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To evaluate the effects of resuscitation with normal saline and sodium potassium magnesium calcium and glucose injection on renal structure and function in septic rats. Rat model of sepsis was established by ligation and perforation of cecum. Male SD rats were divided into four groups: sham operation group, sepsis group, saline resuscitation group, sodium potassium magnesium calcium and glucose injection resuscitation group. Blood gas analysis was performed at the end of resuscitation. The rats were sacrificed 72 hours after resuscitation. Blood samples were taken to measure the plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα). Caspase-3 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in kidney sections. The degree of renal injury was evaluated by regular HE staining and electron microscope. Compared with normal saline resuscitation, sodium potassium calcium magnesium glucose injection resuscitation could decrease the levels of BUN, serum creatinine, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα (比较生理盐水与钠钾钙镁葡萄糖注射液复苏对脓毒症大鼠肾脏结构及功能的影响。将大鼠按随机数字表分为对照组、脓毒症模型组、生理盐水复苏组、钠钾钙镁葡萄糖液复苏组，盲肠结扎穿孔法建立脓毒症大鼠模型，通过颈静脉泵入不同晶体液复苏，复苏结束时行动脉血气分析，复苏后72 h处死大鼠，测血浆尿素氮、肌酐、白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）水平。留取肾组织，评估肾损伤程度，免疫组化检测大鼠肾组织Caspase-3表达。结果显示，与生理盐水复苏组比，钠钾钙镁葡萄糖液复苏组大鼠血浆Cl(-)、尿素氮、肌酐、IL-1β、IL-6和TNFα水平显著降低（

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of propofol on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway.Primary cells were first isolated from rats. The effects of propofol on the apoptosis of primary myocardial cells and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins were detected via flow cytometry and Western blotting, respectively. Meanwhile, the effect of propofol on MIRI model after ischemia for 2 h and reperfusion for 24 h was detected as well. Subsequently, the effect of propofol on the activity of proteins in myocardial tissues was detected using transcriptome sequencing and VIPER method. The effect of propofol on myocardial tissues was detected via 2, 3, 5- triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Masson staining. Besides, the effect of propofol on myocardial function was detected using the BL-420F hemodynamic system. Propofol effect on the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway was determined via Western blotting in vivo. Finally, the effects of propofol on the content of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected using relevant kits.Propofol activated the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner in primary myocardial cells, which also reduced the apoptotic rate of myocardial cells. The results of TTC staining, HE staining, and Masson staining showed that propofol significantly reduced MIRI in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. ERK inhibitor PD-98059 could significantly reduce the cardioprotective effect of propofol. Propofol significantly decreased the content of serum LDH, CK, and MDA (p0.05), while it increased the content of T-SOD (p0.05). According to the hemodynamic study, statistically significant differences were observed in left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), maximal rate of the decrease of left ventricular pressure (-dp/dtmax), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) between propofol group and model group (p0.01). The results of Western blotting revealed that propofol increased the protein expression level of p-ERK1/2 in a dose-and time-dependent manner in vivo. Furthermore, the expression level of p-ERK1/2 remarkably increased at 8 h after ischemia-reperfusion.Propofol exerts a cardio-protective effect on MIRI through the MAPK/ERK pathway.

Apples in the United States are stored in low-temperature controlled atmospheres for 9 to 12 months and are highly susceptible to blue mold decay. Penicillium spp. cause significant economic losses worldwide and produce mycotoxins that contaminate processed apple products. Blue mold is managed by a combination of cultural practices and the application of fungicides. In 2004, a new postharvest fungicide, pyrimethanil (Penbotec 400 SC, Janseen PMP, Beerse, Belgium) was registered for use in the United States to control blue mold on pome fruits (1). In this study, 10 blue mold symptomatic ‘Red Delicious’ apples were collected in May 2011 from wooden bins at a commercial facility located in Pennsylvania. These fruit had been treated with Penbotec prior to controlled atmosphere storage. Ten single-spore Penicillium spp. isolates were analyzed for growth using 96-well microtiter plates containing Richards minimal medium amended with a range of technical grade pyrimethanil from 0 to 500 μg/ml. Conidial suspensions adjusted to 1 × 105 conidia/ml were added to three 96-well plates for each experiment; all experiments were repeated three times. Nine resistant isolates had prolific mycelial growth at 500 μg/ml, which is 1,000 times the discriminatory dose that inhibited baseline sensitive P. expansum isolates from Washington State (1). However, one isolate (R13) had limited conidial germination and no mycelial proliferation at 0.5 μg/ml and was categorized as sensitive. One resistant (R22) and one sensitive (R13) isolate were selected on the basis of their different sensitivities to pyrimethanil. Both isolates were identified as P. expansum via conventional PCR using β-tubulin gene-specific primers according to Sholberg et al. (2). Analysis of the 2X consensus amplicon sequences from R13 and R22 matched perfectly (100% identity and 0.0 E value) with other P. expansum accessions in GenBank including JN872743.1, which was isolated from decayed apple fruit from Washington State. To determine if pyrimethanil applied at the labeled rate of 500 μg/ml would control R13 or R22 in vivo, organic ‘Gala’ apple fruit were wounded, inoculated with 50 μl of a conidial suspension (1 × 104 conidia/ml) of either isolate, dipped in Penbotec fungicide or sterile water, and stored at 25°C for 7 days. Twenty fruit composed a replicate within a treatment and the experiment was performed twice. Non-inoculated water-only controls were symptomless, while water-dipped inoculated fruit had 100% decay with mean lesion diameters of 36.8 ± 2.68 mm for R22 and 38.5 ± 2.61 mm for R13. The R22 isolate caused 30% decay with 21.6 ± 5.44 mm lesions when inoculated onto Penbotec-treated apples, while the R13 isolate had 7.5% decay incidence with mean lesion diameters of 23.1 ± 3.41 mm. The results from this study demonstrate that P. expansum pyrimethanil-resistant strains are virulent on Penbotec-treated apple fruit and have the potential to manifest in decay during storage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of pyrimethanil resistance in P. expansum from Pennsylvania, a major apple growing region for the United States. Moreover, these results illuminate the need to develop additional chemical, cultural, and biological methods to control this fungus. References: (1) H. X. Li and C. L. Xiao. Phytopathology 98:427, 2008. (2) P. L. Sholberg et al. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36:41, 2005.

Mucor piriformis E. Fischer causes Mucor rot of pome and stone fruits during storage and has been reported in Australia, Canada, Germany, Northern Ireland, South Africa, and portions of the United States (1,2). Currently, there is no fungicide in the United States labeled to control this wound pathogen on apple. Cultural practices of orchard sanitation, placing dry fruit in storage, and chlorine treatment of dump tanks and flumes are critical for decay management (3,4). Cultivars like ‘Gala’ that are prone to cracking are particularly vulnerable as the openings provide ingress for the fungus. Mucor rot was observed in February 2013 at a commercial packing facility in Pennsylvania. Decay incidence was ~15% on ‘Gala’ apples from bins removed directly from controlled atmosphere storage. Rot was evident mainly at the stem end and was light brown, watery, soft, and covered with fuzzy mycelia. Salt-and-pepper colored sporangiophores bearing terminal sporangiospores protruded through the skin. Five infected apple fruit were collected, placed in an 80-count apple box on trays, and temporarily stored at 4°C. Isolates were obtained aseptically from decayed tissue, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) petri plates, and incubated at 25°C with natural light. Five single sporangiospore isolates were identified as Mucor piriformis based on cultural characteristics according to Michailides and Spotts (1). The isolates produced columellate sporangia attached terminally on short and tall, branched and unbranched sporangiophores. Sporangiospores were ellipsoidal, subspherical, and smooth. Chlamydospore-like resting structures (gemmae), isogametangia, and zygospores were not evident in culture. Mycelial growth was examined on PDA, apple agar (AA), and V8 agar (V8) at 25°C with natural light. Isolates grew best on PDA at rates that ranged from 38.4 ± 5.3 to 34.5 ± 2.41 mm/day, followed by AA from 30.5 ± 1.22 to 28.5 ± 2.51 mm/day, and V8 from 29.2 ± 3.0 to 26.7 ± 2.17 mm/day. Species-level identification was conducted by isolating genomic DNA, amplifying a portion of the 28S rDNA gene, and directly sequencing the products. MegaBLAST analysis of the 2X consensus sequences revealed that all five isolates were 99% identical to M. piriformis (GenBank Accession No. JN2064761) with E values of 0.0, which confirms the morphological identification. Koch's postulates were conducted using organic ‘Gala’ apples that were surface sanitized with soap and water, then sprayed with 70% ethanol and allowed to air dry. Wounds 3 mm deep were created using the point of a finishing nail and then inoculated with 50 μl of a sporangiospore suspension (1 × 105 sporangiospores/ml) for each isolate. Ten fruit were inoculated with each isolate, and the experiment was repeated. The fruit were stored at 25°C in 80-count boxes on paper trays for 14 days. Decay observed on inoculated ‘Gala’ fruit was similar to symptoms originally observed on ‘Gala’ apples from storage and the pathogen was re-isolated from inoculated fruit. This is the first report of M. piriformis causing postharvest decay on stored apples in Pennsylvania and reinforces the need for the development of additional tools to manage this economically important pathogen. References: (1) T. J. Michailides, and R. A. Spotts. Plant Dis. 74:537, 1990. (2) P. L. Sholberg and T. J. Michailides. Plant Dis. 81:550, 1997. (3) W. L. Smith et al. Phytopathology 69:865, 1979. (4) R. A. Spotts. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases and Pests: Second Edition. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 2014.

Rosa chinensis ‘Pallida’ (Rosa L.) is one of the most important ancient rose cultivars originating in China. It contributed the ‘tea scent’ trait to modern roses. However, very little information available on the gene regulatory networks was involved in scent biosynthesis and metabolism in Rosa. In this study, digital gene expression (DGE) profiling was used to measure the gene expression in flower bud, bloom and senescent development stages. A total of 16,223 transcripts exhibited significant expression change among the three libraries. KEGG pathways analysis showed that specific enrichment of genes was observed for pathways involved in phenylpropanoid and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis in the three developmental stages. Five transcripts encoding putative proteins related to scent synthesis were identified and their expressions were validated using qRT-PCR. The study provides the foundation for scent-related gene discovery and development of functional molecular markers in roses.

At present, China's AIDS testing increased rapidly, but there are still many people living with HIV do not recognize their status, thus postponing the antiviral treatment time. HIV self-testing (HST) is an effective method to expand the testing, not only simple operation, easy to get a result, effectively protect the detection privacy, expand the selection of testers, suit to the entire population, but also the premise and basis of other AIDS comprehensive prevention measures, all over the world are promoting it. Because the HST has controversies in the window period, price and before and after controversial, and our country is in the initial stage of HST, so it is not to develop related policies, but more and more countries are in accordance with their own situations are modified or developed to allow to use rapid detection of AIDS policy to regulate the field. This paper analyzed and summarized the advantage and influence factors of HST promotion, HST believes that in the long term, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, we need to formulate relevant policies, and improve the sensitivity of the kit, shorten the window period of time, production and promotion of operation standard of video, specification and testing the operating practices, preventing and reporting the possible social harm, investigation and understanding of the needs of the people of the crowd, to maximize the advantages of HST, find more infection, so as to curb the epidemic of AIDS.目前中国艾滋病检测量上升迅速，但仍有许多已感染人群不能认识到自己的感染状态，从而推迟了抗病毒治疗的时间。HIV自我检测（HIV setf-testing，HST）作为一种扩大检测的有效方法，不仅操作简单，易得出结果，还能有效保护检测者的隐私，扩大检测者的选择方式，适用于全人群，同时也是艾滋病其他综合预防措施的前提和基础，是世界各国正在推广的方法。由于HST在窗口期、价格和检测前后的咨询上存在争议，而中国正处于HST的起步和探索阶段，所以还未制定相关的自我检测政策，但越来越多的国家都在根据本国情况陆续修改或者制定允许自行使用快速检测的政策来规范艾滋病自检市场。本文通过对HST的优势及影响其推广的因素进行分析与总结，认为从长远来看，HST利大于弊，需要制定相关政策，同时提高试剂盒的灵敏度，缩短窗口期时间，制作并推广自检操作标准视频，规范检测者的操作手法，并且对可能产生或者已经产生的社会危害进行预防与报告，深入人群进行调查和了解人们的需要，最大限度地发挥自检的优势，发现更多的感染者，从而达到遏制艾滋病流行的目标。.

In semiconductor physics, conventional $p-n$ junctions are bipolar, featuring of both $p$- and $n$-type carriers ($i.e.$ holes and electrons). In this study, $p-n$ junction rectification is achieved with $u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r$, purely $n$-type (Al,In)GaN structures. This is significant, as the direct-gap group-$I\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}I\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}I$ nitrides offer the most viable approach to high-frequency, high-power electronics, yet progress has been thwarted by the high resistivity of $p$-type GaN, which is totally absent from the authors' device. Furthermore, their approach can be used for other strongly polarized semiconductors, such as ZnO.

In this paper, the pinning and depinning mechanism of the contact line during droplet evaporation on chemically stripe-patterned surfaces is numerically investigated using a thermal multiphase lattice Boltzmann (LB) model with liquid-vapor phase change. A local force balance in the context of diffuse interfaces is introduced to explain the equilibrium states of droplets on chemically patterned surfaces. It is shown that, when the contact line is pinned on a hydrophobic-hydrophilic boundary, different contact angles can be interpreted as the variation of the length of the contact line occupied by each component. The stick-slip-jump behavior of evaporating droplets on chemically patterned surfaces is well captured by the LB simulations. Particularly, a slow movement of the contact line is clearly observed during the stick (pinning) mode, which shows that the pinning of the contact line during droplet evaporation on chemically stripe-patterned surfaces is actually a dynamic pinning process and the dynamic equilibrium is achieved by the self-adjustment of the contact lines occupied by each component. Moreover, it is shown that, when the surface tension varies with the temperature, the Marangoni effect has an important influence on the depinning of the contact line, which occurs when the horizontal component (towards the center of the droplet) of the force caused by the Marangoni stress overcomes the unbalanced Young's force towards outside., Accepted by Langmuir, 10 figures

The geometries of the lowest-lying isomers of small AunTem (n, m=1, 2) clus- ters are determined through the MP2 method. The aspect of gold-telluride interaction, the electron correlation and relativistic effects on geometry, and cluster growth are investigated at the MP2 and CCSD(T) theoretical levels. The results show that the gold-telluride interaction is strong enough to modify the known pattern of bare gold clusters. The electron correlation and relativistic effects are responsible not only for gold-gold attraction but also for additional gold-telluride interaction. Both electron correlation and relativistic effects are essential for determining the geometry and clus- ter growth of coinage metal telluride compound clusters AunTem.

Three hundred sixty 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to 6 groups with a 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Three supplemental levels (0, 0.25, and 0.50%) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (XP) were fed to control and Eimeria tenella-infected broilers. Growth performance and immune response criteria were measured after coccidian infection. Broiler ADG was lowered (P0.01) by coccidian infection and improved by XP supplementation (P=0.04). Supplementation of XP increased CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts (P0.05) and the ratio CD4+:CD8+ in blood (P=0.06) and spleen (P=0.04) as well as ileum intraepithelial lymphocyte count, cecal tonsil secretory IgA counts, serum lysozyme content (P0.01), and albumin:globulin ratio (P=0.02). These results suggest that dietary XP supplementation could improve immune function and growth performance in coccidia-infected broilers.

The effect of transport stress on blood metabolism, glycolytic potential, and meat quality in broilers was investigated. Arbor Acres chicks (n = 360, 1 d old, males) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments: unstressed control, 45-min (short-term) transport with 45-min (short-term) recovery, 45-min transport with 3-h (long-term) recovery; 3 h (long-term) transport with 45-min recovery, and 3-h transport with 3-h recovery. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates with 12 birds each. On d 46, all birds (except the control group) were transported according to a designed protocol. Transport time affected plasma glucose level (P

The present study was designed to investigate the influences of IFN-alpha on the microcirculatory hemodynamics. The mesenteric microcirculation of male Wistar rats was observed through an intravital fluorescence microscopic system. The leukocyte behavior, RBC velocity, and albumin leakage were monitored simultaneously before and after a continuous infusion of IFN-alpha. In other rats, the oxidant-sensitive fluorescence probe dihydrorhodamine-123 (DHR) fluorescence was observed in the same set up. Administration of IFN-alpha increased the number of adherent and emigrated leukocytes and decreased the RBC velocity in mesenteric venules. Oxidative stress indicated by DHR fluorescence was exacerbated in microvessels of IFN-alpha-treated rats. Following the leukocyte recruitment and oxidative stress, an exaggerated albumin leakage was observed. Thrombus formation in venules and hemorrhage along venules were frequently observed in rats treated with IFN-alpha. N,N'-dimethylthiourea, a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and a hydroxyl radical, largely prevented these microvascular responses. Pretreatment of rats with mAb directed against either CD18 or ICAM-1 also attenuated the IFN-alpha-induced microvascular alterations. It is concluded, therefore, that a high concentration of IFN-alpha stimulates CD18/ICAM-1-dependent adhesive interactions with endothelial cells and oxidant production of leukocytes, which leads to microcirculatory derangements characterized by decreased barrier function and reduced anticoagulant activity of venular endothelial cells.

Based on the 127th Colloquium Report of the subgroup on coordinate frames and origins of the IAU working group on reference systems, in this paper, the possibility of taking the Celestial Departure Point as the origin of right-ascension on the instantaneous true equator is analysed in view of high-precision geodesy and astrometry. The properties and the applications of the celestial and terrestrial departure points in various aspects of practice and theory are generally reviewed. We have found that, referred to the ideal barycentric reference system proposed in the 127th IAU Colloquium, the Celestial Departure Point of a Quasi-Inertial Geocentric Equatorial Coordinate System may be a matchable origin on the moving geocentric true equator.

The effect of transport stress on superoxide production and adenosine phosphate concentration in addition to avian uncoupling protein (avUCP), avian adenine nucleotide translocator, and avian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha mRNA levels of skeletal muscles in broilers was investigated. Arbor Acres chicks (n = 360, 46 d old, males) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments: unstressed control, 45-min (short-term) transport with 45-min (short-term) recovery, 45-min transport with 3-h (long-term) recovery, 3-h (long-term) transport with 45-min recovery, and 3-h transport with 3-h recovery. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates with 12 birds each. All birds (except control group) were transported according to a designed protocol. Transport time affected reactive oxygen species production in the thigh muscle (P < 0.05), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and energy charge (EC) in both breast and thigh muscles (P < 0.05 for all 4 comparisons), ATP:adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratio in the breast muscle (P < 0.05), and avUCP mRNA levels in the thigh muscle (P < 0.05). Long-term transport increased (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen species production, ATP content, ATP:ADP ratio, and EC in the thigh muscle, but it decreased ATP content, ATP:ADP ratio, and EC in the breast muscle. Long-term transport increased avUCP mRNA in the thigh muscle (P < 0.05). Long-term recovery increased the ATP (P < 0.05) and ADP (P < 0.05) concentrations, avian adenine nucleotide translocator mRNA (P < 0.05), and avian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha mRNA (P < 0.05) in the thigh muscle, whereas EC decreased (P < 0.05) in the breast muscle. There were interactions between transport and recovery time on ATP (P < 0.05), EC (P < 0.05), and avUCP mRNA level (P < 0.05) in the thigh muscle. This study suggests that long-term transport accelerates muscle energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation. A long-term recovery may help alleviate cellular damage and maintain meat quality by reducing the rate of energy metabolism and scavenging of free radicals formed.

In this paper, using a quasi-isotropic from the Kerr metric, we have deduced the equations of motion of a neutral test particle in the gravitational field of a spherical homogeneous rotating body. The perturbation equations of the particle's orbit have also been derived.

A typical internal flow passage of sprinkler is composed of bearing nipple, bend, tube and nozzle. For a medium or large size sprinkler, a unique straightening vane is often installed inside tube in attempts to minimize internal turbulence and to increase radius of sprinkler. To investigate the effect of different structural parameters and installed positions of straightening vane on the hydraulic performances of sprinkler becomes more and more important. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach can be successfully used to simulate the flow characteristics in internal flow passage. In this study, several turbulence models and different mesh types were utilized for different structural characteristics of straightening vanes in search of optimal CFD methods for sprinkler. The distributions of velocity, pressure and turbulence kinetic energy for different straightening vanes at inlet pressures ranging 250-500kPa were obtained. The calculated results revealed that turbulence kinetic energy is reduced significantly at nozzle outlet for sprinkler with straightening vane and the flow rate increases by 8.5% compared with sprinkler without straightening vane. In addition, the relationship between inlet pressure and flow rate for different nozzles were also predicted. Comparisons of CFD predictions with experimental data were presented for a typical PY140 impact sprinkler. The results of the simulated and experimental data were in good agreement. Finally optimized geometrical parameters of straightening vanes were brought forward.

Raw and cooked breast patties from turkeys fed 8 different diets [control; 200 IU/kg of vitamin E (VE); 0.3 mg/kg of Se; 2.5% conjugated linoleic acids (CLA); 200 IU/kg of VE + 0.3 mg/kg of Se; 200 IU/kg of VE + 2.5% CLA; 0.3 mg/kg of Se + 2.5% CLA; and 200 IU/kg of VE + 0.3 mg/kg of Se + 2.5% CLA] were treated with 2 irradiation doses (0 and 1.5 kGy) and 2 packaging methods (vacuum and aerobic). Raw and cooked samples from 32 treatments were tested by 8 trained sensory panelists for turkey aroma and irradiation off-aroma. Based on the sensory scores, the 3 dietary treatments producing the most and the least off-aroma were selected and used for a consumer acceptance study. Sensory results of raw meat showed that turkey aroma was intense in aerobically packaged meat, whereas irradiation off-aroma was intense with vacuum packaging. Raw meats from dietary treatments containing CLA (CLA, VE + CLA, Se + CLA, VE + Se + CLA) had greater turkey aroma scores, whereas those containing VE (VE and VE + Se) had lower scores than the control. Dietary treatments containing VE (VE, VE + Se, VE + Se + CLA) significantly lowered (P < 0.05) irradiation off-aroma in raw turkey breast meat, whereas CLA increased it, especially when the meats were packaged aerobically. In cooked meat, however, irradiation and packaging had no effect on turkey meat aroma and irradiation off-aroma. Cooked meat from turkeys supplemented with VE (VE and VE + Se) had less (P < 0.05) irradiation off-odor than other dietary treatments. Dietary CLA increased the irradiation off-aroma in cooked meat, which could not be reduced, even when VE and Se were combined in the diet. Irradiation off-aroma of raw meat was not pleasant for most consumers, and dietary supplementation of VE and VE + Se improved consumer acceptance of irradiated raw meat. For cooked meat samples, consumers preferred both color and flavor of irradiated meat to nonirradiated meat.

Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. (teleomorph Botryotinia fuckeliana [de Bary] Whetzel) causes gray mold on apple fruit. A survey of commercial packinghouses in Washington State revealed that it accounted for 28% of the decay in storage (1). Fungicide application coupled with cultural practices are the primary method of control as all commercial apple cultivars are susceptible to gray mold. In February 2013, gray mold was observed at ~5% incidence for commercially packed ‘Gala’ apple fruit that had been treated with Penbotec (active ingredient: pyrimethanil, Shield-Bright, Pace International) prior to controlled atmosphere storage in Pennsylvania. Eight infected apple fruit were collected, placed in 80 count boxes on cardboard trays, and stored at 4°C. One isolate was obtained from each decayed apple, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) petri plates, and incubated at 20°C with natural light. Eight single-spore isolates were identified as B. cinerea based on cultural characteristics. Species level identification was executed by obtaining mycelial genomic DNA, amplifying the ITS rDNA, and sequencing the ~550-bp amplicon directly (2). MegaBLAST analysis of the 2X consensus for the 8 isolates revealed 100% identity to B. cinerea ITS sequences in GenBank (KF156296.1 and JX867227.1) with E values of 0.0, thus confirming the morphological identification. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using conidial suspensions obtained from ~14-day-old plates (104 spores/ml) and a range (0 to 500 μg/ml) of technical grade pyrimethanil on three replicated 96-well microtiter plates containing a defined medium for each experiment. Conidial proliferation was inhibited at 250 μg/ml for all eight isolates and the experiment was conducted four times. To further define the resistance levels between the isolates, mycelial growth analysis using a plug of actively growing mycelium from the margin of ~3-day-old plates was conducted with a defined medium three times with technical grade pyrimethanil with three plates per experiment. Five isolates grew at 250 μg/ml (highly resistant), while three did not (moderately resistant). To assess resistance in vivo, organic ‘Gala’ apples were rinsed with soap and water, sprayed with 70% ethanol, placed on trays, and allowed to air dry. Apples were wounded with a sterile finishing nail, inoculated with 20 μl of a conidial suspension (104 spores/ml) of either a moderately or a highly resistant isolate, and dipped in the labeled application rate of Penbotec at 500 μg/ml or sterile water for 30 s. Fruit were stored in 100 count boxes at 22°C for 5 days and decay incidence and severity were recorded. Ten fruit composed a replicate per treatment and the experiment was repeated. Water inoculated controls were symptomless and water-dipped inoculated fruit had 100% decay. Penbotec-treated fruit had 100% decay incidence and mean lesion diameters of 37.6 (±13.1 mm) for the highly, and 35.7 (±9.0 mm) for the moderately resistant isolate. This is the first report of pyrimethanil resistance in B. cinerea from decayed apples collected from a commercial packinghouse in Pennsylvania. The results indicate that pyrimethanil resistance has developed in B. cinerea, which can result in control failures on Penbotec-treated fruit during storage. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for additional tools to manage gray mold on apple fruit and may pose issues for export concerning the spread of fungicide-resistant inoculum. References: (1) Y.-K. Kim and C. L. Xiao. Plant Dis. 92:940, 2008. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

Calcified or ossified chronic subdural hematoma is a rare entity that usually presents as a space-occupying lesion over the cerebral convexity. We report a case of calcified and ossified chronic subdural hematoma in an unusual location that has not been previously reported. A 24-year-old man with a history of tonic-clonic convulsions since 7 months of age was admitted because of increasing frequency and duration of seizures. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a fusiform extra-axial lesion just above the tentorium and adjacent to the cerebral falx. A calcified and ossified chronic subdural hematoma was noted and was almost completely removed by craniotomy. Better seizure control was achieved by removal of the calcified chronic subdural hematoma. Calcified subdural hematoma, calcified epidural hematoma, calcified empyema, meningioma, calcified arachnoid cyst, and calcified convexity of the dura mater with acute epidural hematoma should be considered for the differential diagnosis of an extra-axial calcified lesion.

Kang Er Xin-I (KEX-I) is a proved recipe used to treat viral myocarditis. It consists of Lonicera japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, Astragalus membranaceus mainly and possesses the effect of clearing away heat and toxic materials and supplementing the vital energy and nourishing. The clinical study was carried out with KEX-I according to a random, paired and cross-over design. Coenzyme Q10 was used as a control and left ventricular function was observed. The result showed: after being treated with KEX-I for two weeks, the 26 patients' chief cardiac functional indexes assessed with STI improved markedly, the value of PEP/LVET and ICT/LVCT all decreased and the difference between the two groups was significant. The experimental study showed that KEX-I can inactivate directly the virus of Coxsackie B3, protect the heart cells in mice, prevent attack by Coxsackie B3, promote the growth of internal interferon and increase the NK cell's function to regulate immunity in experimental mice.

This paper tackles the problem of motion of satellites in a relativistic framework. Motion of artificial satellites of the earth can be determined either in the solar system barycentric reference frame or in the terrestrial reference frame. The results of solutions in the two frames are compared in detail with each other. After taking the relativistic coordinate transformation into account, it is proved that both solutions are equivalent at the 10–11 order of magnitude.