. Hu, X. B. Qu, Masayoshi Kozai, S. Ozawa, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Danzengluobu, Y. Zhang, L. Xue, K. Yamauchi, A. Shiomi, Q. B. Gou, Y. Katayose, Zhaxisangzhu, T. Miyazaki, H. H. He, H. M. Zhang, I. Ohta, Ying Zhang, Chihiro Kato, S. W. Cui, X. Y. Zhang, H. Sugimoto, Minghui Liu, Takeshi Saito, Z. T. He, Masaki Nishizawa, W. Y. Chen, C. X. Liu, X. X. Zho, M. Amenomori, L. M. Zhai, X. J. Bi, Labaciren, T. L. Chen, Kazuoki Munakata, Y. Nakamura, T. Niwa, K. Kasahara, Z. Y. Feng, Jing Huang, Y. Q. Guo, Yi Zhang, C. F. Feng, J. Shao, H. Y. Jia, H. J. Li, Donghong Chen, H. R. Wu, X. R. Meng, L. L. Jiang, S. A. F. Yuan, Masato Takita, K. Hibino, Zhaoyang Feng, F. Kajino, T. Nakajima, M. Shibata, Y. Yamamoto, M. Ohnishi, S. Udo, N. Tateyama, Takashi Saito, Huaguang Wang, L. K. Ding, Jia Zhang, Y. H. Tan, and Shoji Torii
Subjects: Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, magnetic fields, 01 natural sciences, cosmic rays, Sun: activity, 0103 physical sciences, Shadow, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), integumentary system, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar maximum, Air shower, Space and Planetary Science, Magnitude (astronomy), Physics::Space Physics, Solar rotation, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Intensity (heat transfer)
Abstract: 著者人数: The Tibet ASγ Collaboration 81名 (所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS): 小財, 正義), Number of authors: The Tibet ASγ Collaboration 81 (Affiliation. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS): Kozai, Masayoshi), Accepted: 2018-05-03, 資料番号: SA1180049000
Published: 2018
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36. Introduction to a calibration facility for hard X-ray detectors

Author: Shu Zhang, Xufang Li, Xinqiao Li, H. B. Hu, ZeShu Li, Wei Jiang, Xu Zhou, Jinjie Wu, Yu-Peng Chen, YaNing Xie, Jian Zhang, Li Bing, C. X. Liu, and Yi-Fei Zhang
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, X-ray detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Collimator, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, Space and Planetary Science, law, Electromagnetic shielding, Calibration, Monochromatic color, business, Monochromator
Abstract: This paper introduces the current configuration of the Hard X-ray Calibration Facility (HXCF) in 2014, which is used to calibrate the high energy X-ray detectors that will be onboard the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) satellite, China’s first astronomy satellite. The HXCF consists of an X-ray tube, a skid platform system, a double crystal monochromator, a “T” structure mechanism, a collimator, an adjustable beam, a background shielding box, as well as the box of the control system. The HXCF covers 15–100 keV energy band and has a high fraction of monochromatic light (exceeding 92 % at 15–100 keV) and good monochromaticity (1‰ level). The flux of the monochromatic light is around 104 photons cm−2 s−1. This HXCF could be used to calibrate the energy linearities, the energy resolutions and detection efficiencies of hard X-ray detectors.
Published: 2014

37. Solar magnetic field strength and the 'Sun's Shadow'

Author: Masaki Nishizawa, C. F. Feng, L. L. Jiang, Zicai Yang, Danzengluobu, K. Mizutani, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, Chihiro Kato, W. J. Li, M. Amenomori, H. Sugimoto, T. Yuda, Zhaxisangzhu na, C. X. Liu, K. Hibino, Haibing Hu, X. L. Qian, Katsuaki Kasahara, J. Shao, Shunsuke Ozawa, H. Nanjo, L. Xue, Donghong Chen, Ying Zhang, Labaciren na, Y. Zhang, T. Shirai, S. W. Cui, Z. Y. Feng, I. Ohta, A. Shiomi, Yoshiaki Nakamura, T. Miyazaki, H. Y. Jia, Takeshi Saito, X. R. Meng, L. K. Ding, Zhaoyang Feng, Ang Li, Y. Q. Guo, Jian Huang, H. J. Li, Y. H. Tan, X. B. Qu, Takashi Saito, J. S. Liu, Huaguang Wang, H. R. Wu, Nigishi Hotta, L. M. Zhai, H. H. He, F. Kajino, W. Y. Chen, T. Nakajima, T. Niwa, Y. Yamamoto, M. Ohnishi, A. F. Yuan, Z. T. He, S. Udo, Kazuoki Munakata, T. L. Chen, X. J. Bi, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, T. Sasaki, Jia Zhang, S. Torii, M. Sakata, Gui-Ming Le, Hsiao-Chi Lu, M. Shibata, K. Kawata, H. B. Hu, Masayoshi Kozai, N. Tateyama, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Y. Nakamura, Y. Katayose, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, and K. Yamauchi
Subjects: Physics, Air shower, Angular displacement, Physics::Space Physics, Shadow, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Field strength, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Interplanetary magnetic field, Intensity (heat transfer), Displacement (vector), Magnetic field
Abstract: The angular displacement of the center of the observed Sun's shadow from the center of the optical solar disc tells us the information of average solar magnetic field strength in the space between the Sun and the Earth. We analyze the displacement of the Sun's shadow observed in 5 ~ 240 TeV cosmic-ray intensity with the Tibet-III air shower array during 10 years between 2000 and 2009, and compare with the MC simulations based on the coronal magnetic field model and Parker's spiral interplanetary magnetic field model. We find that the observed North-South displacement is significantly larger than the prediction of simulations. This result uniquely suggests the underestimation of the average field strength between the Sun and the Earth in our model. In this work, we will report the actual solar magnetic field strength evaluated from the observed Sun's shadow.
Published: 2017

38. The Tibet AS+MD Project; status report 2017

Author: Jia Zhang, S. Torii, L. K. Ding, Y. Yamamoto, Zicai Yang, Katsuaki Kasahara, K. Mizutani, K. Hibino, Haibing Hu, W. J. Li, T. K. Sako, N. Hotta, X. R. Meng, M. Amenomori, W. Y. Chen, Ang Li, A. F. Yuan, Zhaoyang Feng, X. J. Bi, Chihiro Kato, T. Miyazaki, Y. Zhang, X. B. Qu, Yi Zhang, Danzengluobu, K. Yamauchi, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, A. Shiomi, C. X. Liu, Hsiao-Chi Lu, M. Sakata, Takashi Saito, Ying Zhang, S. W. Cui, H. M. Zhang, J. S. Liu, Takeshi Saito, X. X. Zhou, Zhaxisangzhu na, Gui-Ming Le, Huaguang Wang, H. Y. Jia, H. H. He, H. Sugimoto, J. Shao, L. M. Zhai, Z. Y. Feng, Minghui Liu, H. Nanjo, T. Shirai, M. Shibata, T. Niwa, Jian Huang, T. Yuda, M. Ohnishi, H. B. Hu, Masayoshi Kozai, S. Udo, F. Kajino, T. Ohta, T. Nakajima, Y. H. Tan, Y. Q. Guo, N. Tateyama, Donghong Chen, Harufumi Tsuchiya, H. J. Li, H. R. Wu, Shunsuke Ozawa, Z. T. He, K. Kawata, X. L. Qian, Kazuoki Munakata, L. Xue, Masaki Nishizawa, Y. Nakamura, C. F. Feng, L. L. Jiang, and Y. Katayose
Subjects: Physics, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Gamma ray, Counting Number, Status report, Galaxy, Nuclear physics, Air shower, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Event (particle physics), Muon detector
Abstract: We built a large (approximately 4,000 m**2) water Cherenkov- type muon detector array under the existing Tibet air shower array at 4,300 m above sea level, to observe 10-1000 TeV gamma rays from cosmic-ray accelerators in our Galaxy with wide field of view at very low background level. A gamma-ray induced air shower has significantly less muons compared with a cosmic-ray induced one. Therefore, we can effectively discriminate between primary gamma rays and cosmic-ray background events by means of counting number of muons in an air shower event by the muon detector array. We make a status report on the experiment.
Published: 2017

39. Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection and the Sun's Shadow Observed by the Tibet Air Shower Array

Author: H. Nanjo, M. Ohnishi, T. Shirai, S. Udo, Takeshi Saito, Ying Zhang, Kazumasa Kawata, S. W. Cui, L. M. Zhai, Donghong Chen, Jian Huang, F. Kajino, T. Nakajima, Yi Zhang, M. Shibata, H. B. Hu, C. F. Feng, Masayoshi Kozai, K. Kawata, Z. T. He, T. L. Chen, X. L. Qian, Ang Li, L. L. Jiang, Z. Y. Feng, X. J. Bi, K. Hibino, T. Yuda, Haibing Hu, X. B. Qu, Katsuaki Kasahara, Takashi Saito, Chihiro Kato, Y. Zhang, Huaguang Wang, A. Shiomi, Danzengluobu, C. X. Liu, K. Yamauchi, H. M. Zhang, L. Xue, X. X. Zhou, T. Niwa, H. Sugimoto, W. Y. Chen, M. Sakata, X. R. Meng, Zhaoyang Feng, Labaciren na, Yu Yamamoto, Gui-Ming Le, Zhaxisangzhu na, H. Y. Jia, Masaki Nishizawa, T. K. Sako, J. S. Liu, N. Tateyama, Harufumi Tsuchiya, I. Ohta, M. Amenomori, J. Shao, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Katayose, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, H. J. Li, H. R. Wu, Hsiao-Chi Lu, Nigishi Hotta, Zicai Yang, W. J. Li, K. Mizutani, Y. Nakamura, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, A. F. Yuan, Kazuoki Munakata, Jia Zhang, S. Torii, L. K. Ding, Shunsuke Ozawa, T. Miyazaki, Y. H. Tan, and H. H. He
Subjects: Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics, Solar maximum, Magnetic field, Interplanetary coronal mass ejection, Air shower, Physics::Space Physics, Shadow, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Transit (astronomy), Variation (astronomy), Intensity (heat transfer)
Abstract: We continuously observed the Sun’s shadow in 3 TeV cosmic-ray intensity with the Tibet-III air shower array since 2000. We find a clear solar-cycle variation of the deficit intensity in the Sun’s shadow during the periods between 2000 and 2009. The MC simulation of the Sun’s shadow based on the coronal magnetic field model does not well reproduce the observed deficit intensity around the solar maximum. However, when we exclude the transit periods during ICMEs towards to the Earth, the MC simulation shows better reproducibility. In the present paper, we report on the MC simulation and the analysis method of the Sun’s shadow observed by the Tibet-III array.
Published: 2017

40. Measurement of high energy cosmic rays by the new Tibet hybrid experiment

Author: Labaciren na, Jian Huang, H. Y. Jia, Y. Katayose, M. Amenomori, H. B. Hu, Chihiro Kato, Masayoshi Kozai, Y. Q. Guo, C. X. Liu, H. J. Li, H. R. Wu, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, Masaki Nishizawa, X. L. Qian, H. Sugimoto, S. Ozawa, K. Mizutani, H. Nanjo, Huaguang Wang, Ying Zhang, Nigishi Hotta, T. Shirai, T. Yuda, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, M. Shibata, K. Hibino, M. Sakata, Zicai Yang, S. W. Cui, L. Xue, Haibing Hu, W. J. Li, I. Ohta, Gui-Ming Le, Y. Yamamoto, X. J. Bi, F. Kajino, Y. Zhang, T. Nakajima, C. F. Feng, Donghong Chen, A. Shiomi, K. Kasahara, Jing Huang, Ang Li, X. B. Qu, M. Ohnishi, T. K. Sako, L. L. Jiang, J. S. Liu, Danzengluobu Na, J. Shao, Yi Zhang, K. Kawata, T. Niwa, Y. Nakamura, Z. Y. Feng, Takeshi Saito, Shigeharu Udo, Jia Zhang, X. R. Meng, S. Torii, Z. T. He, A. F. Yuan, W. Y. Chen, Kazuoki Munakata, Zhaoyang Feng, L. M. Zhai, T. L. Chen, Zhaxisangzhu na, K. Yamauchi, N. Tateyama, L. K. Ding, Harufumi Tsuchiya, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, Hsiao-Chi Lu, Y. H. Tan, T. Miyazaki, and H. H. He
Subjects: Core (optical fiber), Nuclear physics, Physics, High energy, Air shower, Energy spectrum, Detector, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
Abstract: We have started a new hybrid air shower experiment at Yangbajing (4300 m a.s.l.) in Tibet in February 2014. This new hybrid experiment consists of the YAC-II comprised of 124 core detectors placed in the form of a square grid of 1.9 m spacing covering about 500 m2, the Tibet-III air shower array with the total area of about 50,000 m2 and the underground MD array consisting of 80 cells, with the total area of about 4,200 m2. This hybrid-array system is used to observe air showers of high energy celestial gamma-ray origin and those of nuclear-component origin. In this paper, a short review of the experiment will be followed by an overview on the current results on energy spectrum and chemical composition of CRs and test of hadronic interaction models.
Published: 2017

41. [Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in a pregnant woman under echocardiographic guidance]

Author: Y, Liu, H B, Hu, and M Z, Li
Subjects: Adult, Echocardiography, Pregnancy, Humans, Mitral Valve Stenosis, Female, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Catheterization
Published: 2017

42. Test of the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII- 04 with Tibet EAS core data

Author: T. Miyazaki, Labaciren, Z. T. He, Haibing Hu, M. Amenomori, T. L. Chen, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Zhang, H. J. Li, A. Shiomi, Kazuoki Munakata, Masaki Nishizawa, H. R. Wu, H. B. Hu, Y. H. Tan, Masayoshi Kozai, N. Hotta, Zicai Yang, W. J. Li, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, H. H. He, Hsiao-Chi Lu, T. K. Sako, H. Sugimoto, X. L. Qian, I. Ohta, X. J. Bi, A. F. Yuan, M. Shibata, J. S. Liu, C. F. Feng, N. Tateyama, H. Y. Jia, Jia Zhang, J. Shao, L. Xue, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Donghong Chen, L. L. Jiang, S. Torii, Y. Nakamura, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, H. Nanjo, X. R. Meng, K. Kawata, Chihiro Kato, Zhaoyang Feng, K. Hibino, T. Shirai, W. Y. Chen, K. Kasahara, Y. H. Lin, Danzengluobu, Y. Katayose, M. Sakata, Jing Huang, Gui-Ming Le, K. Yamauchi, C. X. Liu, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, T. Niwa, Takashi Saito, Huaguang Wang, L. K. Ding, Z. Y. Feng, Y. Yamamoto, S. Ozawa, Ang Li, X. B. Qu, F. Kajino, T. Nakajima, Zhaxisangzhu, M. Ohnishi, S. Udo, Ying Zhang, S. W. Cui, Yi Zhang, Takeshi Saito, and L. M. Zhai
Subjects: Physics, Core (optical fiber), Nuclear physics, Large Hadron Collider, QC1-999, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract: A hybrid experiment has been started by the ASγ experiment at Yangbajing (4300m a.s.l.) in Tibet since May 2009, that consists of a high-energy air-shower-core array (YAC-I) and a high-density air-shower array (Tibet-III). In this paper, we report our results to check the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, SIBYLL2.1, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII-04 in the multi-tens TeV energy region using YAC-I+Tibet-III experimental data from May 2009 through January 2010. The effective live time is calculated as 106.05 days. The results show that the description of transverse momentum, inelastic cross-section and inelasticity for the 4 hadronic interaction models is consistent with YAC-I experimental data within 15% systematic errors range in the forward region below 100 TeV. Among them, the EPOS-LHC model is the best hadronic interaction model. Furthermore, we find that the H4a composition model is the best one below the 100 TeV energy region.
Published: 2019

43. A discussion on vacuum polarization correction to the cross-section of e + e − → γ * / ψ → μ + μ −

Author: B. Y. Zhang, Hong-Dou Jin, Li-Peng Zhou, and H. B. Hu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Cross section (physics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vacuum polarization, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences, Instrumentation
Published: 2018

44. Long term stability analysis on the MD-A under TIBET III array

Author: Chihiro Kato, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, X. J. Bi, Y. H. Tan, W. J. Li, C. X. Liu, Ying Zhang, S. W. Cui, H. Y. Jia, H. Sugimoto, M. Ohnishi, K. Mizutani, T. Miyazaki, M. Amenomori, Jia Zhang, Danzengluobu, S. Udo, S. Yasue, Z. T. He, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, K. Yamauchi, F. Kajino, T. Nakajima, Y. Nakamura, T. L. Chen, J. S. Liu, X. L. Qian, N. Hotta, K. Kawata, X. B. Qu, Takashi Saito, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Katayose, Huaguang Wang, Minghui Liu, Haibing Hu, Z. Y. Feng, L. Xue, K. Kasahara, A. F. Li, J. Shao, H. H. He, Zicai Yang, K. Hibino, M. Shibata, Donghong Chen, Takashi Sako, Hsiao-Chi Lu, T. Yuda, Zhaxisangzhu, Y. Zhang, W. Y. Chen, L. K. Ding, Y. Q. Guo, I. Ohta, Shunsuke Ozawa, H. J. Li, H. R. Wu, X. R. Meng, A. Shiomi, Zhaoyang Feng, T. Niwa, Y. Yamamoto, Jian Huang, Shoji Torii, Kazuoki Munakata, Takeshi Saito, L. M. Zhai, Yi Zhang, H. Nanjo, C. F. Feng, T. Shirai, L. L. Jiang, Masaki Nishizawa, M. Sakata, Gui-Ming Le, N. Tateyama, Harufumi Tsuchiya, A. F. Yuan, H. B. Hu, Masayoshi Kozai, and Labaciren
Subjects: Thesaurus (information retrieval), Information retrieval, Computer science, Stability (learning theory), Term (time)
Published: 2016

45. Observation of primary cosmic rays with the new Tibet hybrid experiment(YAC-II + Tibet-III + MD))

Author: Takeshi Saito, T. Yuda, Kazuoki Munakata, Z. Y. Feng, K. Yamauchi, L. K. Ding, Zhaxisangzhu, N. Hotta, L. M. Zhai, W. Y. Chen, Hsiao-Chi Lu, Y. Q. Guo, Jia Zhang, Donghong Chen, S. Yasue, H. J. Li, Haibing Hu, H. R. Wu, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, Y. Zhang, H. Y. Jia, K. Hibino, I. Ohta, A. Shiomi, X. Y. Zhang, M. Ohnishi, Minghui Liu, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, S. Udo, M. Amenomori, Z. T. He, H. Sugimoto, H. B. Hu, Chihiro Kato, T. Niwa, Masayoshi Kozai, Y. Yamamoto, Yi Zhang, T. L. Chen, K. Mizutani, C. X. Liu, A. F. Yuan, K. Kawata, X. L. Qian, Takashi Saito, Danzengluobu, Huaguang Wang, W. J. Li, J. S. Liu, Ying Zhang, S. W. Cui, Zicai Yang, H. Nanjo, N. Tateyama, M. Shibata, T. Shirai, Y. Nakamura, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Labaciren, L. Xue, F. Kajino, T. Nakajima, M. Sakata, Y. Katayose, Gui-Ming Le, X. B. Qu, Masaki Nishizawa, C. F. Feng, Y. H. Tan, J. Shao, H. H. He, L. L. Jiang, T. Miyazaki, Takashi Sako, Shoji Torii, X. R. Meng, Zhaoyang Feng, K. Kasahara, Shunsuke Ozawa, A. F. Li, Jing Huang, and X. J. Bi
Subjects: Physics, Primary (astronomy), Astronomy, Cosmic ray
Published: 2016

46. Sidereal anisotropy of Galactic cosmic ray observed by the Tibet Air Shower experiment and the IceCube experiment

Author: T. Miyazaki, F. Kajino, T. Nakajima, Yi Zhang, C. F. Feng, K. Kawata, Jian Huang, X. L. Qian, L. L. Jiang, Zicai Yang, K. Mizutani, Chihiro Kato, Haibing Hu, M. Shibata, Y. Zhang, M. Ohnishi, A. Shiomi, C. X. Liu, W. J. Li, Shunsuke Ozawa, H. M. Zhang, Ying Zhang, X. X. Zhou, H. Sugimoto, S. Udo, L. Xue, N. Hotta, S. W. Cui, Shoji Torii, Takeshi Saito, A. F. Yuan, Y. H. Tan, N. Tateyama, Hsiao-Chi Lu, Z. Y. Feng, S. Yasue, Y. Q. Guo, J. Shao, H. H. He, L. M. Zhai, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Danzengluobu, Q. B. Gou, L. K. Ding, T. Yuda, H. J. Li, Masato Takita, H. R. Wu, K. Hibino, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, T. Niwa, Labaciren, M. Amenomori, J. S. Liu, Zhaxisangzhu, Takashi Saito, X. B. Qu, Jia Zhang, Huaguang Wang, K. Yamauchi, H. B. Hu, H. Y. Jia, Masayoshi Kozai, Kazuoki Munakata, Y. Yamamoto, Masaki Nishizawa, M. Sakata, Gui-Ming Le, H. Nanjo, T. Shirai, Donghong Chen, I. Ohta, Z. T. He, T. L. Chen, K. Kasahara, A. F. Li, X. J. Bi, W. Y. Chen, Takashi Sako, X. R. Meng, Zhaoyang Feng, Y. Nakamura, and Y. Katayose
Subjects: Physics, Air shower, Sidereal time, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Anisotropy
Published: 2016

47. Is the large-scale sidereal anisotropy of the galactic cosmic-ray intensity really instable at TeV energies?

Author: H. Nanjo, T. Shirai, Danzengluobu, Zhenyong Feng, C. F. Feng, Haibing Hu, M. Amenomori, K. Kasahara, L. L. Jiang, Y. Zhang, M. Sakata, A. F. Li, A. Shiomi, Gui-Ming Le, Jing Huang, Chihiro Kato, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, Y. Q. Guo, H. Sugimoto, X. B. Qu, X. L. Qian, J. S. Liu, A. F. Yuan, H. R. Wu, J. Shao, I. Ohta, C. X. Liu, Huihai He, X. R. Meng, Zhaoyang Feng, N. Tateyama, W. Y. Chen, L. Xue, Harufumi Tsuchiya, K. Mizutani, D. Chen, Z. T. He, Masaki Nishizawa, X. Y. Zhang, Shunsuke Ozawa, Kazuoki Munakata, T. K. Sako, Labaciren, N. Hotta, Y. Katayose, Y. Yamamoto, Shoji Torii, Zhaxisangzhu, X. J. Bi, K. Hibino, X. H. Ding, H. B. Hu, H. W. Guo, Hsiao-Chi Lu, Y. H. Tan, M. Shibata, F. Kajino, Zicai Yang, S. Yasue, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, L. K. Ding, Jia Zhang, Yi Zhang, M. Ohnishi, S. Udo, Takashi Saito, W. J. Li, Ying Zhang, Huaguang Wang, S. W. Cui, Takeshi Saito, Kazumasa Kawata, L. M. Zhai, T. Yuda, and H. Y. Jia
Subjects: Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Amplitude, Observatory, Sidereal time, Physics::Space Physics, Milagro, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Right ascension, Anisotropy, Heliosphere
Abstract: The sidereal cosmic-ray anisotropy at TeV energies has a large-scale deficit region distributed between 150 and 240 degrees in right ascension, which is called the “loss-cone”. The Milagro experiment reported the detection of a steady increase in the loss-cone amplitude at 6 TeV from July 2000 to July 2007. In this paper, we examine Milagro’s claim using the data collected by the Tibet air-shower experiment from November 1999 through December 2008. No time dependence was found in the loss-cone amplitude at 4.4, 6.2, and 11 TeV. If the increase in the loss-cone amplitude were, as Milagro argued, due to variations in the heliosphere in relation to solar activities, the same tendency would be seen at sub-TeV energies where the anisotropy is far more sensitive to solar activities. At 0.6 TeV, however, Matsushiro underground muon observatory reported no significant increase in the loss-cone amplitude during the corresponding period.
Published: 2012

48. Performance of a prototype water Cherenkov detector for LHAASO project

Author: Zhe Cao, J.L. Liu, Ye Xu, Z. G. Zhao, M. Zha, B.K. Zhang, L.H. Chen, H. R. Wu, T.L. Chen, H. Y. Jia, W. P. Huang, Huihai He, G.X. Sun, S.W. Cui, B. Gao, Q.Y. Yang, Zhiguo Yao, C. Li, Q. J. Li, Danzengluobu, X.Y. Zhang, Zhen Cao, Y.J. Mao, J. F. Chang, L. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, Haoqi Lu, X.H. Ma, C.F. Feng, Jinsong Huang, X. J. Bi, Shenye Liu, J. Liu, Minhao Gu, B.Z. Dai, Y.T. Chen, Q. An, X. J. Hao, J. B. Zhao, Min Chen, S.R. Zhang, G. C. Xiao, K. J. Zhu, H. B. Hu, Bin Zhou, X. D. Sheng, Y. X. Bai, Y. Zhang, Guo-Ming Chen, and C. Y. Wu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Cherenkov detector, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Monte Carlo method, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Gamma ray, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Air shower, law, Observatory, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation, Remote sensing
Abstract: A large high-altitude air shower observatory is to be built at Yang-Ba-Jing, Tibet, China. One of its main purposes is to survey the northern sky for very-high-energy (above 100 GeV) gamma ray sources via its ground-based water Cherenkov detector array. To gain full knowledge of water Cherenkov technique in detecting air showers, a prototype water Cherenkov detector is built at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing. The performance of the prototype water Cherenkov detector is studied by measuring its response to cosmic muons. The results are compared with those from a full Monte Carlo simulation to provide a series of information regarding the prototype detector in guiding electronics design and detector optimization. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2011

49. Effects of direct current field on powder pack aluminising

Author: J.-H. Li, H.-B. Hu, Z.-H. Zhou, F. Xie, J.-W. Pan, and J. Hu
Subjects: Materials science, Carbon steel, business.industry, Direct current, Electrical engineering, Surfaces and Interfaces, engineering.material, Condensed Matter Physics, Microstructure, Cathode, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, law.invention, Anode, law, Phase (matter), Materials Chemistry, engineering, Composite material, business, Oxidation resistance
Abstract: Direct current field (DCF) has been applied on an aluminising specimen and powder aluminising agents to overcome conventional powder pack aluminising (CPA)’s shortcomings of high treating temperature, long soaking time and low efficiency in utilising aluminising media. The specimen in the shape of plate or tube was taken as cathode of the DCF. The anode in the shape of plate or column paralleled to the specimen. Effects of DCF on CPA have been studied. The treated case’s microstructure, phase, thickness and oxidation resistance have been investigated. The results show that DCF has the function of enhancing aluminising with great energy saving, even at a temperature below 750°C. The aluminised case endows plain carbon steel with superior resistance to oxidisation in air at a high temperature of 850°C. Mechanisms of DCF’s effects to CPA have been proposed, which were discussed from two aspects of the DCF’s thermal and non‐thermal effects to the aluminising process.
Published: 2011

50. Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet experiment and future prospects

Author: N. Hotta, J. Y. Li, Hsiao-Chi Lu, S. W. Cui, C. F. Feng, Q. Huang, G. M. Le, X. C. Yang, Labaciren, H. B. Hu, B. S. Wang, Q. X. Geng, Zhaxisangzhu, Takeshi Saito, D. Chen, Takashi Sako, Kazuoki Munakata, Kazumasa Kawata, C. Fan, H. H. He, Z. H. Ye, Masaki Nishizawa, X. Y. Gao, Takashi Saito, Jieru Ren, Danzengluobu, A. Nagai, Huaguang Wang, Yizhang, M. Sakata, K. Kasahara, J. Mu, S. L. Lu, Y. G. Wang, M. Amenomori, Jia Zhang, A. F. Li, Jing Huang, C. T. Yan, M. Shibata, Shunsuke Ozawa, A. F. Yuan, X. R. Meng, G. C. Yu, I. Ohta, X. H. Ding, Zhaoyang Feng, Shoji Torii, H. Y. Jia, T. Yuda, S. Udo, Y. Q. Lou, H. R. Wu, K. Hibino, Haibing Hu, Y. H. Tan, H. Onuma, N. Tateyama, X. J. Bi, Harufumi Tsuchiya, K. Mizutani, Y. Katayose, Y. Zhang, A. Shiomi, H. Nanjo, Y. Yamamoto, Yu-Sa Wang, X. Wang, T. Shirai, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, H. Sugimoto, S. Yasue, H. W. Guo, Masato Takita, M. Ohnishi, L. K. Ding, T. Ouchi, Z. Y. Feng, X. Y. Zhang, F. Kajino, Chihiro Kato, M. He, L. Xue, and Ning Zhang
Subjects: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Range (particle radiation), Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Phase (waves), Aerospace Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, Geophysics, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Helium
Abstract: The observation of the extensive air showers has been carried out since 1990 by Tibet air-shower array to study the origin of the cosmic-rays. In order to investigate the chemical composition around the knee, air-shower core detector was used in two experimental phases aiming to separate light primary elements (proton and helium). In a first phase experiment made in 1996-1999, primary proton and helium spectra were measured using a hybrid detector consisted of Tibet II air-shower array, emulsion chambers, and burst detectors. The result indicated that the fraction of light elements among the all particle spectrum is less than 30%. We performed the second phase experiment in 2002-2005 to measure proton + helium together to confirm the previous result with higher statistics by improving the detection efficiency for the air-shower cores. The P + He spectrum was obtained in a good agreement with previous result by several times higher statistics. The flux of the light elements, together with the all-particle energy spectrum, indicates the dominance of nuclei heavier than helium in the energy range around the knee. We also present the outline of the next phase experiment, which is to measure the heavy elements around the knee, using low threshold air-shower core detector named YAC. (C) 2010 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2011

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