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Su hem yaşam için hem de sahip olduğu özellikleri nedeniyle de değerli bir kaynaktır. Bu nedenle, su kıtlığı ve artan çevre bilinci dünya çapında endişeye sebep olmaktadır. Tekstil sektörü genel olarak su tüketiminin yoğun olduğu proseslerden oluşmaktadır. Özellikle boyama işleminde çok fazla su kullanılmaktadır. Bu sebeple su kullanımının azalmasına yönelik boyama çalışmaların her geçen gün öneminin artacağı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, süperkritik karbondioksit (scCO2) ortamda susuz ve klasik sulu ortamda bir adet % 100 poliester dokuma kumaş açık ve koyu tonda olmak üzere boyanmış, boyama proseslerinin aşamaları her iki ortam için de yaşam döngüsü analizi (LCA) yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz için SimaPro 9.3 programı kullanılmış ve yapılan karşılaştırma kümülatif olarak süperkritik ortamda yapılan boyamada çevresel etkinin klasik sulu ortamda boyamayla karşılaştırıldığında göre daha az olduğu dolayısıyla daha avantajlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır., Water is a valuable resource both for life and because of its properties. Therefore, water scarcity and increasing environmental awareness cause worldwide concern. The textile industry generallyconsists of processes with intense water consumption. Especially in the dyeing process, a lot of water is used. For this reason, the importance of dyeing studies aimed at reducing water use that increases day by day. In this study, one %100 polyester woven fabrics were dyed in dark and light shade in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) media (waterless) and classic media (aqueous) and the dyeing process was evaluated by life cycle analysis (LCA) method in both media. SimaPro 9.3 program was used for the analysis and it was concluded that the environmental effect of dyeing cumulatively performed in the supercritical medium is less compared to dyeing in a classical aqueous medium, thus it is more advantageous..

Objective: To examine the histopathological effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment on the penile and the testicular tissue in rat model.

Innovative supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) treatment conditions in fluidised media technology were examined for polyester dyeing. The different dyeing processes in scCO(2) media were carried out under a constant dyeing temperature of 120 degrees C (at pressures ranging from 9 to 29 MPa), a constant pressure of 25 MPa (at dyeing temperatures ranging from 40 to 140 degrees C) and a constant density range of 500-550 kg/m(3) (at combinations of dyeing temperatures ranging from 80 to 130 degrees C and dyeing pressures ranging from 18 to 28 MPa). The constant dyeing temperature, constant dyeing pressure and constant density (120 degrees C, 25 MPa, 500-550 kg/m(3), respectively) were selected according to the best results in the literature and recommendations from industrial applications for polyester dyeing in scCO(2) media. The different conditions of the studied parameters and their influence are discussed. Colour difference (Delta E) and colour strength (K/S), as well as washing fastness and bursting strength properties, were investigated and compared. Acceptable colour properties (similar to those for standard [control reference] fabric: dyed in scCO(2) media at 120 degrees C, 25 MPa pressure and 506 kg/m(3) density for 90 minutes) on polyester fabric, with commercially acceptable and quite high washing fastness levels and comparable bursting strength values (similar to those for standard fabric without significant or drastic strength loss), could be achieved with the following scCO(2) dyeing processes: at a lower dyeing pressure with the same dyeing temperature (in scCO(2) media at 120 degrees C, 21 MPa pressure and 423 kg/m(3) density for 90 minutes), at a lower dyeing temperature with the same dyeing pressure (in scCO(2) media at 100 degrees C, 25 MPa pressure and 588 kg/m(3) density for 90 minutes) and at both a lower dyeing pressure and a lower dyeing temperature with a constant density range of 500-550 kg/m(3) (in scCO(2) media at 110 degrees C, 24 MPa pressure and 526 kg/m(3) density for 90 minutes). Satisfactory and successful dyeing properties and performance similar to polyester fibre dyed under standard scCO(2) dyeing conditions with less energy consumption could be achieved with the correct scCO(2) dyeing process parameter optimisation. For instance, the dyeing process in the scCO(2) environment at the same dyeing temperature with the standard scCO(2) dyeing process (at 120 degrees C), but with a lower dyeing pressure (at 21 vs 25 MPa), resulted in a 17 kWh decrease in energy consumption. In conclusion, it is very important to choose the correct dyeing pressure to obtain level dyeing in the polyester dyeing process carried out in a scCO(2) environment and to achieve a reduction in energy consumption during dyeing in a scCO(2) medium.

Ozone is a triatomic form of oxygen (O3) with an outstanding oxidation potential. Ozone is generated via ozone generators; two main types of ozone generators are corona discharge units and ultraviolet lamps. Either air or oxygen may be used as the feeding gas, but an oxygen generator is required if the feeding gas is air. The ozone concentration in the outlet gas mixture of an ozone generator increases as the purity of oxygen gas inlet increases. The high oxidation potential of ozone gas has encouraged research studies on the utilization of ozone for textile applications. Oxidative agents are used in desizing, bleaching, dyeing, clearing, surface modification, and wastewater treatments for applications in textile sector. The main oxidative agent used in the textile sector is hydrogen peroxide. Use of an activator, generally caustic soda, and high temperatures are required for hydrogen peroxide bleaching. On the other hand, ozone is usually applied at room temperature because of its decreasing solubility at high temperatures, and ozone is active in the whole pH range compensating the requirement of pH adjustment chemicals. Of course, the pH of the aqueous solution affects the reactions of ozone, but ozone is capable of giving oxidation reactions in neutral, acidic, or alkaline solutions. In textile industry, ozone is utilized in various processes such as: denim applications, cotton pretreatments, dyeing and finishing, polyester dyeing and clearing, treatment of various textile fibers (wool, polylactic acid, etc.), and textile wastewater and color removal treatment. In this chapter, potential uses of ozone as an alternative oxidant for textile applications are reviewed in detail. It is important to point out that ozone utilization may result in chemical substitution, waste reduction, and energy conversation in textile processes, leading to more sustainable world for future generations.

Water is a valuable resource for life because of its multifunctional properties. Thus, scarcity of water and augmented environmental awareness are worldwide concerns that result in a sharp escalation in prices for drinking and removal of wastewater. It is widely accepted that the textile sector is one of the highest water consumers. Traditional textile dyeing utilizes huge amounts of fresh water and the used water is disposed as effluent comprising dyes and various chemicals. Water is generally utilized as a solvent in many pretreatment and finishing textile processes in the sector, such as washing, scouring, bleaching dyeing, and finishing. Therefore, the researchers and innovative textile machinery companies have been trying to develop new technologies to dye the textile material with less water usage and even without utilizing any water (waterless dyeing technology). The elimination of the water processing and related chemicals would be an important advancement for the textile dyeing sector. The recent prominent process uses carbon dioxide (CO2) for dyeing textile substrates. It is a totally waterless dyeing process utilizing recycled carbon dioxide in certain temperature and pressure conditions. In this chapter, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) technology usage in textile scouring, surface modification, desizing, bleaching, dyeing, and finishing processes is reviewed in detail, leading to waterless sustainable textile wet processing. Moreover, the recent commercial and technological developments regarding supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) technology are also given.

The textile and fashion industry is one of the oldest and largest sectors in the World. In the textile industry, it is possible to create both functional and artistic designs by using different materials and different techniques together in harmony. However, it is very important that the applied process types should not harm the environment and living things. Therefore, one of the issues that have come up recently is sustainable textile design. As a result of the developments in today's world, companies invest in technology in order to provide competitive advantage in many sectors and to increase environmental awareness. Textile industry inevitably should re-design their processes in order to reduce the potential environmental damage leading to more sustainable planet for future generations. Therfore, the usage of sustainable, renewable materials and sustainable eco-friendly production methods should be increased in textile industry more and more in order to overcome possible increasing environmental problems arising from the processes of textile sector. In this respect, for instance, ultraviolet (UV) technology offers many alternative innovative usage types not only in the textile industry but also in many other different industrial areas. The usage of UV technology offers so much positive attributes to the textile production and design and also provides sustainable and eco-friendly opportunities for many different areas of the textile industry. The new usage types of UV technology in the textile sector has still been explored today and developed day by day. In this chapter, the information about Ultraviolet (UV) and UV technology, the usage areas of UV technology, the contribution and the production efficiency advantages of UV technology to sustainable textile production and design (such as the use of UV technology in decolorization and purification of textile wastewaters, as pre-treatment and surface modification processes prior to coloration processes, for UV-curing process and for pilling problem prevention etc.) were given in detail.

WOS: 000426132100002, Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns of the textile finishing sector. The reduction or substitution of the harsh chemicals used during dyeing and printing processes is necessary. In this study, the use of ozone for the discharge printing process was examined in order to substitute the use of reductive agent and caustic soda by ozone gas. The reactive dyed cotton samples were wetted by water and some selected solutions at 25%, 40% and 60% pick up were used and subjected to ozone gas treatment. The gas flow rates were 5 and 10l/min for 5 and 10min treatment times, respectively. The results were compared with that of conventional discharge printed samples. Colour discharge (%), colour difference (E), strength, washing and rubbing fastness and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values were compared and reported. Colour discharge increased at higher gas flow rates and prolonged treatment times. Although ozone printing could not attain the contour sharpness of conventional discharge printing, the addition of selected chemicals affected colour discharge and the contour sharpness. Strength tests did not show a significant decrease when using ozone treatment. Fastness tests results (washing and rubbing) were slightly higher compared with conventional discharge printed samples. COD values were much lower for ozone treatment compared with conventional discharge printing effluent. Consequently, it was demonstrated that ozone may be an environmentally friendly substitute for discharge printing.

Bu calismada %100 Polyester kumaslara Disperse Blue 79 (C.I.11345) boyarmaddesi ile klasik boyama ve superkritik karbondioksit (scCO 2 ) ortamda susuz boyama yapilmistir. Deneyler, klasik boyama icin 120 °C ve 130 °C, superkritik ortamda boyamada ise 120 °C sicaklikta ve 250 bar basincta gerceklestirilmistir. Klasik ortamda boyanan kumaslara reduktif yikama yapilmistir. ScCO 2 ortamda boyanan kumaslara ise asetonla tekrarli yikamalar yapilmistir. Numunelere; renk olcumleri, kopma mukavemeti, KOI testleri yapilmis ve deney sonuclari yorumlanmistir. Superkritik CO 2 'de elde edilen sonuclar, suda yapilan klasik boyama ile karsilastirilmistir. Calisma, kullanilan dispers boyanin Polyester liflerini super kritik karbondioksit ortamda susuz olarak 120 °C ve 250 barda yuksek hasliklarda ve mukavemet kaybi olmadan boyadigini ve renk acisindan da sulu ortamda dispersiyon ajanlarinin varliginda 120 °C elde edilene gore %0,5 (kag) bm konsantrasyonunda daha koyu boyandigini ve %4 (kag) bm konsantrasyonu icin benzer oldugunu gostermistir.

Trials have been carried out to investigate the efficiency of ozone treatment in the colour stripping of reactive-dyed cotton fabrics. The trials were performed on a specially designed apparatus to inject ozone gas into the liquor passing through a perforated beam with fabric rolls on it, just like a beam dyeing machine with ozone venturi injection. Conventional reductive colour stripping was applied as the control treatment, and ozone treatment was applied for three different application times (15, 30, and 45 min). Trials were performed with seven selected reactive dyes having various chromophores and reactive groups. The results indicate that 45 min ozone treatment yielded the best colour stripping results among the three application times. Furthermore, the colour stripping percentages of the 45 min ozone treatment were higher for four of the tested dyes, the same for one of the tested dyes, and lower for two of the tested dyes compared with the control treatment, which consisted of conventional reductive colour stripping. Colour stripping of 90% and above was achieved for all samples of the 45 min ozone treatment. The chemical oxygen demand values of the colour stripping baths were compared: the average value of the 45 min ozone application baths was 105 mg l(-1), and it was 1993 mg l(-1) for the conventional reductive treatment baths. Consequently, a reduction in chemical oxygen demand of almost 94% was achieved by ozone treatment compared with conventional reductive treatment. The strength values of the fabrics after the respective treatments were similar, with a difference of only 3%.

Bu çalışmadaaynı elastan oranına sahip ancak farklı zemin ipliklerden üretilen düz örmekumaşların esneme (%), geri toparlanamama (%) ve elastik toparlanma özelliklerineyıkama tekrar sayısı ve kumaş tipinin etkisi incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Düzörme kumaşlar için elastan oranları tüm kumaşlar için sabit tutulurken (%5)zemin iplikleri sırasıyla; %70 poliester %30 pamuk vorteks iplik, %70 poliester%30 viskon ring iplik, %70 poliester %30 pamuk ring iplik, %100 viskon vorteksiplik, %100 pamuk ring iplik olarak seçilmiştir. Numuneler tekrarlı yıkamaişlemine tabi tutulmuş olup her yıkama devri sonrasında sererek kurutmayapılmıştır. 1,5 ve 10 devir yıkama sonrası kumaş gramajları belirlenmiştir. Numunelerin çubuk ve sıra yönlü esneme yüzdesi(%), geri toparlanamama yüzdesi (%) ve elastik toparlanma yüzdesi (%) ölçümleriiçin Fyrma kumaş ekstensiyometresi kullanılmıştır. Kumaş tipi ve yıkama devirsayısı faktörlerinin elastan örme kumaşların esneme ve geri toparlanamamaözelliklerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla iki faktörlü ANOVA testi uygulanmıştır., It was aimed to investigate the influence ofwashing cycle and fabric type on stretching (%), unrecovered elongation (%) andelastic recovery properties of plain knitted fabrics made of different groundyarn types having the same elastane ratio (%). For the plain knitted fabrics;Elastane ratio was kept constant as 5% for all fabric types whereas the groundyarns were selected as 70% polyester 30% cotton vortex yarn, 70% polyester30%viscon ring yarn, 70% polyester 30%cotton ring yarn, 100%viscon vortex and100% cotton ring spun yarns respectively. Knitted samples were objected torepeated laundering and flat dried after each washing cycle. Fabricweight (g/m2) after the washing cycles of 1, 5 and 10 werepremeasured. Fryma fabric extensometer device was used fordetermining the stretching ratios (%), unrecovered elongation (%) and elasticrecovery (%) of the samples both in wale and course way. Two-Way ANOVA wasperformed in order to investigate the influence of washing cycle and fabrictype on stretching (%) and unrecovered elongation (%) properties of theelastane knitted fabrics.

Cotton fiber is the most widely produced and utilized natural fiber with a popular usage in our planet. A substantial amount of clean water is utilized during conventional cotton fiber pretreatment. In this study, we investigated the bleaching possibility of knitted cotton fabric by using supercritical carbon dioxide as a medium, as a cleaner waterless alternative, at pressures in the range of 180 and 250 bar and at temperatures ranging from 80 °C (at the pressure of 180 bar with 505 kg/m3) to 120 °C (at the pressure of 250 bar with 539 kg/m3) for 20 min with either solely hydrogen peroxide usage at 5% and 15% concentrations or combination usage of hydrogen peroxide with necessary related auxiliaries such as peroxide stabilizer at 1% and 8% concentrations and caustic soda at 3% concentration in comparison with conventional aqueous hydrogen peroxide bleaching process in order to support environmentally friendly, sustainable textile production leading to more sustainable future for our planet. Also, the effects of different washing types as after-treatment process following waterless and aqueous peroxide bleaching processes on the whiteness performance of cotton fabrics were also explored. Whiteness properties, moisture management performances, oxycellulose formation and FTIR (ATR) spectra of cotton fabrics bleached in aqueous and waterless supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) medium were determined and compared. In waterless scCO2 media, bleaching at 80 °C resulted in higher whiteness improvement than bleaching at 120 °C leading to whiter appearance. Bleaching of cotton cellulosic fiber at 80 °C for 20 min in scCO2 media displayed better whiteness results than conventional water based bleaching at 80 °C. The inclusion of caustic soda in waterless scCO2 hydrogen peroxide bleaching process resulted in significant decline on whiteness level of cotton for both 80 °C and 120 °C bleaching temperatures. When the aqueous conventional bleaching process and the anhydrous (waterless supercritical carbon dioxide fluid) bleaching process compared in the case of solely hydrogen peroxide usage at both 80 °C and 120 °C, waterless supercritical carbon dioxide fluid bleaching process (whether or not after-treated following the bleaching process) resulted in higher whiteness values leading to whiter appearance. Bleaching process with solely 5% and 15% hydrogen peroxide involvement in waterless supercritical carbon dioxide media at 80 °C for only 20 min and without any aqueous after clearing treatment led to approximately 30% and 51% whiteness improvement on cellulosic cotton fiber knitted fabric, respectively. There was no moisture management improvement trend due to caustic soda addition into peroxide bleaching process in waterless scCO2 media. The addition of after-treatment process (catalase enzyme treatment in water at 50 °C and then washed with water at 87 °C in company with wetting agent and rinsing in cold water) following peroxide bleaching in scCO2 media improved the moisture management properties of bleached cotton fabric. Although the bleaching process performed in scCO2 medium resulted in a higher oxidative activity than bleaching process performed in aqueous medium from the measured color yield values of oxycellulose formation evaluation, the consistency of the FTIR (ATR) spectra of the greige, hydrogen peroxide bleached in aqueous and waterless scCO2 media and bleached then after-treated cotton knitted fabrics displays that the respective bleaching process types in both aqueous and waterless scCO2 media had no drastic significant detrimental effect on the surface morphology of the cotton fiber. Consequently, successful waterless hydrogen peroxide bleaching can be carried out for cellulosic cotton fiber knitted fabric in supercritical carbon dioxide media. © 2018, Springer Nature B.V.

Elastane containing denim fabrics which are known as “blue jeans” have always been popular. Denim fabrics are woven with white elastane-cotton weft yarns and 100% cotton indigo dyed warp yarns. The most distinctive feature of denim fabrics is those warp yarns’ indigo color fading after washing processes which enhance the denim fabrics having unique structures. The elastane amount in the weft yarns determines the flexibility ratio of the denim fabric with its high recovery property. This study aims to investigate the denim fabrics produced at three different weft and warp density with different yarn counts and elastane ratios in terms of tenacity and stretching properties (elongation, permanent elongation, elastic recovery) considering the washing cycles of 0, 5 and 15. Three different denim fabrics with 100% cotton warp yarns and cottonelastane weft yarns were produced at the weft densities of 23,19, 24 (pick/cm) and at the warp densities of 33, 28 and 35 (end/cm) with three different elastane percentages of 4%, 1% and 2.5% respectively. The 2/1 twill denim fabrics were produced on dobby weaving machine. Home laundry process was applied at 30°C for 40 minutes by using 20 ml/kg standard reference detergent containing 5%-15% anionic surface active agents

In this study, a novel process utilizing ozone was carried out for colour stripping of fabrics misprinted with reactive dyes in ink-jet machines. The results of ozone applications were compared with conventional colour stripping process performed by thiourea dioxide (TUDO) and soda ash. In trials, cotton-based and viscose-based woven fabrics were used as these fabrics were the most utilized at the textile mill in which this study was performed. Different ozone treatment times (30, 45, 60 or 90 min) were tested to find optimum process time and it was found that process times depended on fabric type. Particularly, colour stripping on high density and thick fabrics were harder than low density and thin fabric types. Fabric strengths, whiteness indexes and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values were measured. Also energy, chemical and water consumptions were calculated. Consequently, it was found that the reduction of the COD value of effluent was up to 98%. The calculations showed that the savings in time and cost in ozone treatment were up to 77%. Satisfactory colour stripping and tensile strengths were achieved. Akbaşlar Tekstil Enerji San. ve Tic. A.Ş.

Objective: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant capacity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, and cancers. Oxidative stress can cause tumor angiogenesis and may be carcinogenic. However, the relationship between antioxidant capacity and various cancers has been researched in several clinical trials. Materials and Methods: In this study, we aimed to identify serum Nitric Oxide (NO), Arylesterase (ARE) and paraoxonase (PON) activities in patients with renal tumors. Serum ARE, PON and NO levels were measured by spectrophotometer. Results: Increased activity of serum nitric oxide (NO) was determined in cancer group. Serum Arylesterase (ARE) were significantly lower in the patient group than the control group. Increased activity of Serum paraoxonase (PON) were detected in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicates that Nitric oxide (NO), arylesterase (ARE) and paraoxonase (PON) activities may play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal cell cancer.

In textile industry, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), possessing liquid-like densities, mostly find an application on textile dyeing processes such as providing hydrophobic dyes an advantage on dissolving. Their gas-like low viscosities and diffusion properties can result in shorter dyeing periods in comparison with the conventional water dyeing process. Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing is an anhydrous dyeing and this process comprises the usage of less energy and chemicals when compared to conventional water dyeing processes leading to a potential of up to 50% lower operation costs. The advantages of supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing method especially on synthetic fiber fabrics hearten leading textile companies to alter their dyeing method to this privileged waterless dyeing technology. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) waterless dyeing is widely known and applied green method for sustainable and eco-friendly textile industry. However, not only the dyeing but also scouring, desizing and different finishing applications take the advantage of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). In this review, not only the principle, advantages and disadvantages of dyeing in supercritical carbon dioxide but also recent developments of scCO2 usage in different textile processing steps such as scouring, desizing and finishing are explained and commercial developments are stated and summed up.

17th World Textile Conference of the Association-of-Universities-for-Textiles (AUTEX) - Shaping the Future of Textiles --MAY 29-31, 2017 -- GREECE, WOS: 000417214900098, The aim of this study is decolorisation of CI Disperse Dark Blue 148 dye by ozone treatment which is one of the most attractive alternatives for solving the problem of color in textile dyeing effluents. A venturi injection system added dyeing chamber for getting ozone from the ozone generator. And additive (acetic acid and dispersing agent) put in the dyeing. After the coloration, the experimental color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, temperature (degrees C) and conductivity (mu S/cm) were measured. The results encourage the use of the system for decolorisation trials as well as dyebath effluent recycling., Assoc Univ Textiles

In this study, a novel system utilising ozone in jet dyeing machines is introduced, and the results of ozone-clearing treatments of disperse dyed polyester on the prototype modified machine are reported. A Venturi injector was mounted on the liquor circulation pipe of the jet dyeing machine to feed ozone gas into the machine. Ozone was generated via an ozone generator by feeding conditioned air into the generator. The ozone gas entering the pipe partly dissolved in the treatment liquor; the dissolved portion and the gaseous ozone interacted via the fabric in the pipe, especially in the nozzle and also at the bottom of the autoclave (machine body). Disperse dyed polyester fabrics of textile-company mass production were ozone cleared in this prototype. Ozone clearing was achieved in cold water (room temperature), and no other chemicals were used. The colour of the samples, wet fastness properties, and the chemical oxygen demand of the effluent were investigated, and costs were compared with those of conventional reduction clearing of ozone. Results were outstanding: an 83% cost reduction, 67% timesaving, and an 88% COD reduction were achieved.

In this study, the effects of ultrasound on the bioscouring of cotton by alkaline pectinase were examined. Conventional alkaline scouring was considered as the control treatment, and two different sources of ultrasound, an ultrasonic bath and an ultrasonic homogeniser, were tested, along with the enzymatic scouring process. Results indicated a clear increase in the efficiency of the enzymatic scouring process when the ultrasonic homogeniser was used: wettability time and wicking distance after ultrasonic homogeniser-assisted bioscouring were much better than for enzymatic scouring without the use of ultrasound energy and almost the same as when conventional alkaline scouring was employed. Ultrasonic bath-assisted enzymatic bioscouring gave slightly better results than enzymatic scouring without sonication. Reasons for the difference in efficacy of the ultrasound sources were postulated. Weight loss was increased by the use of ultrasonic equipment during enzymatic scouring. Fabric thickness and fabric strength was not significantly affected by the scouring processes. The environmental impact of the processes was also monitored by chemical oxygen demand measurement of the treatment liquors. Conventional alkaline scouring resulted in the highest environmental impact. Ultrasonic homogeniser-assisted bioscouring also led to slightly higher chemical oxygen demand loads than other enzymatic processes owing to the more efficient removal of impurities.

The effectiveness of ozone treatment for the afterclearing of disperse dyed poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers has been examined. Two types of disperse dyed PET samples were selected among commercial mass production range of Akbaslar textile mill. The reduction clearing procedure applied during mass production was taken as the reference reduction clearing treatment; these reference samples were taken after dyeing and reduction clearing processes at the mill. Samples of disperse dyed PET were also taken before reduction clearing in order apply ozone treatment in the laboratory as the tested afterclearing method. Color and wash-fastness properties of the reduction cleared and ozone treated fabric samples were compared and reported. Results indicated acceptable color and wash-fastness results comparable to those of reduction cleared samples for ozone treated samples. The success of ozone treatment for the black dyed PET sample at 7.0% depth of shade was especially outstanding. Ozone treatment was applied in cold water without addition of any chemicals for very short treatment times when compared to conventional reduction clearing. Ozone treatment created substantial energy and chemical savings as well as lower environmental impact. Ministry of Science, Industry & Technology - Turkey (SANTEZ 00688.STZ.2010-2)

The objective of this study was to develop a new process to desize, bleach, and dye starch-sized cotton fabrics in one bath using enzymes. Desizing was performed with an amyloglucosidase/pullanase enzyme (Dextrozyme DX, manufactured by Novozymes) instead of a conventional amylase enzyme in order to hydrolyze starch into single glucose units. Multifect GO 5000L (Genencor) glucose oxidase enzyme was used to yield hydrogen peroxide from the glucose generated during desizing; bleaching was performed by this enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide after bleaching was done with Terminox Ultra 10L (Novozymes) catalase enzyme. The fabric was dyed in the same bath with the selected monochlortriazine reactive dyes (DyStar). The amount of glucose generated during desizing was 4000 ± 135 mg/l and it yielded 765 ± 15 mg/l hydrogen peroxide during glucose oxidase enzyme treatment. The whiteness index of the enzymatically bleached fabric was 71.0 ± 1.2 stensby degree. The color yields of the enzymatically treated samples were comparable to the conventionally treated samples. All enzymes used in this study were commercial grades having the advantages of easy storage and supply compared to the pure enzymes used in earlier studies. The advantages of the new one-bath process were: less auxiliary demand; lower environmental impact; and energy and water savings compared to the conventional desizing, scouring, bleaching, and dyeing sequence.

Enzymes should be used in every step of pretreatment of cotton textiles in order to minimize energy and water consumption while keeping the effluent control within the tolerable standards. It has been investigated whether enzymatic bleaching of cotton textiles could be replaced with hydrogen peroxide bleaching, which is a water and energy consuming step. In this study, fungal laccase, laccase moderator systems and also oxygen and ozone feed to these systems have been experimented. The initial whiteness of the desizied fabric before bleaching was 49 stensby degree. This value did not increase over 51 stensby degree by use of enzyme and also enzyme moderator systems. Oxygen and ozone feeding at a gas flow rate of 1000 ml/min and ozone concentration of 32 mg/min have been conducted in order to increase whiteness. Oxygen feed did not have a considerable effect and whiteness degrees raised up to only 51 stensby degree, however, ozone feed enhanced to raise the whiteness of the fabric upto 68 stensby degree by enzyme alone and 70 stensby degree by enzyme moderator systems., Pamuklu tekstil mamullerinin ön terbiyesi esnasında tüketilen enerji ve su miktarının azaltılması ile atık su yükünün çevreye zarar vermeyecek standartlarda olması enzim kullanımının her adımda sağlanması ile mümkün olacaktır. Pamuklu tekstil mamullerinin enzimatik ağartması üzerine yapılan bu çalışmada enzimatik ağartmanın su ve enerji kullanımının yüksek olduğu hidrojen peroksit ağartmasının yerine uygulanıp uygulanamayacağı incelenmiştir. Saf lakkaz enziminin tek başına kullanılmasıyla yapılan denemeler sonucunda kumaşın 49 stensby derecesi olan başlama beyazlık derecesinde bir artış oluşmamış, beyazlık en fazla 51 stensby derecesine çıkartılabilmiştir. Saf enzim ve iki farklı mediatör sistem ile yapılan çalışmalarda da beyazlık artırılamamıştır. Beyazlık derecesini artırmak için çözeltiye 1000 ml/min gaz akışında oksijen ve yine 1000 ml/min gaz akışında ve 32 mg/min konsantrasyonunda ozon beslemesi yapılmıştır. Oksijen beslemesinin fazla bir etkisi olmamış ve beyazlık dereceleri 51 stensby derecesi seviyesinde çıkmıştır, ancak ozon beslemesi durumunda beyazlıklar yalnızca enzim içeren banyolarda 68, enzimle birlikte mediatör içeren banyolarda 70 stensby derecesine kadar yükselmiştir.

A set of trials has been conducted to examine the efficiency of ozonation afterclearing on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres dyed with disperse dyes. The afterclearing process was performed in neutral distilled water at room temperature with 12.8 +/- 0.3 mg/min ozone at 400 ml/min ozone gas flow rate. The results indicate that 1 min ozonation time is adequate to achieve wash fastness results comparable with conventional reduction clearing without significant colour yield losses. Ozonation periods greater than 1 min not only caused significant colour yield losses, but also caused a severe decrease of the breaking load of the fabric. The advantages of ozonation afterclearing are: savings in energy and time, as it is performed at room temperature for only 1 min, and decrease of environmental load as it avoids the use of the harsh chemicals used in conventional reduction clearing.

In this study, ozone treatment has been investigated in seeking of a more environmentally friendly alternative process for bleaching of cellulosic fibers. The primary advantage of ozone treatment is reduced environmental impact especially in case of chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of the process effluent. The highly oxidative ozone gas substitutes conventional harsh chemicals and decomposes back to oxygen owing to its limited half-life. Hence, ozone treatment seems as a good alternative for oxidative bleaching purposes of cellulose.

In this study, the effects of ultrasound on ozone treatment processes for bleaching cotton fabrics were investigated and compared with the conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching process (60 °C over 90 min). Two ultrasonic + ozone treatments of cotton fabric samples were carried out: (1) ozone in an ultrasonic homogenizer (UH) and (2) ozone in an ultrasonic bath. Ozone dosages, temperature and time variations were determined with both ozone-ultrasonic bleaching processes. Whiteness, yellowness, weight, tensile strength properties, FTIR (ATR) spectra and visual appearance, via scanning electron microscopy of treated cotton fabrics as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) of bleaching effluents, were investigated. It was concluded that the ozone + UH process, conducted for 30 min at 30 °C, produced closely equivalent values of cotton fabric whiteness and yellowness to the classic peroxide bleaching process, with slightly less weight loss, dramatically less COD in the process effluent (29 mg/l for ozone-UH vs. 4,316 mg/l for classical peroxide treatment), and without causing any adverse and/or detrimental effects on loss of fabric strength or elongation of the cotton fabrics. The ozone-UH process also leads to time and energy savings with much less environmental impact. Consequently, the combination of ozonation plus UH carried out at 30 °C over 30 min can be used successfully for cotton bleaching instead of the classic hydrogen peroxide bleaching process. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

In this study, the effect of ultrasound on the activity of the glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme for bleaching of the cotton fabrics was investigated. Hydrogen peroxide generation with the GOx enzyme from glucose was carried out under ultrasonic homogenizer (UH) and ultrasonic bath support. The aim of using ultrasonic support was to increase the yield of the enzyme reactions. The enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide was used for bleaching of cotton fabrics. The bleaching process was performed at 90 °C and pH 11 (with NaOH) for 60 min, followed by rinsing at 70 and 50 °C then cold washing. The whiteness degrees of the cotton samples that were bleached by the generated peroxide were compared to the whiteness degrees of the conventionally bleached cotton fabrics. Sufficient whiteness degrees in cotton fabrics could be obtained by enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide by UH support. The initial whiteness degree of the cotton fabric was 59.9 Stensby degrees; the whiteness was increased to 75.6 Stensby degrees by the GOx enzyme under UH support where the conventional bleaching process yielded a whiteness value of 76.7 Stensby degrees. For efficient cotton bleaching by the GOx enzyme, UH support contributed to the concentration of enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide by the GOx enzyme. Bleaching of cotton by the GOx enzyme was approved as a more environmentally friendly process compared to the conventional bleaching method in respect of the results of chemical oxygen demand tests. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Background: Trace elements are major components of biological structures; however, excessive levels of these elements can be toxic. Materials and Methods: In the present study, serum levels of trace elements were measured in 30 patients with newly diagnosed as prostate cancer and 32 healthy volunteer by using furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: It was found that there was an increase in serum levels of Co, Cu, Mg and Pb (p

In this study, the effectiveness of the ozonation process, in neutral distilled water at room temperature, as a clearing process for disperse-dyed poly(lactic acid) fibre fabrics is investigated. The efficiency of simultaneous decolorisation of dyebath effluent and clearing of dyed poly(lactic acid) in the cooled dyebath after completion of the poly(lactic acid) dyeing cycle is also explored. Conventional alkaline reduction clearing with sodium dithionite was chosen as a control clearing process for comparison. Wash fastness, colour difference, colour removal (in Hazen) and chemical oxygen demand values were determined and compared. Long ozone treatment times at high ozone dose resulted in unacceptable colour differences. The colour difference problem was solved by use of lower ozone dose; however, a warm soaping step had to be added to the after-clearing sequence in order to achieve the desired fastness properties. A 33% reduction on the chemical oxygen demand load of the total process (dyeing + after-clearing) could be achieved by ozone after-clearing instead of using a conventional reduction clearing treatment. The addition of the warm soaping step to improve the fastness properties of the ozonated samples increased the total chemical oxygen demand of the process (dyeing + ozonation in water + warm soaping), but a 12–18% reduction on the chemical oxygen demand load of the total process was observed when compared with the conventional treatment sequence (dyeing + reduction clearing).

The efficiency of ozone treatment for the clearing of disperse dyed polyethylene terephthalate fibres has been examined. The ozone treatment for the clearing of the dyed samples was performed by blowing the ozone gas from the ozone generator on to the wet fabric samples. The results indicated that 3- and 5-min ozonation times were appropriate to achieve comparable wash fastness results with conventional reduction clearing without significant colour differences (ΔE* value) for the samples dyed with CI Disperse Yellow 23 and CI Disperse Blue 79, respectively; however, the ozonation time had to be increased to 15 min for CI Disperse Red 82. Tensile strength tests and scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the ozone treatment did not cause any severe damage to the fabrics. Ozone treatment for the afterclearing of disperse dyed polyester fabric can lead to energy and time savings and environmental load reduction when compared with conventional reduction clearing. This study tested a new method of ozone application for clearing of disperse dyed polyester by blowing ozone directly on to the fabric samples. This new method of application has the advantage of being readily adoptable for continuous treatment lines and lower water consumption.

In this study, the effects of ozonation, ozonation with ultrasonic bath and ozonation with ultrasonic homogeniser processes on colour and chemical oxygen demand removal properties of disperse (CI Disperse Red60, CI Disperse Blue337) and reactive (CI Reactive Blue171 and CI Reactive Blue19) dyebath solutions with and without dyeing auxiliaries were investigated. Chemical oxygen demand (in mg/l) and colour (in Hazen) measurements of the studied dyebath solutions were determined. The ozonation process caused simultaneous chemical oxygen demand removal during decolorisation. However, the improvement in chemical oxygen demand reduction was less than of that on decolorisation. The application of the combination of ozonation with ultrasonic homogeniser is the most efficient process and creates a great time advantage over the other process types studied (ozonation alone and ozonation with ultrasonic bath) to reach the same colour and levels of chemical oxygen demand removal. © 2012 The Authors. Coloration Technology © 2012 Society of Dyers and Colourists.

A set of knitted fabrics comprising soybean fibers was ozonated at room temperature for periods ranging from 2.5 to 300 minutes to identify any accompanying effects on either physical properties (specifically whiteness and burst-strength), fiber surface integrity or microstructure. A hydrogen peroxide treatment was applied to some of the fabric in order to provide a comparison. Ozonation was found to produce a promising increase in whiteness which, after the maximum exposure time, was significantly higher than was achieved using hydrogen peroxide. © 2012 International Ozone Association.

Ozone is a strongly oxidative gas that is generally used in medical sterilization and decolorization of the effluent of textile spent dyebaths. Recent studies have reported the use of ozone to bleach textile fabrics. In this study, ozone was utilized in cotton preparation for greige, desized and scoured 100% cotton fabrics. Hydrogen peroxide bleaching was performed as the control treatment. The degree of whiteness of cotton increased after prolonged ozonation times. The scoured samples reached the whiteness level of the control (hydrogen peroxide bleached) samples. The whiteness of the hydrogen peroxide bleached, 60-min ozonated and 90-min ozonated samples all had a Stensby degree of whiteness of 81 for the scoured fabric samples. The strength loss after prolonged ozonation times was negligible. Ozonation increased the starch-size removal of the greige cotton samples and the water absorbency of the greige and desized cotton samples.

A set of knitted poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fabrics was ozonated at room temperature for periods ranging from one to 60 minutes in order to identify any accompanying effects on physical properties (specifically whiteness, water-absorbency, flexural rigidity and burst strength), fiber surface integrity or internal microstructure. A significant (ca. 6% after 10 minutes of treatment) initial increase in whiteness was observed, with longer treatment times producing little further change. The fabric’s absorbency and flexibility both increased, the time of wetting having fallen by ca. 20% and the flexural rigidity by ca. 16%, respectively, after 10 minutes of treatment. Fabric strength remained virtually unaffected for short times (up to 10 minutes) of ozonation, although longer treatments caused a measurable drop (ca. 10% after 60 minutes). SEM imaging showed virtually no evidence for surface damage, even after 60 minutes of treatment, whereas peroxide treatment caused massive pitting of the fiber surface. Raman spectroscopy of the ozonated PLA fabrics indicated that the treatment had not affected the internal microstructure of the fibers. Our conclusion is that brief (no more than 10 minutes) room-temperature ozonation is potentially an effective, safe and low-energy alternative to conventional higher temperature peroxide treatment. © 2011, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

The oxidative ozone treatment of poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers after dyeing was recently proposed as a novel afterclearing method. High fastness properties, energy and time savings, and environmental benefits were reported by the ozone treatment compared to the conventional reduction clearing. This study investigated the efficiency of the ozone treatment afterclearing process on the surface trimer removal of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers. Results indicated similar cyclic trimer [(GT)3] removal rates after 1 min ozone treatment when compared to the conventional reduction clearing; the removal rates increased at 3 min ozone treatment time. The migration rate of the cyclic trimers [(GT)3] out of the fibers was also investigated as a function of temperature and a sudden increase was observed after second glass transition temperature of poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers rather than a linear increase.

A set of trials have been conducted to examine the efficiency of ozonation on afterclearing of disperse dyed poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres. Ozonation was performed in the cooled dyebath after the completion of the dyeing cycle. The ozone concentration used was 12.8 ± 0.3 mg/min at a gas flow rate of 400 ml/min. The results indicate that 3 min ozonation time is appropriate to achieve wash fastness results comparable to conventional reduction clearing. These results were obtained with simultaneous dyebath decolorisation ratios up to 67% and without significant colour yield (K/S value) losses of the dyed fabric. Ozonation periods exceeding 3 min caused significant colour yield (K/S value) losses, although dyebath decolorisation ratios increased up to 82% and wash fastness properties further improved. The chemical oxygen demand of the dyeing process decreased up to 62% by the ozonation afterclearing. The advantages of the ozonation afterclearing process are savings in terms of water, energy and time and reduction in environmental load.