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The Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS) has contributed to the World Climate Research Programme’s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) using two fully coupled model versions (ACCESS-CM2 and ACCESS-ESM1.5) and two ocean–sea-ice model versions (1° and 0.25° resolution versions of ACCESS-OM2). The fully coupled models differ primarily in the configuration and version of their atmosphere components (including the aerosol scheme), with smaller differences in their sea-ice and land model versions. Additionally, ACCESS-ESM1.5 includes biogeochemistry in the land and ocean components and can be run with an interactive carbon cycle. CMIP6 comprises core experiments and associated thematic Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs). This paper provides an overview of the CMIP6 submission, including the methods used for the preparation of input forcing datasets and the post-processing of model output, along with a comprehensive list of experiments performed, detailing their initialisation, duration, ensemble number and computational cost. A small selection of model output is presented, focusing on idealised experiments and their variants at global scale. Differences in the climate simulation of the two coupled models are highlighted. ACCESS-CM2 produces a larger equilibrium climate sensitivity (4.7°C) than ACCESS-ESM1.5 (3.9°C), likely a result of updated atmospheric parameterisation in recent versions of the atmospheric component of ACCESS-CM2. The idealised experiments run with ACCESS-ESM1.5 show that land and ocean carbon fluxes respond to both changing atmospheric CO2 and to changing temperature. ACCESS data submitted to CMIP6 are available from the Earth System Grid Federation (https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2281 and https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2288). The information provided in this paper should facilitate easier use of these significant datasets by the broader climate community.

For the purpose of future visualization of the flow field in superfluid helium-4, clusters of the triplet state excimer

Spin polarized

This study examines the impact of cataracts on health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) and health events in the older population. The study population consisted of 439 unoperated cataract patients aged 60 years or older who visited any of the facilities affiliated with the Cataract Survey Group of the National Hospital Organization of Japan, which has been conducting a prospective multicenter cohort study on cataract patients. HR-QOL of the patients was assessed using the Japanese version of Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25) and the 8-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-8). The health condition and health events of the patients were also investigated. The average age of the 439 patients enrolled (126 men and 313 women) was 73.0 ± 7.1 years. There were 323 patients with comorbidities (73.6%), 81 of whom (23.7%) felt it was hard to visit the hospital owing to their visual impairment. In the previous year, 74 patients (16.9%) had experienced a fall and 14 (3.2%) had been in a traffic accident. Of those, 43.2% and 8.3% respectively answered that the falls and the accident could have been triggered by their visual impairment. When the patients were classified according to visual acuity, most of the VFQ-25 subscale scores declined significantly with decreasing visual acuity, whereas the SF-8 scores showed no significant change. The participants of this study were patients with unoperated cataract, and thus the decline of HR-QOL was modest. The survey of health events, however, revealed that the visual constraint has a certain impact on the daily lives of the older population.

We have developed a polarized 3He neutron spin filter (NSF) for a new polarized neutron spectrometer, POLANO, at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). POLANO aims to utilize high energy neutrons polarized by a 3He NSF and spin analyzed by an array of magnetic supermirrors for inelastic neutron scattering. The 3He gas is continuously polarized in-situ by spin-exchange optical pumping to provide a highly and stably polarized neutron beam. The POLANO 3He NSF is designed to polarize neutrons with energies as high as 200 meV and fit in a restricted space. It is equipped with adiabatic fast passage NMR that enables one to flip the 3He spins, and consequently, the neutron spins.

A 3He neutron spin filter (NSF) has been designed for a new polarized neutron chopper spectrometer called the Polarization Analysis Neutron Spectrometer with Correlation Method (POLANO) at the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. It is designed to fit in a limited space on the spectrometer as an initial neutron beam polarizer and is polarized in situ by spin exchange optical pumping. This will be the first generation 3He NSF on POLANO, and a polarized neutron beam up to 100 meV with a diameter of 50 mm will be available for research on magnetism, hydrogen materials, and strongly correlated electron systems.

To determine whether children advised by a pediatrician to take sports drinks consume them more frequently than do other children and whether these children have an increased risk of dental caries.The subjects were 522 mother/child pairs who attended a dental checkup for 3-year-olds at one of ten community health centers in Nagasaki, Japan. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of children with or without dental caries according to child-related variables. Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between the presence of dental caries and child-related variables taken from a dental checkup and a questionnaire.A high frequency of sports drink consumption was strongly associated with dental caries in children. The highest proportion of mothers answered that they were advised by a pediatrician to give sports drinks to their children. However, these children consumed sports drinks significantly less frequently than did children who did so for reasons other than pediatrician recommendations. In addition, these children were significantly less likely to have dental caries than were children who consumed sports drinks for otherreasons.Pediatrician-recommended consumption of sports drinks does not lead to more frequent consumption of these beverages or to dental caries in 3-year-old children.

New neutron detection methods using the 3HeNe lasing are proposed. These methods are mainly based on two types of lasing: nuclear pumped laser (NPL) and radiation triggered laser (RTL). In the NPL mode, the charged particles produced by neutron reactions directly excite the laser gas, and then the lasing occurs. The direct NPL output power and the optical gain are available as signals to measure the thermal neutron flux. In the RTL mode, the neutron irradiation raises the discharge of the laser gas when a specific voltage is applied, and then the lasing occurs. This method is based on the variation of the lasing voltage by the neutron irradiation. Experimental results, obtained for both of these two methods, show the feasibility of a new neutron detection system, using the laser light signal, and which can be applied to in-core neutron monitoring in the fission reactor.

A new type of in-core neutron monitor using the 3HeNe nuclear pumped laser (NPL) is proposed and the optimum design and characteristics of this detector are discussed, especially for application to the fast breeder reactor (FBR). Through this optimum design study, a highest efficiency monitor has been found to show the simple and practical relation of PR = 3.54 [atom cm], where P and R are the 3He pressure and the diameter of a laser cell, respectively. The response function of this detector has been estimated, which shows the linearity to the neutron flux level above the threshold level for the NPL operation. The life of this detector is found to be rather long when considering the tritium β-decay to the 3He gas.

A 54 b*54 b multiplier fabricated in a double-metal 0.5 mu m CMOS technology is described. The 54 b*54 b full array is adopted to complete multiplication within one latency. A 10 ns multiplication time is achieved by optimizing both the propagation time of the part consisting of 4-2 compressors and the propagation time of the final adder part. The n-channel pass-transistor circuit and the p-channel load circuit are used at the critical blocks to improve the multiplication speed. This multiplier is intended to be applied to double-precision floating-point data processing based on the IEEE standard up to clock range of 100 MHz. >

Resistin and adiponectin, recently discovered adipokines, are secreted from adipose tissue, with postulated opposing functions in insulin resistance and inflammation. More recently, an abundance of resistin was detected in macrophages, which suggests its important role in inflammation. The aim of this study was to clarify circulating serum adipokine levels in women with periodontitis. Thirty-four women with moderate to severe periodontitis and 42 control individuals with healthy gingiva (50- to 59-year-old women) were selected. The serum level of adipokines was analyzed between groups, along with the obesity index, smoking status, and age. Having periodontitis was significantly associated with an increased level of resistin, both in bivariate (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2–7.6) and multivariate (adjusted OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1–8.6) analyses. The association of periodontitis with a decreased level of adiponectin did not reach statistical significance. It was concluded that an increased serum resistin level in middle-aged Japanese women with periodontitis may affect systemic health.

Hot-carrier-induced degradation surface-channel (p/sup +/ polysilicon gate) and buried-channel (n/sup +/ polysilicon gate) pMOSFETs is discussed. In the shallow gate bias region, a hot-carrier degradation mode by drain avalanche hot hole injection was found for the surface-channel pMOSFETs. Trapped holes and interface state generation, which were not observed in the buried-channel pMOSFETs, were detected. In this gate bias region, the degradation for the surface-channel structure is smaller than that for the buried-channel structure. Three reasons for the smaller degradation in the surface-channel structure are discussed. The deep-gate bias region was also investigated. In this region, an interface-state generation mode without the threshold-voltage shift was found for both surface- and buried-channel pMOSFETs. This interface state generation is caused by channel hot hole injection. >

The analysis indicates that a thinner gate oxide nMOSFET shows smaller degradation. Mechanisms for the smaller degradation were analyzed using a simple degraded MOSFET model. It was found that the number of the generated interface states is defined uniquely by the amount of peak substrate current, independently from the gate-oxide thickness. The major cause of the smaller degradation in the thinner gate-oxide device is smaller mobility degradation due to the generated interface states. The degraded mobility was measured and formulated. The smaller mobility degradation is explained by the difference between the vertical electric field dependence of the Coulomb scattering term and that of the phonon term under the inversion condition. The effect of a larger channel conductance, due to the larger inversion charges for the thinner gate-oxide device, is the secondary cause for the smaller degradation. >

This report describes function and performance of mobile-type earth station system and subsystems, designed for using higher carrier frequencies, and station construction for mobile use.

A variety of strategies have been implemented to bring installation costs to near metallic wire levels, in consideration of suiting the layout of house and efficiency for FTTH drop and indoor lines.

A switch access LSI with multiple ports (SAM) functions as an interface to the switch fabric. The SAM and two other chips, a switch element (SE) and a distributor/arbiter (DA), constitute a chipset with which a non-blocking ATM switch with total throughput up to 20 Gb/s can be built. A 622 Mb/s ATM switch can be configured using a single SAM. A 10 Gb/s ATM switch using SAM/ DA/SE is illustrated.

Hot carrier degradation was studied for surface-channel (p/sup +/ polysilicon-gate) PMOSFETs in comparison with buried-channel (n/sup +/ polysilicon-gate) PMOSFETs. In the shallow gate bias region, a carrier degradation mode by drain avalanche hot-hole injection was found for the surface-channel PMOSFETs. Here, trapped holes and interface state generation, which were not observed in the buried-channel PMOSFETs, were detected. In the deep-gate-bias region, a channel hot-hole interface-state-generation mode without the threshold voltage shift was found for both types of PMOSFETs studied. >

Low thermal resistance and high TCT (temperature cycle test) reliability have been attained by thin AlN BGA package structure. High speed signal transmission for multimedia DSP (digital signal processor) has been analyzed by computer simulation. The package has 0.6 mm body thickness, which is 1/3 of ordinary ceramic packages. A low thermal resistance of 4.8 /spl deg/C/W has been attained without a heat sink and with no air cooling while mounted on a PWB having 4 conductive layers. Scattering parameters were measured up to 9 GHz and applied to 250 MHz clock signal simulation. No deterioration of signal waveforms was observed during the simulation. The effects of package thickness and package size have been discussed from the thermal resistance and TCT reliability point of view. Thicker and larger package size provided lower thermal resistance. The developed package thickness and size (35/spl times/35 mm) have been determined by taking into account the application field of mobile PCs (personal computers) and through simulation. The package thickness versus TCT reliability has been discussed, and then the TCT has been carried out under an assembled condition on a PWB, and MTTF of 1 k cycles has been derived.

The optimum device design of 0.5 mu m CMOS for logic LSIs with embedded large-capacity SRAMs (static RAMs) with a 3.3 V supply voltage is proposed. In order to attain high performance with a 3.3 V supply, the p-MOSFET structure was designed and the gate oxide thickness and junction capacitance were optimized. A poly-Si load SRAM cell with a triple-well structure on p-substrate, WSi-polycide gate electrode, and triple-level metallization with W plug via holes were implemented. By careful design of each parameter and proper integration of the technologies, a high-performance 0.5 mu m CMOS with large-capacity cache memories was realized. >

The authors describe an on-chip cache/TLB macro which can be integrated with highly concurrent RISC (reduced instruction set computer) processors. The macro incorporates TLB, a 16-kbyte instruction cache, and a 16-kbyte two-port data cache. It executes virtual-to-physical address translation and following physical cache access in 12 ns. The total bandwidth is 2.6 Gbyte/s at 80 MHz. A test chip was fabricated with 0.5- mu m double-polysilicon triple-metal CMOS technology. >

Local interconnect technology has been widely accepted because of advantages such as increase of packing density and reduction of parasitics. Local interconnect technology of a new structure utilizing TiSi/sub 2/ from the reaction of Ti and polysilicon is described. The technology is fully compatible with the salicide process. Moreover, the processing offers low resistivity interconnection with low junction leakage because of its inherent structure. It is confirmed that the process is manufacturable for 0.5 mu m CMOS. >

We analyzed methods and clinicopathological factors for multiple (or = 5) bilobar liver metastases (H3) from colorectal cancer and evaluated the indication of surgical and microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) for them. Twenty-four patients with H3 underwent surgical therapy and were divided into two groups. Group a: 9 patients with a prognosis of more than 700 days. Group b: the remaining 15 patients. There was no significant difference in prognosis between those receiving MCT and resection + MCT as a surgical therapy. The number and maximum diameter of tumors tended to be smaller in Group a. The number of tumors was less than or equal to 9 and the maximum size of the tumors was 38 mm. Moreover, the tumor could be controlled by MCT alone if the tumor size was less than 30 mm. MCT is a useful therapy for these cases and the indication for surgical therapy may depend on the number and maximum size of tumors.

Purpose Primary adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland is a rare malignant tumor of the orbit. Up to now, there has been no presentation of its ultrastructural features. The histopathological findings and fine structures of one case of adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland are described in the present work. Methods The patient was a 59-year-old Japanese man with proptosis that had persisted for one month. A tumor was extirpated, and the tissues were prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. Results Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that the tumor cells had well-developed microvilli and lumens. These ultrastructure features are similar to those seen in adenocarcinomas at other sites. Conclusions These observations suggest that the accurate diagnosis of rare malignant adenocarcinoma depends not only on routine techniques such as light microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin and PAS-diastase stained slides, but also on electron microscopic findings.

We assessed 23 patients who underwent surgical therapy of hepatectomy or microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) for bilobular multiple hepatic metastatic foci following curative resection of the primary lesion of colorectal cancer. Hepatectomy was the first surgical therapy for 10 patients, and 6 of them received combined intra-arterial chemotherapy. All 13 patients in the MCT group received intra-arterial chemotherapy, and 8 of them underwent combined hepatectomy. The two-year survival rate of the hepatectomy group, classified according to the first surgical therapy, was 40% against 52% in the MCT group. In comparison with the H2 (2-5 foci) patients in the hepatectomy group, there were 7 H2 patients in the MCT group, and the two-year survival rate of these 7 patients was 50%. No significant difference was observed between hepatectomy and the MCT as the first surgical therapy. The survival rates of the 5 patients who received treatment for recurrence after the first surgery and of the 18 patients without any recurrence treatment were 80% and 40%, respectively. No significant difference existed between the two groups, but a p value of 0.06 was noted. MCT was considered to be useful local therapy for cancer as the first therapy and as a therapy following recurrence.

The effects of ecabet sodium (ecabet), 12-sulfodehydroabietic acid monosodium salt, on gastric mucin biosynthesis in rat antrum were compared with those in the corpus. Intragastric administration of ecabet significantly increased [3H]glucosamine incorporation into antral mucin as well as into corpus mucin during five successive hours of organ culture. In contrast, mucin biosynthesis in either antrum or corpus was not susceptible to the addition of ecabet to the culture medium. Ecabet-induced stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production in the antrum was essentially the same as that seen in the corpus. In antrum treated with 100 mg/kg ecabet, immunoreactivity with three distinct anti-mucin monoclonal antibodies was found not only in the specific mucus-producing cells, but also in the secreted mucus present at the surface gel layer. These results suggest that ecabet enhances the mucin metabolism, and this stimulation occurs in both the corpus and antrum, suggesting that ecabet might be a useful tool for the further clarification of the regulatory mechanism of antral mucin synthesis.

We report a 75-year-old man with invading bladder cancer and enlarged lymph nodes, which decreased following 5'-DFUR treatment. A postoperative abdominal CT showed lymph node swelling around the great vessels. The patient refused aggressive chemotherapy, so he was given a 5-FU derivative, 5'-DFUR, 800 mg/day orally. The enlarged lymph node had decreased in size by the 22nd day after the treatment, and the patient has maintained a near CR.

金沢大学理工研究域数物科学系, The seek durability of CoCrTa perpendicular flexible disks was studied using a conventional 3.5-in double-sided flexible disk drive. The seek durability strongly depends on the CoCrTa film preparation conditions. The durability is increased by adding a Si underlayer for a CoCrTa film. Disk-media yield pressures were evaluated with a scratch test using a sapphire needle. It is shown that high media yield pressure leads to a high seek durability. Ta addition to CoCr film increases the media yield pressure. The number of seek operations achieved was 200 × 104, using the following disk construction: protective layer/CoCrTa film/Si underlayer/base film.

We report a case of tuberous sclerosis associated with bilateral renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs), pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and subungual fibroma of hands and feet. A 42-year-old woman who was diagnosed as tuberous sclerosis at the age of 18 complained of left flank pain and abdominal fullness. Bilateral renal AMLs were pointed out when complete examinations were performed for hypertension at the age of 32. She suffered from severe left flank pain and abdominal distension due to the left renal tumor. Left nephrectomy and excision of the renal hilar tumor were performed. The left renal tumor weighed 1120 g, the perirenal space was filled with the tumor. histopathological diagnosis of the left renal tumor and renal hilar tumor was AML. In our case, bilateral pneumothorax appeared, and chest CT scan revealed bilateral multiple pulmonary cysts. Histopathological diagnosis of pulmonary cysts was LAM. Other complications of our case are intracranial calcification and adenoma sebaceum.

A 47-year-old male patient with chronic hepatitis had a high AFP level during the follow-up period. Abdominal CT revealed at S5, which led to a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. In August 1992, partial resection of S5 was performed, and ethanol was injected into the tumor at S2. In July 1993, recurrent tumors were observed at S5 and S3. PEIT was performed for each lesion. In December 1994, multiple recurrence was observed and 4 mg SMANCS was injected through the proper hepatic artery. In July 1995, another 4 mg of SMANCS was injected into the tumors. In June 1996, only a 20 mm lesion at S5 remained while the other lesions disappeared. Under general anesthesia, the patient underwent percutaneous microwave tumor coagulation. In December 1997, the AFP level was normal, and imaging revealed disappearance of the recurrent tumor. Selection of local therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma achieved long survival in our case considering the QOL and frequent therapy administration.

A 3-year-old boy was referred because of a painless mass in the left scrotum. On palpation, the mass was discriminated from the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord and showed transillumination. A part of the mass was dark purple in color. Total surgical excision of the mass was performed. The lesion was multicystic (2-15 mm), adherent to the scrotal skin, and easily dissectable from the testicle. Pathological examination revealed lymphangioma as a major component and hemangioma as a minor part. He has been free of recurrent disease for 2 years. This is the 7th case of hemo-lymphangioma of the scrotum in the Japanese literature.

To evaluate the physiological role of G-CSF following surgery, we measured the serum levels of immunoreactive IL-6 and G-CSF sequentially in nine patients after major elective thoracoabdominal surgery for esophageal carcinoma. Both G-CSF and IL-6 levels reached their maxima at the first postoperative day and decreased thereafter. There was a significant correlation between serum G-CSF (y) and IL-6 (x) levels (y = 3.273x + 3.991; r = 0.787, n = 78, p0.001). In the case that developed aspiration pneumonia and ARDS at the second postoperative day, the measured G-CSF level was less than half the predicted value. The relationship between serum G-CSF and IL-6 levels supports the central role of G-CSF as the host defense response modifier and, thus, low G-CSF levels in the circulation is one reason for the immunodeficient state after major surgery.

We treated eleven cases of primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction with percutaneous endopyeltomy. Endopyelotomy was successful in nine of the eleven cases. Complications during and after endopyelotomy occurred in three cases, two of which had pyelonephritis and the other severe postoperative hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion due to incision of a posterior crossing vessel. In this last case, the kidney was supplied by three arteries. The lower segmental artery passed behind the ureter. We emphasized that angiography should be performed to rule out the presence of a posterior crossing vessel before endopyelotomy, when it is doubtful if an extrinsic cause of ureteropelvic junction obstruction is present.

In this study the multicenter, fixed-flexible dose regimen was taken to evaluate the effective dose range of Terazosin for the treatment of micturition disturbance in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and to clarify the characteristics of patients who are more responsive to Terazosin therapy. After a 1-week washout (placebo) the first two weeks 1 mg/day of Terazosin was administered, then depending on efficacy of subjective symptoms, Terazosin doses were increased up to 2 mg/day and 4 mg/day at intervals of two weeks. After six weeks the final efficacy and safety were assessed. The subjective symptom improvement rate was 18.5% by 1 mg/day, 55.6% by 2 mg/day and 65.4% by 4 mg/day cumulatively. The objective symptom improvement rate were 13.2% by 1 mg/day, 42.1% by 2 mg/day and 50.0% by 4 mg/day cumulatively. The global improvement rate was 14.5% by 1 mg/day, 50.0% by 2 mg/day and 61.8% by 4 mg/day cumulatively. The patients who had a higher subjective symptom score in the lead-in period were more improved rather than those who had a lower score. In objective symptoms, voided volume, maximum flow rate (MFR), MFR nomogram score and average flow rate improved and the ratio of residual urine volume decreased. There was no relationship between clinical improvement on either subjective or objective symptoms and prostatic weight. Adverse reactions, such as dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, nausea and blurred vision; were seen in 10 cases. In conclusion Terazosin was effective and well tolerated for the treatment of patients who had micturition disturbance with BPH in the dose range of 2 to 4 mg/day.

We reported a case of inverted papilloma of the bladder, and six cases (two of ureteral cancer and four of bladder cancer) of transitional cell carcinoma with inverted proliferation. These tumors were superficial and pedunculated as well as transitional papilloma or ordinary papillary transitional cell carcinoma though they showed a non-papillary and polyp-like configuration. Moreover, these urothelial cancers with inverted proliferation were thought to be similar to papillary cancer with regard to grading, multiplicity, invasiveness and recurrence. Therefore, transurethral resection or segmental ureterectomy may be recommended for the tumor of low grade malignancy and radical treatment including systemic chemotherapy may be recommended for the tumor of high grade malignancy.