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Arbovirus transmission by Aedes mosquitoes has long been a significant problem in Africa. In West Africa, Aedes vector management faces significant challenges; lack of recent Aedes distributional data and potential distributional modeling hinder effective vector control and pose serious public health issues. In this study, larval and adult mosquitoes were collected from four study sites in Enugu State, Nigeria every other month between November 2017 and September 2018. A total number of 2997 Aedes mosquitoes were collected and identified, and 59 positive field occurrence points for both Aedes adult and larvae were recorded. A total of 18 positive occurrence points were used for modeling. Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) were used to estimate the current geographic distribution of Aedes species (spp.) in Enugu State, south-east Nigeria, and mosquito presence was used as a proxy for predicting risk of disease transmission. Maximum Entropy distribution modeling or “MaxEnt” was used for predicting the potential suitable habitats, using a portion of the occurrence records. A total of 23 environmental variables (19 bioclimatic and four topographic) were used to model the potential geographical distribution area under current climatic conditions. The most suitable habitat for Aedes spp. was predicted in the northern, central, and southeastern parts of Enugu State with some extensions in Anambra, Delta, and Edo States in the west, and Ebonyi State in the east. Seasonal temperature, precipitation of the wettest month, mean monthly temperature range, elevation, and precipitation of the driest months were the highest estimated main variable contributions associated with the distribution of Aedes spp. We found that Aedes spp. prefer to be situated in environmental conditions where precipitation of wettest month ranged from 265 to 330 mm, precipitation of driest quarter ranged from 25 to 75 mm while precipitation of wettest quarter ranged from 650 to 950 mm. Aedes mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, pose a significant threat to human health, hence, the results of this study will help decision makers to monitor the distribution of these species and establish a management plan for future national mosquito surveillance and control programs in Nigeria.

Anopheles gambiae sensu lato complex (An. gambiae s.l.) describes a group of nine morphologically indistinguishable members that vary in their distribution, ability to transmit malaria, and susceptibility to pyrethroids. Here, we recorded the spatial patterns of PCR-identified An. gambiae s.l. complex species collected from four sites in Cross River State, Nigeria that represented three different ecological zones. Trapping was conducted between October 2015 and June 2016. Anopheles gambiae s.l. complex species identification was performed using species-specific primers followed by An. gambiae and An. coluzzii differentiation using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify ecological and seasonal variables closely associated with An. coluzzii and An. gambiae distribution. Out of 1,388 An. gambiae s.l. successfully amplified, 1,074 (77.4%) were An. coluzzii, 278 (20%) were An. gambiae, and 25 (1.8%) were hybrids (An. coluzzii/An. gambiae). A very small number of An. arabiensis (0.8%, n = 11) were also collected. Statistical analysis indicated that An. coluzzii is predominant in Guinea-savannah and tropical rainforest, and is highly associated with rainy seasons, while, An. gambiae is prevalent in mangrove swamp forest during dry seasons. Only 13 An. gambiae s.l. females were infected with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum). The sporozoite infection rate was higher in mangrove swamp forest (53.8%, n = 7) than in rain forest (38.5%, n = 5) followed by Guinea-savannah (7.7%, n = 1) ecological zones. These results provide important insights for strategic planning of malaria control programs in Nigeria.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Improvement of the vertical stability of tokamak plasma with only local coils above and below the plasma was observed for the first time. The local coils in triangular shape, named upper and lower triangular (ULT) coils, were installed in TOKASTAR-2, a tokamak-stellarator hybrid device at Nagoya University. The ULT coils generate the effective radial magnetic field BReff, which is expected to stabilize the plasma vertical position. The region of the plasma position where vertical displacement events (VDEs) did not occur was extended by applying the ULT magnetic field. Stabilization of the plasma vertical position was related to the ratio of the vertical-direction derivative of the effective radial field generated by the ULT coils, ∂BReff/∂Z, to that of the axisymmetric radial field, ∂BR/∂Z. Moreover, even when VDEs occurred in discharges with the ULT magnetic field, the VDE speed was mitigated by the effect of the ULT magnetic field; the VDE speed increased with ∂BR/∂Z, while decreased with ∂BReff/∂Z.

We investigated the effectiveness of stroke volume variation (SVV) shown by the Vigileo-FloTrac™ system (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) to predict fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing airway pressure release ventilation (APRV). All 80 patients mechanically ventilated in the intensive care unit of our hospital from April to November 2010 were included in this study. After starting APRV, Ringer's lactate solution was administered for 30 minutes. Haemodynamic variables including heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI) and SVV were measured before and after volume loading. SVV before volume loading was significantly correlated with absolute change in SVV (ΔSVV) and percentage change in stroke volume index (ΔSVI) after volume loading (ΔSVV: P

For comparative assessment of tokamak and helical reactors, two base case reactor designs with 1 GW electric power output are introduced; high-field high-beta compact tokamak reactor TR-1 (major radius R = 5.2 m, magnetic field B = 7.1 T) and high-beta helical system HR-1 (R = 12.1 m, B = 4.6 T). Operational boundaries of both reactors are compared by the zero-dimensional energy balance model, which clarifies the difference between the higher temperature operational regime of TR-1 and the lower temperature regime of HR-1. These operational scenarios are reconfirmed by the toroidal transport analysis linkage (TOTAL) code coupling with two-dimensional equilibrium in the TOTAL-T tokamak code and three-dimensional equilibrium in the TOTAL-H helical code. The beta effect on confinement degradation and the impurity radiation effect on energy balance are found to make the ignition difficult in both systems.

Self-sustained detachment has been obtained in the Large Helical Device (LHD). Strong hydrogen gas puffing of ~200 Pa m3 s−1 after a density feedback phase detaches the plasma from the divertor plates with high reproducibility. High electron density of over 1 × 1020 m−3 is sustained without gas puffing until the heating beam stops and a high-density flat top for 2 s has been demonstrated. Throughout the self-sustained detachment phase, the minor radius of the hot plasma column shrinks to ~90% of the last-closed-flux-surface, which corresponds to the rational surface. This new state has been named the 'Serpens mode', for self-regulated plasma edge 'neath the last-closed-flux-surface. Global energy confinement of the Serpens mode is compared with the international stellarator scaling 1995 (ISS95) and the recently established scaling for high-density LHD plasmas (HD scaling), where shrinking confinement volume and shallow penetration of the heating beams are taken into account. Although the energy confinement of the Serpens mode seems deteriorated compared with ISS95, as in the case of high-density attached plasmas, it is consistent with the HD scaling. This suggests that the energy confinement properties of detached plasmas in LHD are similar to those in high-density attached plasmas.

Cyclotron resonance experiments for various II-VI semiconductors (n-ZnO, n-ZnS, n-ZnSe, n-CdS, n-CdSe, n-CdTe) have been performed at ultra-high magnetic fields beyond 100 T. Cyclotron resonance and impurity related resonance are observed definitely with the use of THz radiation sources, and the magnetic field dependence of effective mass is obtained at a wide range of a THz region in n-type CdTe.

Nonparabolic tendency ofconduction subbands in InGaAs=InAlAs quantum wells (QWs), lattice-matched to InP, werestudiedusingcyclotronresonance(CR)becauseitsconnementpotentialwasstrongerthaninInGaAs =InPandGaAs=GaAlAsQWs. Thickness ofInGaAs well was 5–10 nm. Barrier thickness was more than 10 nm. Field-scanned pulse CR andwavelength-scanned CR were observed. CR energy changed sublinearly with magnetic eld. This curve agreed with ourcalculation, based on Kane’s three-level band theory and Landau quantization. ? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rightsreserved. PACS: 71.20.Nr; 76.40.+b; 78.67.DeKeywords: Nonparabolicity; Cyclotron resonance; Quantum wells 1. IntroductionBand structure in a low-dimensional system isessential for physics and application of dot-sizecrystals. In InGaAs=InP or GaAs=GaAlAs quantumwell (QW) system, penetration ofwave function intoInPorGaAlAsbarrieroccurs,wherethebarrierheightis as small as 0.22 or 0:32 eV. In GaAs=GaAlAs QWsystem, two theoretical masses in directions normaland parallel to the QW plane increased dierentlywith energy. Evidence ofsuch band anisotropy in

Nonparabolic electron effective masses in InGaAs quantum wells (QWs), sandwiched by thick InAlAs barriers of 0.52-eV band offset, were studied in normal and parallel directions to the QW plane. The Normal mass was experimentally obtained by observing interband photocurrent spectra of undoped InGaAs multi-QW structures. The mass increased by more than 50% from the bulk band edge mass, 0.041m0. Electron eigenenergies were calculated in QWs based on Kane's three-level band theory. The calculated ‘apparent’ normal mass as a function of kinetic energy up to 0.5 eV agreed well with experiments. The parallel mass in n-type modulation-doped InGaAs QWs was experimentally obtained by pulse cyclotron resonance up to 100 T. The analysis in quantizing magnetic fields, modified for two-dimensional QWs, fits well with cyclotron energy. The ‘apparent’ parallel mass as a function of energy was obtained consistently.

Spin-split cyclotron resonance (CR) of InAs/AlSb single quantum well exhibits a new type hysteresis in strong magnetic fields at low temperature. Pulsed high magnetic fields up to 150 T with a duration of 6 μs were generated by the single turn coil technique. The hysteresis was observed in the up and down sweep process of the fields with B max ≳ 60 T. This suggests that a non-equilibrium spin-state in the lowest Landau level is induced due to a slow spin reversal rate 1/ T 1 ≈10 7 s −1 . Two mechanisms for the spin reversal process are proposed: (i) Direct LO–phonon process and (ii) Raman process associated with LO–phonon emission and acoustic phonon absorption. These processes can well explain the characteristic feature of the hysteresis.

Nonparabolic effective masses of conduction electrons were comprehensively studied in two-dimensional InGaAs quantum wells (QWs) deeply confined within InAlAs barriers of the 0.52-eV band offset. Cause of nonparabolicity was attributed not to the penetration of wavefunctions into barriers but to the InGaAs bulk band structure of bandgap energy of 0.74 eV. Band calculations by a Kane's three-level model for narrow-gap semiconductors and a Zawadzki's model under Landau quantization modified for QW confinement were fairly compared with in-plane apparent cyclotron masses of electrons measured in a 10-nm-wide InGaAs QW. Simulation of optical transmittance through complex epitaxial wafer structures fit quite well with cyclotron resonance experiments. Masses normal to the QW plane were also determined from a series of eigen-energies observed in 20-nm-wide InGaAs QW. In-plane nonparabolicity was found to be several times larger than normal nonparabolicity.

Observation of nonparabolic conduction band is rather difficult because electrons normally occupy near the bottom of conduction band. Use of two-dimensional electron gas and Landau quantization made it possible to scan equivalent electron energy by a magnetic field. We report a clear evidence of a non-parabolic conduction subband in 5–10 nm wide InGaAs quantum wells in InGaAs/InAlAs multi-quantum well structures. Infrared optical transitions due to cyclotron resonance take place under pulsed high magnetic fields up to 100 T. In experiments, electron absorption is discriminated by a circular polarized light of a carbon dioxide laser. Water and methanol vapor lasers were also used to measure the mass of low-energy electrons. Measurements were made near 30 K.

Cyclotron resonance (CR) measurements have been carried out to evaluate the effective mass of electron in (InGaAs)n/(GaAs)nsuperlattices (SLs) and (InGaAs)n/(AlAs)nSLs. To clarify the dependence of cyclotron mass on the monolayer numbern , we measured CR signals using pulsed high-magnetic fields up to 150 T and a far-infrared laser. We found clear cyclotron resonances in the transmission of 10.6 μ m at 75 T at room temperature in (InGaAs)n/(GaAs)nSLs and little dependence on the monolayer number n in the SLs. However, for (InGaAs)n/(AlAs)nSLs, a large dependence of cyclotron mass on the monolayer number n was observed. We consider that these dependencies are related to the difference between the barrier height in the SLs and the influence of nonparabolicity on the conduction subbands in the SLs.

We observed a new type of hysteresis in cyclotron resonance spectra of two-dimensional electron gas confined in GaAs/AlGaAs multi quantum wells when we applied high magnetic fields tilted from the growth direction. Pulsed high magnetic fields up to 150 T were generated by the single turn coil technique. We investigated in detail the condition for the occurrence of the hysteresis which is a disagreement between two traces in the up- and down-sweeps of the pulsed magnetic fields. The dependencies of the hysteresis on the wavelength, sweep rate of the fields and temperature has led to the conclusion that the hysteresis is due to inequilibrium states in the up-sweep of tilted magnetic fields. The relaxation time from inequilibrium to equilibrium states was revealed to be of the order of microsecond.

We present a review on recent study of the type I to type II transition in short-period superlattices (SLs) of GaAs/AlAs by means of cyclotron resonance (CR) in pulsed high magnetic fields. The behavior of CR varies depending on the thickness of the GaAs and AlAs layers. In CR of (GaAs) n /(AlAs) n , the resonance peak at the X minima was observed in the type II regime for n smaller than 14, whereas the resonance at the Γ point was observed for n >15. We estimated electron masses on X and Γ point in the SLs by using the empirical sp 3 tight-binding method including second-nearest-neighbor interaction. These calculations have shown good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, it was found that the angular dependence of the CR peak position does not obey the simple cosine dependence due to the subband mixing in high magnetic fields. From the angular dependence in the SLs, the longitudinal and transverses electron masses of AlAs at the X point were deduced to be m t =0.21 m 0 and m l =1.04 m 0 , respectively.

We have carried out measurements of cyclotron resonance (CR) in type-I (GaAs)n/(AlAs)n superlattices (SLs) applying pulsed high magnetic fields up to 150 T. Two types of peaks have been observed in CR signals; one originates from a transition between Landau levels of free electrons, and the other from transition between impurity levels. The free-electron CR signals are dominant at room temperature, and the impurity CR signals become large as temperature decreases. From the peak position of CR spectra, at room temperature, the effective mass of the electron in (GaAs)n/(AlAs)n SL is deduced. To analyze the impurity transition in high magnetic fields, we have calculated the impurity levels in the SLs using the variational method assuming a single quantum well for simplicity. In spite of a very simple model, the calculated results are in good agreement with the CR results of type-I (GaAs)n/(AlAs)n SLs.

A review is presented on the recent advances in magneto-optical studies of semiconductor nanostructure devices in pulsed high magnetic fields up to several hundred teslas, produced by three different techniques: electromagnetic flux compression (up to 500 T), the single-turn coil technique (up to 150 T), and non-destructive long-pulse magnets (up to 50 T). We discuss magneto-optical spectra of excitons in quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, and short-period superlattices. We also discuss infrared cyclotron resonance in quantum wells under magnetic fields tilted away from the growth direction.

We have performed infrared and far-infrared magneto-transmission experiments for Cd1–xFexS (x=0.05) and Ga1–xMnxAs (x=0.00004, 0.053) at very high magnetic fields up to 500 T. The cyclotron mass of electrons in Cd1–xFexS (x=0.05) was found to be larger than that in CdS when we applied magnetic fields parallel to the c-axis of the crystal; the relative increase of the cyclotron mass shows anomalous temperature dependence at 85–300 K. Hole cyclotron resonance was observed in Ga1–xMnxAs (x=0.00004) at 119 μm and 70.5 μm. In Ga1–xMnxAs (x=0.053) far-infrared transmission does not show any resonance but a rapid decrease of transmission with magnetic field; the magneto-transmission spectrum depends strongly on temperature.

We have observed angular dependent cyclotron resonance (CR) of two-dimensional electrons confined in GaAs/AlGaAs multi quantum wells in ultra high magnetic fields up to 150 T generated by the single-turn coil technique. We changed the tilt angle between the magnetic fields and the direction normal to the two-dimensional plane. Three samples with different well widths and aluminum concentrations of barrier layers were measured. We found four different types of angular dependence of CR and interpreted these comprehensively on the basis of the relations among barrier height energy V b , subband spacing energy E 10 and cyclotron energy ℏ ω c .

Nonparabolicity of conduction subbands in nanoscale potential wells has been probed using InGaAs/InAlAs multi-quantum well structures. From cyclotron resonance absorption at a wavelength of 119 μm, the apparent mass ratio was found to be 0.061 near the bottom of the ground subband. From cyclotron resonance absorption at a wavelength of 10.6 μm, the apparent mass ratio of high-energy electrons was found to be 0.066–0.067, which was higher than the bulk bandedge mass ratio, 0.041. Evidence of the two-dimensional conduction subbands was examined by an interband absorbance spectrum.

We present a review on the recent study of the type I to type II transition in short-period superlattices of GaAs/AlAs by means of cyclotron resonance and interband magneto-optical spectroscopy in pulsed high magnetic fields up to 500 T. In the magneto-photoluminescence spectra of excitons in , the magnetic-field-induced type I to type II transition was observed with and without the simultaneous application of high pressure. The behaviour of the transition varies depending on the thickness of the AlAs layers. In cyclotron resonance of , the resonance peak at the X minima was observed in the type II regime for n smaller than 14, whereas the resonance at the point was observed for n>15. It was found that the angular dependence of the peak position does not obey the simple cosine dependence due to the subband mixing in high magnetic fields. From the angular dependence, the effective masses at the X point were determined. In high-field cyclotron resonance measurements at 129 meV up to 400 T for n = 16 (type I), the resonance of the X minima expected at around 260 T was indiscernible, despite the fact that the transition should have occurred at lower fields.

Cyclotron resonance (CR) measurements have been carried out to evaluate the effective masses of electrons at the AlAsX point of the Brillouin zone in short period (GaAs)n/(AlAs)n superlattices (SLs) with n = 8–14. The longitudinal effective mass was deduced to be m1 = 1.04m0 by analyzing a deviation of CR position from the cos φ-dependence for tilted magnetic fields in (GaAs)14/(AlAs)14 SL.

We investigated the influence of electron temperature and rf bias on charge build‐up caused by electron shading in inductively‐coupled plasmas (ICP) at 2 to 40 mTorr in Ar. We used Si substrates covered with a 500‐nm‐thick SiO2 film which had a line‐and‐space pattern. We measured the electron and ion currents going into the Si substrate through the dielectric structure. When the pattern size decreases, the electron current through the dielectric structure is suppressed and the floating potential increases. We also measured the change in the floating potential of the sample as the electron temperature was increased. As the electron temperature is increased from 2 eV to 4 eV by controlling the gas pressures, the floating potential difference increases between samples with different pattern sizes. To investigate the influence of rf bias (13.56 MHz) on charge build‐up, we measured differences in the dc self‐bias voltage between samples with different pattern sizes. dc self‐bias voltage differences increase wi...

Particle confinement time {tau}{sub p} has been obtained from measurements of poloidal and toroidal distributions of H{alpha} and Lyman {alpha} emissions in CHS. These particle confinement times range between 1.5 and 4ms at a constant line-averaged density of 3 x 10{sup 13}cm{sup -3} for both cases of limiter- and divertor-dominated NBI plasmas with Ti-gettering. In these cases the energy confinement time {tau}{sub E} were between 2 and 3ms. The density decay characteristic time {tau}{sub p}{sup *} and global recycling coefficient R have been also measured for Ti-gettered plasmas and large {tau}{sub p}{sup *} values were observed. As a result high recycling rates (R>0.92) are obtained for a wide density range. For a limiter-dominated case of boronized plasmas (R{sub ax}=92.1cm) values of {tau}{sub p} were correlated with {tau}{sub E} and a linear correlation between them was found for normalized {tau}{sub E} to P{sup -0.58} which is a power degradation term in LHD empirical scaling. 6 refs., 9 figs.

High beta plasmas with a volume averaged equilibrium beta value of 2.1% were produced in CHS using tangential neutral beam injection. This beta value was achieved with the confinement improvement (reheat mode) observed after turning off strong gas puffing. Wall conditioning with titanium gettering was used to make high density operation (ne ? 8 ? 1019 m-3) possible for low magnetic fields (Bt = 0.6 T). The discharges start with the magnetic hill configuration (in vacuum) and finally achieve Mercier stable equilibrium owing to the self-stabilization effect given by the magnetic well which is produced by the plasma pressure. The Shafranov shift was about 40% of a plasma minor radius. Magnetic fluctuations did not increase with increasing plasma pressure when the beta value exceeded 1%. Dynamic poloidal field control was applied to suppress the outward plasma shift with increasing plasma pressure. Such operation gave an additional increase of beta value compared with the constant poloidal field operation

Spectrally narrow outputs of about 10 MHz (full width at half‐maximum) are obtained from an optically pumped high‐power (100 kW) D2O laser system by using the oscillator‐amplifier configuration, in which a low‐power single‐mode output from a compact D2O laser with a short cavity length is amplified by a large D2O laser amplifier. In order to obtain spectrally narrow outputs from the amplifier, the following three conditions need to be satisfied: (1) the D2O gas pressure of the amplifier is adjusted in the range from 4 to 6 Torr; (2) the oscillation frequency of the compact laser is tuned in the range about 15–35 MHz lower than the Raman resonance frequency; and (3) the intensity of the compact laser beam injected into the amplifier is larger than about 50 W/cm2.

It is found that a reversed‐field pinch (RFP) dynamo uniformly generates most of the toroidal flux in a RFP plasma with a high magnetic Reynolds (S) number. Hereafter, this is referred to as the global dynamo. The toroidal flux generated by the global dynamo is proportional to the plasma current. The effective inductance in a RFP plasma increases with S number and remains constant against the changing plasma current. This means that the pinch parameter Θ is held constant, that is, the global dynamo has a self‐organizing effect sustaining a particular RFP configuration. By comparing simulation results and analysis of magnetic fluctuations, it is confirmed that a global dynamo is generated by the nonlinear evolution of the single‐helicity of the m=1 mode alone.

The bootstrap current and electron thermal conductivity have been investigated in ECRH plasmas on the CHS heliotron/torsatron. The neoclassical transport coefficients have been externally controlled over a wide range by changing the ellipticity of the plasma cross-section. While local thermal conductivity, as well as global confinement, have shown inconsistency with the neoclassical predictions, the observed toroidal net current has been successfully explained by considering the three dimensional geometry with the available neoclassical theory. The present experimental results indicate that the transport parallel to the magnetic field lines (bootstrap current) is likely to be neoclassical but that the perpendicular transport (thermal conductivity) is anomalous, which is common in current less plasmas as well as tokamaks

This paper reviews recent experimental results from compact helical system (CHS), a heliotron/torsatron type device with a low aspect ratio of 5. Transport phenomena are discussed through analyses of MHD equilibrium, thermal/particle diffusivity and viscosity. It is seen that transport is dominated by anomalous processes which are thought to be due to electrostatic fluctuations. On the basis of these results, optimization of confinement by shifting the vacuum magnetic axis is briefly discussed.

The MHD equilibrium properties of neutral beam heated plasmas have been experimentally investigated in the Compact Helical System (CHS)-a low aspect ratio (Ap ~ 5) heliotron/torsatron. This configuration is characterized by a strong breaking of helical symmetry. The radial profiles measured by various diagnostics have shown a significant Shafranov shift due to the plasma pressure. The deviation of the magnetic axis from is vacuum position has become as large as 50% of the minor radius. When the three-dimensional equilibrium code VMEC is used to reconstruct the equilibrium from the experimental data, the result is in good agreement with the experimentally observed Shafranov shift as well as with the diamagnetic pressure in plasmas with β ≤ 1.2% and β0 ≤ 3.3%. This beta values corresponds to half of the conventional equilibrium β limit defined by the Shafranov shift reaching a value of half of the minor radius. Although tangential neutral beam injection causes pressure anisotropies, p||/p⊥ ≤ 3, the description of the equilibrium assuming isotropic pressure is consistent with the experiment

A complete single chip radio IC technology is discussed. It was possible to include intermediate frequency (IF) filters in a radio IC by reducing the IF. Degradation of image interference characteristics can be avoided by image canceling circuits with inphase/quadrature mixers and a phase shift network. Two ICs were developed for FM-stereo/AM and AM-only radio by using this technology. The FM-stereo/AM radio IC can work at a supply voltage of 0.95-V. >

A surface potential model for bulk MOSFET which accurately reflects channel doping profile is proposed. Only physical parameters such as device structures and doping profiles are used in the proposed model. For the vertical direction to channel, the model consistently integrates both surface potential and arbitral channel doping profiles in Poisson equation by using HiSIM2 framework. For channel direction, the model improves Pangpsilas quasi-2D Gaussian box model by taking the effect of source/drain junction depth into account. To accurately reflect the effect of the doping profile, drain current is evaluated by numerical integration using the calculated surface potential. The dependence of both short channel effect (SCE) and the reverse short channel effect (RSCE) on Vds, Vbs, channel length, junction depth and channel doping profiles, are expressed accurately without using any fitting parameters.

We have developed a total system of circuit design to treat dependency of MOSFET electric characteristics on layout patterns. Our new methodology with two-step multivariate analysis realizes highly reliable compact modeling, and its application to SPICE simulation significantly improves accuracy of circuit modeling. Our system is a powerful tool of design for manufacturing in 65 nm technology node and beyond.

Heliotron J is a flexible concept exploration facility for the helical‐axis heliotron concept. One of the major objectives of the Heliotron J study is to experimentally confirm the effects of the new ideas introduced into this concept to improve the plasma performance. As a part of such experiments, the bumpiness (eb) and rotational transform (ι/2π) control studies have been performed. The eb‐control experiments have revealed the eb‐dependence of the fast ion confinement is qualitatively consistent with the drift optimization viewpoint. However, the bulk plasma confinement studies suggest that the low effective helical ripple configuration seems to be preferable for the confinement improvement for ECH‐only plasma. The ι/2π‐control experiments for ECH‐only and/or ECH+NBI plasmas have revealed the existence of windows in the vacuum ι(a)/2π for the high quality H‐mode. In NBI‐only plasmas, it was found out that the transition in NBI‐only plasma occurs at a certain toroidal current, which depends on the vacuu...

We report on an experiment for mapping two- dimensional blood oxygen saturation distribution by measuring multispectral images in the wavelength range from 500 to 650 nm with the resolution of 7 nm. The multispectral images of the retina are acquired with the originally designed imaging system equipped with the tunable spectral filter. To separate retinal blood vessels from other tissue area, morphological image processing is adopted. The small flick motion is also compensated. After prepossessing, the partial least squares regression model for the oxygen saturation is built by sampling typical spectra reflected from artery and vein. Applying the regression model for all the point extracted by the morphological processing allows the two-dimensional oxygen saturation map.

The purpose of our study is measurement of the value of the translation and the rotation between the corresponding teeth of digital dental models before and after an orthodontic treatment. We used digital models from plaster models digitized by 3D scanner, and divide the polygons into several teeth using our original GUI. We measured the distance from a polygon in the jaw before the treatment to the nearest polygon in the after jaw and consider the distance as a fitness value. We got the best motion (translation and rotation) parameters using GA and reported them as the measurement of the tooth motion after the treatment. And we checked the accuracy of the result.

The Heartstring proximal anastomotic system is a device designed to facilitate the creation of a clampless hand-sewn proximal anastomosis. Thirty-four patients who underwent coronary artery revascularization had 40 proximal anastomoses using the Heartstring device. There were 26 men and 8 women, with the mean age of 70 +/- 8.9 years. Thirty-one patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting through off-pump procedures and 3 patients on-pump beating procedures. In all patients, saphenous vein grafts were anastomosed to the aorta using the Heartstring device, the median number of distal anastomoses being 2.4 +/- 0.7. Either emergent or urgent surgery was required in 14 patients (41%). Diseased aorta was found in 11 patients (32%). One patient (2.9%) died postoperatively due to ischemic necrosis of the small intestine and the colon. There was no occurrence of postoperative stroke. Of 40 saphenous vein grafts anastomosed with the Heartstring system, 39 (97.5%) were patent. The occluded saphenous vein was not considered to be device related. Our clinical experience demonstrated that the Heartstring system allow us to create clampless and reproductive hand-sewn proximal anastomosis and to decrease the incidence of neurological complication.

A 34-year-old man with Marfan syndrome was admitted to our hospital for surgical treatment of aortic regurgitation due to annuloaortic ectasia. He had no history of bleeding complications. Preoperative investigation revealed a slight prolongation of an activated partial thromboplastin time, which went unnoticed. He underwent aortic root replacement with a composite valve graft. During the operation, he had excessive bleeding due to coagulopathy after the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, and needed a large amount of blood transfusion to obtain hemostasis. Before his discharge from our hospital, he was diagnosed as mild hemophilia A because of the decline in his factor VII level. To our knowledge, there has been no published case of cardiac operations in Marfan syndrome with hemophilia A.

A new method for measuring two-dimensional water content distribution on skin surface is presented. Water content of the stratum corneum affects the scattering properties over the skin surface. The difference of the scattering properties are visualized by introducing the polarization imaging technique. Polarization imaging enables us to divide reflected light into polarization maintained light and depolarized light which correspond to superficially reflected light and deeply penetrated light, respectively.

Measurement technique of skin moisture based on near-infrared spectroscopy and regression analysis is investigated. Appropriate near-infrared wavelengths are selected by the weight loss experiment with the skin sample in vitro, and absorption spectra measured with the human skin in vivo are evaluated. Water contents of the samples are predicted by the partial least squares method, and the results indicate good agreements to actual values. Absorption spectra collected by contact and noncontact measurements are also discussed.

In this paper we provided an adequate approximation to an actual exposure intensity distribution (EID) for 100 kV electron projection lithography (EPL) by using a new function employing 2-Gaussian plus exponential model. We have evaluated correction accuracy of our new model using the optimum EID parameters. The parameters were extracted from measured resist linewidth exposed by using a mask with test patterns. The test patterns were resized by changing nominal EID parameters. We found that by using the new EID function with the optimum parameters the correction accuracy for pattern space dependency was improved by 8 nm. The EID function was especially effective to device patterns that had various line pitches. It was noteworthy that this simple EID function, consisting of only three terms, led to significant improvement in the correction accuracy.

Summary form only given, as follows.Recently immersion lithography has attracted much attention due to its potential resolution for a 65 nm technology node and beyond. However electron projection lithography (EPL) is still promising candidate for a 45 nm technology node because hole layers of around 60 nm are difficult to be delineated even with ArF immersion and EUV lithography might delay to meet a production edge of a 45 nm node in 2009. In addition, for SoC business model which needs variety of products to be thrown into the market in a short term EPL is superior because its mask costs would be cheaper than those of conventional photo-reticles which always need complicated OPC patterns and phase shift patterns, We describe current performances of EPL(EB1A) tool in Selete and trials of M&M applications of EPL to via chain device fabrication. We also discuss about coulomb effects in a high current region and evaluate the Nikon's beam blur simulation comparing with measured beam blurs. These would support the realities of Nikon's fl -production tool for a 45 nm node. To increase overlay accuracy we will proposet a global mask IF correction method and expect the overlay accuracy in P -production tool.

A 76-year-old woman with unstable angina due to diffusely diseased coronary artery successfully underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using endarterectomy and on-lay patch anastomosis. She had triple vessel disease in the coronary artery and all of them were diffusely stenotic. It was impossible to undertake simple CABG. We were able to perform 3 coronary artery bypass grafting using endarterectomy and on-lay patch anastomosis. The postoperative course was uneventful and postoperative angiogram revealed well patent 3 grafts. Coronary endarterectomy and on-lay patch anastomosis were effective procedure in a patient with diffusely diseased coronary artery.

We have observed two remarkable phenomena in spin-split cyclotron resonance of InAs/AlSb single quantum wells under short-pulse high magnetic fields produced by the single-turn coil technique. The first phenomenon is a hysteretic phenomenon, which was observed with a rapid sweep of the magnetic field in increasing and decreasing directions (\ensuremath{\sim}100 T in a few microseconds). The sweep-rate dependence of the cyclotron resonance spectra revealed that the hysteretic phenomenon is attributable to the nonequilibrium electron distribution in the lowest Landau levels $(N=0)$ with plus and minus spins induced by short-pulse high magnetic fields. At low temperatures of around 15 K, a disagreement in intensity between the two different spins is observed in such a way that the total intensity is conserved. The hysteresis is attributed to a slow spin-flip relaxation between the two spin states of the $N=0$ Landau level with a time constant of 1 \ensuremath{\mu}s comparable with the field pulse duration. At high temperatures of around 100 K, a different type of hysteresis is found, where the absorption intensity of the minus spin is smaller in the down sweep than in the up sweep. The sweep-rate dependence shows that the up sweep does not change significantly, but the minus spin decreases with increasing the sweep rate in the down sweep. This is attributed to a slow electron transfer from donor levels in AlSb to a Landau level in InAs. The second phenomenon is the electron-electron interaction effect on the spin-split cyclotron resonance, which displays an intriguing dependence on the filling factor \ensuremath{\nu} and the temperature at around 45 T, where $0.3l~\ensuremath{\nu}l~1.2.$ With increasing temperature, the absorption intensity of the down spin increases, exceeding the amount expected from the Boltzmann distribution, while that of the up spin shows the opposite behavior. For samples with different carrier concentrations, the spin splitting at $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.7$ is smaller than that at $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.4$ by 1 T at around 50 K. These features can be explained qualitatively by a recent theory by Asano and Ando that calculates the effect of the electron-electron interaction on cyclotron resonance spectra by numerical diagonalization for a finite-size system with a finite number of electrons.