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The predatory mite Cydnoseius negevi (Swirski & Amitai), (Family Phytosidae), is a predaceous mite of different mite and insect pests, such as two-spotted spider mite and castor whitefly. This work aimed to study the role of C. negeviin controlling the four arthropod pests, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval), Trialeurodes ricini (Misra), and Anagasta (Ephestia) kuehniella (Keller) as wellas spider mite Tetranychus urtica (Koch) compared with date palm pollenas food options under controlled conditions. The predatory mite C. negevican feed and complete its life span successfully on these foods. Trialeurodes ricini and A. kuehniella eggs prolonged the life cycle of C. negevi. Likewise, the shortest period observed when male and female fed on eggs of T. urtica. Egg production of the tested mite was the highest when it fed on pollen, while oviposition was lower when the predatory mite fed on T. ricini. Food sources also affected all life tables where spider mite eggs and pollen grains were the most favorable foods increased Ro, rm, erm and GRR values. Insect eggs prolonged T and Dt times ofthe tested mite C. negevi. Therefore, C. negevi could be reared successfully on date palm pollen and eggs of S. littoralis, T. ricini, A. kuehniella and T. urticae.

The present study deals with the side effect of the four entomopathogenic fungi EPF, Metarhizium anisoplia (Metchnikoff), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo), Paceliomyces fumosoroseus(Vassiljevsky) and Cladosporium cladosporiodes (Fresen), which used mainly against insect pests and spider mites, on the phytoseiid predatory mite, Cydnoseius negevi(Swirski and Amitai) in laboratory. Spore suspensions of LC50 (1x106=106 conidia/ml) of the tested fungi, which achieved a significant reduction% in populations of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were sprayed on different stages of C. negevi individuals. In general, a slight negative toxic effect of EPF observed where no adverse effect was noticed on eggs while a negative effect was increasingly observed on larvae, protonymps and deutonymphs. Mortality percentage of treated adult females increased by increasing time after treatment, where the highest mortality achieved 8 days after exposure. Paceliomyces fumosoroseus had the highest rate of reduction in egg production and followed by B. bassiana then M. anisoplia, while C. cladospriodes came last. Same ranking was observed regarding the life table parameters, where LC50 of P. fumosoroseus caused the lowest Ro, rm and ermvalues and prolonged the mean generation time T and doubling timeDt (days). Accordingly, in IPM program against insect and mite pests, we should use EPF as biocontrol agents, that are safe to biocontrol agents.

The predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an important biological control agent of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting many crops worldwide. Biology, life table parameters and thermal requirements of N. californicus were evaluated in laboratory at 20, 27, 30±2oC and 70±5% RH. Spider mite, T. urticae is an important pest of soybean crop in Egypt. The duration of the immature stages of N. californicus ranged from 4.22 to 7.35 days for female and from 3.80 to 7.10 days for male when they were kept at 20 and 30°C, respectively. The mean generation time (TG) decreased with increasing temperature from 19.48 days to 12.93 days at 20 to 30°C, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) were highest at 27 and 30 oC. The highest total consumption rate of prey was 223.4 individuals when adult female fed on T. urticae motile stages at 30 oC, while the lowest rate was 162.60 individuals at 20 oC during the whole life span. Minimum developmental thresholds (t0) of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and total immature stages of N. californicus female averaged 13.20, 12.75, 3.29, 0.0 and 6.66 oC, respectively. The predatory female of N. californicus required 500 DDUs to reach adulthood. Therefore, a thermal range of 27oC was the most suitable condition to rear the target predatory mite.

Subtalar distraction arthrodesis is advocated as a salvage procedure for isolated posttraumatic subtalar arthritis. This study aimed at evaluating combined subtalar distraction arthrodesis with peroneus brevis tenotomy for such cases.Twenty patients with isolated posttraumatic subtalar arthritis managed by combined subtalar distraction arthrodesis and peroneus brevis tenotomy were reviewed for a retrospective study. The American orthopaedic foot and ankle society [AOFAS] hindfoot scoring, talocalcaneal height [TCH], talocalcaneal angle [TCA] and heel valgus angle [HVA] were used for both pre and postoperative assessments.The mean postoperative [TCH] [70.3±1.9mm] was statistically better than the preoperative value [64.7±2.2mm] [p0.001]. There was a statistically significant decrease in [HVA] [p0.001]. On the contrary, there was a statistically significant increase in both [AOFAS] hindfoot scoring and the [TCA] [p0.001].Applying this technique for isolated posttraumatic subtalar arthritis with peroneal tendinitis improved both lateral retromalleolar swelling and deformity correction.

There is a great surgical challenge when humeral diaphyseal fractures are initially open, complex, or associated with segmental bone loss. The challenge becomes even greater with previous multiple unsuccessful surgeries. The question of this study was: Does combining locked compression plating with non-vascularized fibular autograft in cases of resistant humeral diaphyseal nonunion yield reliable bony union and satisfactory functional outcome?The use of non-vascularized fibular autograft in conjunction with locked compression plating will provide stable construct, enhance bony union and improve functional outcome in cases of resistant humeral diaphyseal nonunion.Thirty-three patients with resistant humeral diaphyseal nonunion who were surgically managed combining non-vascularized fibular autograft fixed with locked compression plating in the period from January 2011 to June 2017, were retrospectively studied. All patients were followed-up for a minimum of 24 months. The time to union, the postoperative disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score, in addition to the possible complications including infection or nonunion were reported and analyzed.Twenty-nine patients have achieved union at the final follow-up with a mean time to radiological union of 7.5±2.6 months (range: 3-12). The mean postoperative DASH score was 7.7±8.9 (range: 0-38.8) which was significantly better than the preoperative value (p0.001) and superior in the patients of aseptic nonunion (p=0.04). Eight patients showed complications in the form of infection (four), nonunion (two cases), transient radial nerve palsy (one case) and one case of septic nonunion that was managed by two-stage reconstruction using vascularized fibular autograft. There were comparable results in patients with either open or closed fractures. However, patients with septic nonunion experienced more significant complications (p=0.02).The use of non-vascularized fibula autograft in cases of resistant humeral diaphyseal nonunion provides adequate fracture stability, quadrilateral screw purchase, enhances bony union in addition to promoting satisfactory functional outcome particularly in aseptic nonunion.IV; retrospective case series.

Introduction There is a great surgical challenge when humeral diaphyseal fractures are initially open, complex, or associated with segmental bone loss. The challenge becomes even greater with previous multiple unsuccessful surgeries. The question of this study was: Does combining locked compression plating with non-vascularized fibular autograft in cases of resistant humeral diaphyseal nonunion yield reliable bony union and satisfactory functional outcome? Hypothesis The use of non-vascularized fibular autograft in conjunction with locked compression plating will provide stable construct, enhance bony union and improve functional outcome in cases of resistant humeral diaphyseal nonunion. Materials and methods thirty three patients with resistant humeral diaphyseal nonunion who were surgically managed combining non-vascularized fibular autograft fixed with locked compression plating in the period from January 2011 to June 2017, were retrospectively studied. All patients were followed-up for a minimum of 24 months. The time to union, the postoperative disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score, in addition to the possible complications including infection or nonunion were reported and analyzed. Results Twenty nine patients have achieved union at the final follow-up with a mean time to radiological union of 7.5 ± 2.6 months (range: 3-12). The mean postoperative DASH score was 7.7 ± 8.9 (range: 0-38.8) which was significantly better than the preoperative value (p Discussion The use of non-vascularized fibula autograft in cases of resistant humeral diaphyseal nonunion provides adequate fracture stability, quadrilateral screw purchase, enhances bony union in addition to promoting satisfactory functional outcome particularly in aseptic nonunion. Level of evidence IV; retrospective case series.

In 1999, we developed a technique using frozen autografts—tumour-containing bone treated with liquid nitrogen—for the reconstruction of malignant bone tumours. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and oncological outcomes of frozen autografts for intercalary reconstruction of malignant bones and soft tissue tumours. This retrospective study was designed to assess 34 patients of mean age 35 (range, 6–79) years. The mean follow-up period was 62 (24–214) months. The median length of the frozen autografts was 138.4 ± 60.39 (50–290) mm. Postsurgically, 20 patients remained disease-free, seven patients survived with no evidence of disease, five patients were alive with disease, and two patients died of disease. The five- and ten-year survival rates of the frozen autografts were 91.2% and the mean International Society of Limb Salvage score was 90%. Complete bony union was achieved in 97% of the patients. There were five cases of nonunion, six cases of fracture, two cases of deep infection and four cases of local recurrence. Utilizing intercalary frozen autografts for patients with a nonosteolytic primary or secondary bone tumour without involvement of the subchondral bone is a good alternative treatment, because it is a straightforward biological technique and can provide excellent limb function.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to report the clinical and radiological outcomes following surgical treatment of chondroblastoma by means of an extended intralesional curettage using high-speed burr, with phenol as a local adjuvant which is followed by the implantation of synthetic bone graft, aiming to lower the recurrence rate of this tumor. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 20 patients with chondroblastoma lesions during the period between 2000 and 2015. Results: Fifteen males and five females were followed up for a mean of 63.35 (26–144) months with average age at the time of presentation was 20.8 (range: 12–32) years. Nineteen patients (95%) were complaining of pain at the time of presentation, and the lesion was discovered accidently in one patient. The mean operative time was 138.5 min (75–250). At the most recent follow-up, all patients had regained full physical function without pain at the operation site. Conclusion: The aggressive treatment of chondroblastoma by an extended intralesional curettage using high-speed burr with phenol as a local adjuvant seems effective in lowering the incidence of local recurrence and secondary more aggressive surgeries. Implantation of the bone defects that result from curettage with the synthetic bone substitutes is a good alternative due to rapid restoration of the mechanical strength with good remodeling.

Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) becomes popular for treating distal tibia fractures. Intra-articular extension was accused for result deterioration and was considered as an indication for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Our hypothesis was that the simple intra-articular extension can be successfully treated percutaneously, MIPO can be successfully applied, and ORIF is not mandatory. We wanted to determine whether the presence of simple articular extension would change the reported excellent results of MIPO after 5 years follow-up. As extensive articular affection has different treatment strategies, the inclusion criteria for this prospective clinical series included distal tibia fractures with only simple intra-articular extension (AO/OTA 43-B1, B2, C1, and C2). From 43 patients we treated with MIPO using the AO medial distal tibia anatomical locked plate, 13 patients were excluded as they did not complete the follow-up, and only 30 patients were reported. Only seven fractures were open. The minimum follow-up period was 5 years. The outcome measurements included fracture healing, alignment, nonunion, infection, ankle range of motion (ROM), implant removal, ankle osteoarthritis (OA), unemployment, failure to return to daily activities or sports, and functional assessment as per the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. All the fractures united, but with delay in two patients. No articular step-off more than 2 mm could be detected in any patient. At the metaphysis, three patients (10 %) had angular deformities less than 5°, uni-planar in two patients and bi-planar in one patient. Three patients (10 %) developed a superficial infection. These three patients had their implants removed and had reduced ankle ROM. Twenty-eight patients (93.33) returned to their original job. Twenty-four patients (80 %) had returned to their pre-injury daily activity and sports. At the end of follow-up, no patient developed ankle osteoarthritis or had deterioration of his earlier satisfactory clinical and functional results. The mean AOFAS score was 90.8 ± 6 at the end of follow-up. After 5 years follow-up, MIPO was an excellent option for the challenging distal tibia fractures even with simple articular extension. With absence of OA, high percentage of the patients could keep excellent functional results, job, and activity.

Purpose.To compare the outcome following lateral plantar nerve release with or without calcaneal drilling for resistant plantar fasciitis.Methods.30 women and 3 men aged 30 to 60 (mean, 45) years with resistant plantar fasciitis were randomised to undergo release of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve with (group 1, n=18) or without (group 2, n=15) calcaneal drilling.Results.Patients were followed up for a mean of 27 months. According to the modified Mayo scoring system for plantar fasciotomy, group 1 was superior to group 2 in terms of score (93.9±6.97 vs. 83±8.2, pConclusion.Adding calcaneal drilling to release of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve achieves better outcome than release alone in patients with resistant plantar fasciitis.

Purpose To compare hand function after early versus delayed fourth ray amputation and transposition of the fifth ray in mutilating ring finger injuries. Methods We prospectively compared 2 groups of patients who sustained either isolated mutilating ring finger or complex hand injuries between January 2008 and December 2013. The first group (12 patients; 10 male and 2 female) was managed by early (within 14 d) fourth ray amputation with fifth ray transposition, and the second group (13 patients; 9 male and 4 female) was managed similarly but on a delayed basis (after 20 d). The postoperative fifth metacarpophalangeal joint active range of motion was recorded and compared with the preoperative value. Function was evaluated by measuring grip and key pinch strengths, supination and pronation strengths, and hand breadth. All parameters were evaluated by comparing the injured and the noninjured hands. Results Group 1 patients exhibited superior results to group 2 patients regarding the postoperative grip and key pinch strength and pronation and supination strength in addition to the mean postoperative active range of motion of the transposed ray metacarpophalangeal joint. However, the results were statistically significant regarding only grip and pronation strengths. Postoperative active range of motion of the transposed ray metacarpophalangeal joint was significantly reduced in the cases having preoperative compromise of the transposed digit in group 1. The final subjective cosmetic satisfaction was better in group 1. Conclusions Our results support early fourth ray amputation with fifth ray transposition for mutilating ring finger injuries. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic II.

Searching rate, mutual interference, and killing power were studied for two predator species, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. and Hippoda- mia tredecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), provided with two prey species, Aphis gossypii (Glover) and Aphis punicae (Shinji) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), under laboratory conditions of 27 6 2u Ca nd 706 5% RH. The searching rate of larvae and adult female C. undecimpunctata was higher than that of H. tredecimpunctata .B othC. undecimpunctata and H. tredecimpunctata exhibited higher searching rates when fed on A. gossypii than when fed on A. punicae. Larvae and adults of C. undecimpunctata showed higher searching rates than H. tredecimpunctata on both prey species. Mutual interference values for larval stage of both C. undecimpunctata and H. tredecimpunctata were higher than those for adults. For H. tredecimpunctata feeding on A. gossypii, respective values were 0.148, 0.190, 0.118, 0.070, and 0.069 for 1 st ,2 nd , 3 rd ,4 th larval instars and adults, respectively; while these values were 0.161, 0.167, 0.218, 0.140, and 0.058 on A. punicae, respectively. In conclusion, our laboratory data suggest that C. undecimpunctata might be a more efficient predator of A. gossypii and A. punicae compared with H. tredecimpunctata.

Purpose This study aimed at assessing the functional and electrophysiological recovery after vein wrapping of primary repaired ulnar nerves Methods From January 2010 till December 2012, 23 patients (diagnosed with distal ulnar nerve injury) were prospectively studied where they were divided into two groups; group one (11 patients) and group two (12 patients). The injury was sharp in all cases but for one. The first group was managed by primary epineurorraphy. The second group was managed by primary epineurorraphy and autogenous vein wrapping. Final outcome was based on sensory recovery, motor recovery, and the presence or absence of electrophysiological response Results Clinically, only one case in each group exhibited negative Tinel's sign. The second group achieved statistically significant superiority regarding motor recovery (P = 0.018), sensory recovery (P = 0.042) and electrophysiological recovery (P = 0.044). Group one showed two good, two satisfactory, six moderate, and one bad results while the second group showed five good, six satisfactory, one bad and no moderate results (P = 0.026). The first time to show clinical response in group one was the third month while in the second group it was at 1.5 month (P

Infected nonunion of the tibial diaphysis poses one of the most challenging scenarios. There is no clear cut guidelines for cases of infected diaphyseal nonunion with bony defects of ≤6 cm. A retrospective comparative study was conducted on 30 patients who sustained resistant infected tibial diaphyseal nonunion with bony defect of ≤6 cm. The 30 patients were the sum of two groups; group I (16 patients, mean age 33.6 years) which included all patients, who underwent two stage reconstructions, and Group II patients (14 patients, mean age 29.5 years) who were managed by application of Ilizarov ring external fixator in a single stage surgery. Union was judged both clinically and radiologically. A scoring system comprising dual functional and bony grading was employed to evaluate the final results of both groups. The results of both groups regarding the size of the resultant bony defect, the time to union, and the postoperative limb length discrepancy showed no statistically significant differences. Group II patients needed postoperative plastic reconstruction procedures significantly more than group I patients (p = 0.019). Similarly, group II patients exhibited more complications than group I patients (p = 0.003). Regarding both clinical and bony grading, the results of group I showed superiority to group II results with the only significant difference being the preservation of the preoperative range of motion of both ankle and subtalar joints (p = 0.072). The use of two stage reconstruction in cases of resistant infected tibial diaphyseal nonunion gives comparable results to the Ilizarov ring external fixator in cases associated with bony defects within the confines of 6 cm with superiority in preservation of ankle and subtalar joints range of motion.

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the functional and neurophysiological outcome of in situ decompression versus in situ decompression augmented with autogenous vein wrapping in management of secondary cubital tunnel syndrome at the elbow following fixation of elbow fractures. Methods A prospective comparative randomized study was performed on 29 patients who were divided into two groups: group I (in situ decompression) and group II (in situ decompression augmented with autogenous vein wrapping). We measured the patients' demographics, subjective reports of symptoms, and objective evaluation of the functional and neurophysiological outcomes of both groups. Results Group II patients achieved statistically better results in both neurophysiological scoring and clinical sensory rating but not in all other parameters. Conclusion Autogenous vein wrapping for secondary cubital tunnel syndrome after elbow fracture fixation only provides a better sensory outcome. Level of Evidence Level II, therapeutic prospective comparative study.

The rhabditid nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is a lethal parasite of certain terrestrial gastropods and has been shown as a biocontrol agent under laboratory and field conditions. In Egypt, P. hermaphrodita was isolated for the first time from different species of terrestrial gastropods found associated with various crops at Aga and Mansoura districts of Dakhalia Governorate during the year 2000/2001. Females and dauer larvae (IJs) were described and illustrated based on the light microscope. Males are not found as this species seemed to be protandrous. PCR analysis confirmed nematode identification. The Egyptian isolate of P. hermaphrodita was found to be shorter and lower in width than the British isolate. V%, a, b and c parameters showed detectable variations between two isolates with values of 54%, 17.7, 4.28, 13.7 in the Egyptian isolate, and 51%, 19.5, 7.2 and 15.8 for the British isolate, respectively.

Rhizoctonia zeae (Waitea circinata var. zeae) is pathogenic to rice (Oniki et al., 1985); corn (Sumner and Bell, 1982); onion (Erper et al., 2006); sugarbeet (Kuznia and Windels, 1994); wheat and barley (Ogoshi et al., 1990) and tall fescue (Martin and Lucas, 1983). Waitea circinata var. zeae also causes foliar lesions on bermuda grass, creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass (Burpee and Martin, 1992; Hsiang and Dean, 2001) during midsummer. Diseases of turfgrass caused by these pathogens occur most frequently during the warm and humid season, at temperatures between 28 and 36°C, inciting leaf and sheath spot (Burpee and Martin, 1992; Smiley et al., 1992). Waitea circinata (Warcup and Talbot) classified into three varieties, W. circinata var. circinata, W. circinata var. oryzae and W. circinata var. zeae based on differences in the colony morphology of the vegetative state (Gunnell, 1986). Waitea circinata var. circinata forms orange to dark brown, globose sclerotia up to 2 mm in diameter; W. circinata var. oryzae forms orange to salmon, irregularly shaped sclerotia; and W. circinata var. zeae forms orange to brown, regularly shaped sclerotia up to 1 mm in diameter (Leiner and Carling, 1994). Rhizoctonia zeae was assigned to Waitea anastomosis group WAG-Z (Oniki et al., 1985). Previous studies have examined genetic variation of these three varieties at molecular level. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region revealed that isolates of W. circinata var. circinata, W. circinata var. oryzae and W. circinata var. zeae separated into individual clusters (Toda et al., 2005). These results confirmed by using sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA (de la Cerda et al., 2007; Toda et al., 2007). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a genetic mapping technique based on selective amplification of a subset of restriction enzyme-digested DNA fragments to create a unique fingerprint for a particular genome (Vos et al., 1995). It is highly reproducible and amenable to a wide range of applications and DNA sources. For these reasons, the method has steadily gained popularity in applications, including genetic mapping (Mueller and Wolfenbarger, 1999; Savelkoul et al., 1999), medical diagnostics (Klaassen et al., 2002; Borst et al., 2003; van den Braak et al., 2004), genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies (Tredway et al., 1999; Bakkeren et al., 2000; Doignon-Bourcier et al., 2000; Rademaker et al., 2000; Mougel et al., 2002; Lee et al.,2004) and environmental management studies (Lucchini, 2003). The similarities within each variety of W. circinata were very high, but similarities were significantly lower between varieties by using rDNA-ITS region (Toda et al., 2007). In this study, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to examine the genetic diversity of field population of W. circinata var. zeae.

The immature stages of the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius barkeri Hughes are described and illustrated. Incubation period averaged 2.0 ± 0.75 days while female and male total immature stages lasted 8.43 ± 0.8 and 6.86 ± 1.07 days, during which they consumed 9.4 ± 2.3 and 8.43 ± 0.97 Tetranychus urticae Koch nymphs, respectively. The female and male life span averaged 34.70 ± 2.0 and 24.8 ± 1.6 days, during which the predator consumed 161.43 ± 13.16 and 106.8 ± 16.42 prey individuals, respectively. During oviposition period, average female attacked 52.92% of the total prey individuals consumed during its longevity, and laid 13.20 ± 0.86 eggs with a daily rate of 1.02 ± 0.26 eggs.

Background The aim of surgical management of Kienböck’s disease has been proposed to slow the progressive osteonecrosis and secondary carpal damage. The aim of this case series was to evaluate the results of a new technique, combining distal capitate shortening with capitometacarpal fusion for the treatment of Kienböck’s disease (Lichtman stage II or stage IIIA) in neutral ulnar variance patients. Methods From 2009 to 2012, 12 patients (mean age: 25 ± 7.6 years) were enrolled in this series. Radiological and clinical evaluations using the modified Mayo wrist scoring system were performed both pre-operatively and 12 months post-operatively. In addition, values of the scapho-capitate angle were evaluated both pre-operatively and 12 months post-operatively. The mean follow-up was 20.7 ± 11.2 months. Statistical analysis was performed for comparisons between pre-operative and post-operative findings with the use of paired sample T test, Pearson’s correlation, independent sample T test, and Spearman’s rho correlation. Statistical significance was determined to be present at p

Cosmolaelaps simplex Berlese was collected from soil samples including leaf litter under citrus trees at Lake Alfred, Polk County, Florida. The adult female is redescribed and the male is described and illustrated for the first time.

Biology of the phytoseiid mite Proprioseiopsis asetus was studied under laboratory conditions. Egg hatchability was tested at three different combinations of temperature and relative humidity. A combination of 26°C and 70% RH was the most suitable condition. The number of citrus brown mite Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) consumed by P. asetus adult females significantly decreased when date palm pollen Pheonex dactylefira [Phoenix dactylifera] L. was added to prey mite and egg production significantly increased. Total developmental time of P. asetus ranged between 3.25 and 5.33 days for males and between 3.83 and 5.46 days for females at 26°C. The percentage of female progeny in the total population ranged between 52% and 57%. A diet of E. orientalis resulted in the shortest generation time (T = 12.49 day), the shortest adult female longevity (27.25 day), the highest net reproductive rate (R 0 = 35.15 expected progeny per female), the highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m = 0.28) and also finite rate of increase (e r m = 1.33) per day. Diet of prey mite T. urticae provided the longest adult female longevity (33.08 days) and T. urticae or P. dactylefire pollen provided very close life table parameters of P. asetus. Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus was the least favourable food source with results of T = 16.89 days; R 0 = 21.02 female progeny per female; r m = 0.18 and e r m = 1.19 per day.

This study aimed at assessing the functional and electrophysiological recovery after vein wrapping of primary repaired ulnar nervesFrom January 2010 till December 2012, 23 patients (diagnosed with distal ulnar nerve injury) were prospectively studied where they were divided into two groups; group one (11 patients) and group two (12 patients). The injury was sharp in all cases but for one. The first group was managed by primary epineurorraphy. The second group was managed by primary epineurorraphy and autogenous vein wrapping. Final outcome was based on sensory recovery, motor recovery, and the presence or absence of electrophysiological responseClinically, only one case in each group exhibited negative Tinel's sign. The second group achieved statistically significant superiority regarding motor recovery (P = 0.018), sensory recovery (P = 0.042) and electrophysiological recovery (P = 0.044). Group one showed two good, two satisfactory, six moderate, and one bad results while the second group showed five good, six satisfactory, one bad and no moderate results (P = 0.026). The first time to show clinical response in group one was the third month while in the second group it was at 1.5 month (P 0.001). In addition, the first time to show electromyographic response in group one was at the sixth month while in group two it was at the third monthVein wrapping is a simple technique that could be used reliably to augment primary neurorrhaphy particularly in cases with associated vascular or tendon injuries to prevent scarring and enhance functional and electrophysiological recovery.

The biology of Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) was studied in the laboratory at 26°C. Each of the following organisms was evaluated as suitable diet: all stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch; immature stages of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae); and pollens of Malephora crocea (Jaquin), Quercus virginiana Miller, and Typha latifolia (L.). The combination of T. urticae with each pollen was also tested. Total developmental time ranged between 5.73 and 7 d for females and between 5.67 and 6.93 d for males. The percentage of females in the total population ranged between 53 and 61%. A diet of T urticae provided the shortest generation time (G), greatest female longevity, and mean total fecundity (F) which resulted in the highest net reproductive rate (Ro) value (25.31 expected females per female), intrinsic rate of increase (r m = 0.224), and finite rate of increase (e r m = 1.25) per day for T. peregrinus. Diets of only P. citri or M. crocea resulted in close values of G = 8.67, 8.91; F = 47.11, 49.47; R 0 = 24.00, 26.65; r m = 0.210, 0.219; and e r m = 1.23, 1.24, respectively. Q. virginiana and Typha latifolia were the least favorable food sources, with results of G = 8.78, 9.41; F = 30.38, 24.25; R 0 = 14.20, 12.04; r m = 0.193, 0.170, and e r m = 1.21, 1.18, respectively. The r m values were highly affected by generation time and mean total fecundity (R 2 = 0.947).

The larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, adult females, and adult males of Proprioseiopsis rotundus (Muma) and Proprioseiopsis asetus (Chant) are described and illustrated. Ontogenetic development of the idiosomal setae is discussed.

Effects on development, survivorship and reproduction of Euseius mesembrinus (Dean) were studied in the laboratory using nine different plant pollens: ice plant, Malephora crocea (Jacquin); live oak, Quercus virginiana Miller; castor bean, Ricinus communis L.; cattail, Typha latifolia L.; Spanish needle, Bidens pilosa L.; grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (L.) Osbeck; ‘Sunburst’ tangerine, C. reticulata Blanco (hybrid); ‘Hamlin’ orange, C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck; and pummelo, C. grandis (L.) Osbeck. Following eclosion, 100% of adults developed in 7.6 to 7.9 days when pollen of ice plant, live oak, castor bean or cattail was provided as single food sources at 27 ± 1°C. A total of 30.8 and 30.4 eggs per female were obtained when ice plant and live oak pollens, respectively, were provided compared to 23.0 and 19.2 eggs per female when castor bean and cattail pollens were used. Life table parameters were: mean generation time (T) = 12.38; net reproductive rate (R o) = 17.17; intrinsic rate of natural increas...

Life history of the two phytoseiid species Amblyseius scutalis (= Euseius scutalis (A.-H.) and A. swirskii A.-H. was studied at constant conditions 26 ± 1 °C and 70% ± 3 RH to compare their life tables and effeciency as biological control agents. Developmental stages of mite female of both A. scutalis and A. swirskii fed on nymphs of Tetranychus urticae Koch durated 7.81 and 5.50 days, respectively. Preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods lasted 2.86 and 1.87; 12.86 and 22.33; 11.40 and 5.12 days for the two mite species, respectively. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (Λ) were 0.146 and 0.167; and 1.15 and 1.18; while the net reproductive rates (R0) were 7.22 and 12.97; and the mean generation time (T) was 14.68 and 16.97 for A. scutalis and A. swirskii, respectively. Total fecundity as well as total prey consumption of A. swirskii significantly surpassed those of A. scutalis. Zusammenfassung Lebenstafelparameter von Amblyseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) und A. swirskii A.-H. (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in Agypten Die Biologie der beiden rauberischen Milben, Amblyseius scutalis (= Euseius scutalis A.-H.) und A. swirskii A.-H. wurde bei konstanten Laborbedingungen von 26 ± 1 °C und 70% ± 3 Luftfeuchtigkeit untersucht, um verschiedene Parameter dieser beiden Arten hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit fur die biologische Schadlingsbekampfung zu vergleichen. Die Entwicklungsstadien der weiblichen Milben beider Arten leben rauberisch von den Nymphen von Tetranychus urticae Koch, und ihre Entwicklungsdauer betragt 7,81 bzw. 5,5 Tage. Die Dauer der Praoviposition, der Eiablagezeit und der Postoviposition betragt bei A. scutalis 2,86; 12,86 und 11,40 Tage; bei A. swirskii 1,87; 22,33 und 5,12 Tage. Die wirkliche Wachstumsrate (rm) betragt 0,146 (A. scutalis) bzw. 0,167 (A. swirskii) und die finite Wachstumsrate (λ) 1,15 bzw. 1,18. Die Nettoreproduktionsrate (Ro) liegt bei 7,22 bzw. 12,97 und die mittlere Generationszeit (T) bei 14,68 bzw. 16,97. Hinsichtlich Fekunditat und Beutetierkonsum erreichte A. swirskii signifikant hohere Werte als A. scutalis.

Proprioseiopsis rotendus (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) developed and oviposited when provided with all life stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), and pollen of ice plant, Malephora crocea (Jaquin), live oak, Quercus virginiana Miller, or cattail, Typha latifolia (L.), as food sources under laboratory conditions of 26 ± 1°C and 75-85% RH. Developmental times on the different foods were 6.58 ± 0.36, 8.17 ± 0.92, 7.29 ± 0.51, and 7.41 ± 0.89 d (mean ± SD) for females, and 6.12 ± 0.49, 7.96 ± 0.94, 6.68 ± 0.72, and 6.75 ± 0.60 d for males, respectively. When T. urticae was provided as the food source, the highest net reproductive rate (Ro = 23.69), female longevity (45.7 ± 6.26 d), mean generation time (T = 19.54), intrinsic rate of increase (r m = 0.162), and finite rate of increase (e rm = 1.176) were obtained. Pollen of M. crocea was the superior food source with Ro = 21.73, female longevity = 44.1 ± 13.3 d, T = 22.57, r m = 0.136, and e rm = 1.46, followed by Q. virginiana. Cattail pollen was the least favorable food source tested with Ro = 15.08, female longevity = 56.1 ± 4.83 d, T = 23.96, r m = 0.113, and e rm = 1.120. The sex ratio was 57 ± 1:43 ± 1 (female:male) for all diets tested. Male longevity was 47.3 ± 6.08 d when fed T. urticae compared with 26.9-35.2 d when fed pollen. P. rotendus adult females cannibalized newly hatched larvae. The mean daily ovipositional rate was 1 per d (max. 2) when fed on T. urticae or 0.5 per d (max. 1) when fed on cattail pollen. Duration of the oviposition period was 5 times longer than the generation time (egg to egg) of P. rotendus.

Objective To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating suspected supraspinatus muscle injury compared with surgery. Subjects and methods One hundred patients underwent both US and MRI for their shoulders due to shoulder pain. Forty patients with non-improved symptoms underwent surgical exploration. We compared the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of US and MRI for detection of supraspinatus pathology, using surgical findings as ‘gold standard’. Results Study included 40 patients (27 men and 13 women, age range from 20 to 68 years). US had sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 92.3%, 92.6% and 92.5%, respectively in diagnosing partial thickness tears (PTT); 92.6%, 94% and 95%, respectively in diagnosing full thickness tears (FTT). MRI had sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 84.6%, 92.6% and 90%, respectively in diagnosing partial thickness tears (PTT); 100%, 88.2% and 95%, respectively in diagnosing full thickness tears (FTT). There was no statistically significant difference between the two techniques on one hand and surgery on the other hand in detecting both PTT and FTT. Conclusion US and MRI yield high sensitivity, diagnostic accuracy in detecting FTT. Regarding PTT rotator cuff tears both tests were less sensitive.

Background Reconstruction of chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon poses a great challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon both technically and functionally. The aim of this study was to assess the results of a new technique for reconstruction of chronic Achilles tendon ruptures with defects longer than 5 cm using the triple-loop plantaris tendon autograft wrapped in a central turndown flap from the proximal portion of the Achilles tendon. Patients and methods Eighteen patients (14 female and 4 male; mean age, 40.7 years), having chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon Myerson type III, were enrolled in this study. The mean follow-up period of our patients was 21.8 months. All patients were assessed via the following parameters: lag of interference since the first complaint, length of the defect, length of the turndown flap and length of the harvested plantaris tendon, surgery time, complications, active range of motion at the ankle and the final score. Average values were presented as means. Independent sample t test, Mann Whitney test, paired sample t test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the clinical and functional results. The results were considered statistically significant if a P value was