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This article provides an agnostic, historical review of taxation and economic growth. It critically evaluates how the relationship between the two has evolved throughout modern history. After an introduction that provides a general overview of the relationship between taxation and growth, the article first discusses the positive role of taxes in promoting economic development in the pre-war and post-war periods of the 1940s. It then critically comments on Solow's neoclassical growth theory and explains the experience of stagflation faced by many advanced countries in the 1970s and its implications for tax theory. New growth theories that attribute an important role in economic growth to government policy in general and tax policy in particular are then discussed. This is followed by a rounded five-point assessment of the impact of taxes on growth. The article ends with a general conclusion.

In this paper, we empirically explore the output-volatility reducing impact of automatic stabilizers and look in detail at their policy implications for selected EMU member states comprising Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain for the period 1995–2017. Overall, the results suggest that automatic stabilizers deliver a statistically significant, but fairly weak, counter-effect on output volatility in the short run. More specifically, output-volatility responses to automatic stabilizers by a reduction between −0.012 and −0.097 percentage points depending on the proxy measure used for automatic stabilizers. However, the automatic stabilizing impact from taxes and government spending is statistically insignificant in the long run. The results point to two main policy implications: i) automatic stabilizers are an important fiscal mechanism just for the short-run output stabilization, but their output-volatility offsetting role and power are largely subject to proxy measures used for automatic stabilizers; ii) no matter what proxy measures are used, automatic stabilizers largely produce a weak stabilizing performance in dampening short-term output volatility. So, from a macroeconomic policy standpoint, it can be safely claimed that automatic stabilizers can just be an integral part of discretionary fiscal policy rather than being an alternative to it.

Hokand Hanlığı’nın Şirali Han (1842-1845) dönemi için önemli tarihi kaynaklarından birisi olan “Şahnâme-i Divane Andalib” şair Andalib tarafından Çağatay Türkçesinde destan şeklinde kaleme alınmıştır. Eserde 1842-1843 yıllarında Hokand Hanlığı’nda meydana gelen olaylar dile getirilmiştir. Eserin konusu Hokand’daki kısa süreli Buhara hâkimiyeti ve hanlığın Şirali Han tarafından bağımsızlığa kavuşturulması, bu durum üzerine Emir Nasrullah’ın Hokand Seferi ve seferde yaşananlar anlatılmıştır. Eserin iki ana karakteri bulunmaktadır. Bunlar Şirali Han ve Emir Nasrullah’tır. Eserde Şirali Han mirasçısı olduğu devletin hükümdarı olmuş bir padişah, mutmain bir Müslüman olarak anlatılırken Emir Nasrullah ise zalim, gaddar ve cahil bir hükümdar olarak tasvir edilir. Müellif olayların tanığı olduğu için Hokand ahalisinin yaşanan olaylara bakış açısını, hükümdar ailesinin katledilmesinden dolayı duydukları üzüntüyü, Hokand’da Buhara askerlerince yapılan talanı ve Hokand’daki adaletsiz yönetim yüzünden Buhara Emirliği’ne karşı oluşan nefreti çok güzel bir biçimde eserinde işlemiştir. Özellikle halkın 1842-1843 yıllarında meydana gelen olaylar esnasındaki ruh halini yansıtması ve olayları onların gözünden aktarmaya çalışması Şahnâme-i Divane Andalib’e Hokand tarihi kaynakları arasında ayrı bir değer katmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkistan coğrafyasında dönüm noktalarından birisi olan Büyük Oyun’un başlangıcında bölgenin durumunu ve devletler arası çatışmaları taraflı olarak da olsa yansıtması açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Şahnâme-i Divane Andalib’in Özbekista Ebu Reyhan Bîrûnî Şarkiyat Enstitüsü’nde bulunan 696 numara da bulunan el yazmayı kullanarak hazırladığımız bu çalışmada eserde verilen bilgileri diğer Hokand kaynaklarıyla mukayese etmeye gayret ettik. Eserin çevirisini verirken çok fazla yer kaplamaması için mısraları yan yana koyduk ve mısraları ayırmak için tire (-) işareti kullandık. Ayrıca her sayfanın sonunda sayfa numaralarını verdik., "Şahnâme-i Divane Andalib", is one of the important historical sources of the Kokand Khanate for the period of Şirali Kahan (1842-1845) which was written by the poet Andalib in the form of an epic in Chagatay Turkish. Events that occurred in the years 1842-1843 Kokand Khanate was expressed in historical source. In this context, the capture and pillage of the Kokand Khanate by the Emir of Bukhara, Nasrullah (1826-1860), the short-term domination of Bukhara in Kokand and the independence of the khanate by Shirali Khan, and upon this situation, Emir Nasrullah's campaign to Kokand and what happened in the campaign were described. In historical source has two main characters. These are Shirali Khan and Emir Nasrullah. In the work, while Shirali Khan who became the ruler of the state, is described as a fabolous Muslim, Emir Nasrullah is depicted as a cruel, and ignorant ruler. Since the author was a witness to the events, the Hokand people's point of view of the events, the sorrow they felt because of the killing of their rulers family, the pillage made by the Bukhara soldiers in Kokand and the hatred against the Emirate of Bukhara due to this pillage, has been very well reflected in his work. Particularly, the reverberation of the people's humor during the events that took place in 1842-1843 and their efforts to convey the events through their eyes adds a different value to Şahnâme-i Divane Andalib among the limited Hokand historical resources. In addition, it is of great importance in terms of reflecting the situation of Turkistan before the Great Game and reflecting the conflicts between states, albeit biased. We tried to compare the information given in the work with the other Hokand sources in this study, which we prepared using the handwriting number 696 found in the Uzbekista Ebu Reyhan Bîrûnî Institute of Oriental Studies of Şahnâme-i Divane Andalib. While we were giving the translation of the work, we put the lines side by side so that not take up too much space, and we used hyphens (-) to separate the lines. We also provided the page numbers at the end of each page.

Türkistan’da sosyo-kültürel olaylarda kanaat önderi olarak kabul edilen Hocalar Yarkend Hanlığı döneminde toplumdaki birlik ve beraberliğin artırılması için Abdul Kerim Han tarafından (1559-1591) Doğu Türkistan’a çağırıldı. Abdul Kerim Han’dan sonra birçok hükümdar aynı gaye ile Hocaları bölgeye davet etti. Hocalar birlik ve beraberliği sağlamak için halka telkinler verirken kendi aralarında Aktağlık ve Karatağlık olarak ayrılarak rekabete tutuştu. Bu rekabet Yarkend Hanlığı’nın yıkılmasına, bölgede Cungar Hanlığı’na bağlı Hocalar Devri’nin başlamasına neden oldu. Hocaların hâkimiyetine destek veren Cungar Hanlığı’ı 1755 yılında Mançu İmparatorluğu (1644-1911) tarafından yıkıldı. 1755 yılında Cungar Hanlığı’na son veren Mançular, Aktağlık-Karatağlık çekişmesinden faydalanarak 1759 yılında Doğu Türkistan’ı istila ettiler. Bölgenin Mançular tarafından istila edilmesiyle Aktağlık Hocalarından Han Hoca ve Burhaneddin Hoca aileleriyle birlikte Bedahşan’a kaçtılar. Burhaneddin Hoca’nın oğlu Salih Hoca Batı Türkistan’da kamuoyu oluşturarak Doğu Türkistan’ın bağımsızlığı için uğraştı. Bu siyasi ortamda yetişen Burhaneddin Hoca’nın torunu Cihangir Hoca’nın siyasi faaliyetlerinin ortaya konulması Yakup Han’ın bölgede kurduğu Kaşgar Hanlığı’na giden yolun anlaşılması için önem arz etmektedir. Ayrıca Hokand Hanlığı’nın Hocalara karşı tutumu, Mançu İmparatorluğu-Hokand Hanlığı ilişkilerinde Hocaların önemi ve Doğu Türkistan istiklal mücadelesinde Hokand Hanlığı’nın yerinin tespit edilmesi bakımından Cihangir Hoca’nın siyasi faaliyetleri büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Cihangir Hoca’nın siyasi faaliyetlerini konu edineceğimiz bu çalışmamızda ağırlıklı olarak Türkistan’ın yerli kaynaklarından faydalandık. Mançu belgeleri için ise İngilizce yapılmış çalışmalardan istifade ettik. Yerli kaynaklar ve Mançu kaynakları üzerine yapılmış İngilizce araştırmaların yanı sıra bölgeye gelen ve Cihangir Hoca hakkında bilgi veren seyyahların notlarını da kullanmaya gayret ettik.

Introduction: The analgesic efficacy and side effects of opioid medications show great inter-individual differences. Genetic studies have indicated that this difference is considerably associated with the relationship between opioid and receptor. Therefore, in this study it was aimed to investigate the effect of A118G polymorphism on postoperative tramadol consumption and opioid-related side-effects after gynecological surgery performed. Material and Methods: Evaluation was made of 80 patients with I-II ASA status, scheduled for gynecological surgery performed with a pfannenstiel incision under general anesthesia. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples. After surgery, all of the patients were equipped with an intravenous Tramadol patient-controlled analgesia device and tramadol consumption was measured. Pain scores were measured with a numerical rating scale. All assessments were performed prior to gene analysis. In order to detect the genotype for A118G single point mutation, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism(RFLP) methods were used. Results: The study included 80 patients were included. Of these, 60(75%) patients were detected to have homozygous 118AA(AA) genotype and 20(25%) patients to have heterozygous 118AG(AG). No patients with homozygous 118GG(GG mutant) genotype were detected. Patients were divided into 2 separate groups based on their genotypes. The postoperative total tramadol consumption and pain score in the group carrying the AG heterozygous allele were significantly higher than in the group carrying the AA homozygous allele. No statistically significant difference was detected between the groups in respect of side-effects. Conclusions: A118G polymorphism detected in the µ-opioid receptor gene has an effect on postoperative tramadol consumption.

Relying on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag cointegration technique, this paper assesses the comparative effectiveness of the fiscal and monetary policy on output growth in Turkey over the period 2003:q1-2019:q1. The empirical findings show that both policies are effective in promoting output growth but with varying degrees, suggesting that the impact of monetary policy on output growth is more significant than that of fiscal policy. Overall, based on the findings, we can suggest that the Turkish authorities should set sight on monetary policy to achieve higher output growth while seeking ways to improve the growth-enhancing role of fiscal policy. To that end, among many others, budgetary flexibility can be increased through creating fiscal space, and growth-friendly tax and spending reforms can be undertaken without undermining growth-equity trade-off while giving priority to proper coordination of fiscal policy with monetary policy. Keywords: Macroeconomic policy, Macroeconomic policy management, Fiscal and monetary policy coordination, Turkey. JEL: E52, E62, E63.

This study examines the validity of the twin or triple deficits hypotheses using bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis and an annual panel dataset of six post-communist countries (Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Hungary) during the period from 1994 to 2015. The results corroborate neither the validity of the twin deficits hypothesis nor its extended version, the triple deficits hypothesis, for any of the sample countries. In other words, we find no Granger causal relationship between budget deficits and external (trade or current account) deficits or among budget deficits, private savings-investment deficits, and external deficits in the countries examined. On the basis of these results, we reject the Keynesian view of the twin or triple deficits hypotheses. Rather, we confirm the Ricardian view. Keywords: Fiscal policy, Twin deficits, Triple deficits, Transition economies, Bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis. JEL: E60, F30, F32, H62.

This study provides new insights into the growth-maximizing size of government. Unlike the previous literature, which traditionally uses a single measure, government expenditure as a share of GDP, to measure the size of government, in this study we use multiple measures to measure it. Considering each of these measures, we first attempt to uncover the potential nonlinear relationship between government size and growth, and we then estimate the thresholds of government size that maximize growth. To this end, we use an appropriate econometric specification, namely the threshold autoregressive (TAR) model proposed by Hansen [1996, 2000], and apply it to Turkey's annual time-series data covering a fairly broad period ranging from 1974 to 2019. Overall, we arrive at the following key result: the size of government is not linearly correlated with growth, confirming the existence of a growth-maximizing threshold for each measure of government size, beyond which growth tends to slow down as government size continues to increase. More specifically, the results show that the range of estimated growth-maximizing size of government is between 4.28% and 15.19%, depending on how government size is defined or measured. Policymakers can take these different thresholds into account when designing their policies.

Using the augmented version of the Blanchard-Perotti’s SVAR model, this article seeks to estimate the size of fiscal multipliers in Turkey for the period 2002:q3–2016:q2. Unlike many previous paper...

Amaç – Bu çalışmada, etik liderliğin işten ayrılma niyetine etkisinde çalışanlar tarafından algılanan kurumsal itibarın aracılık rolünün tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Yöntem – Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren bir kamu kurumunda ampirik bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Brown vd. (2005)’nin etik liderlik, Rosin ve Korabik (1995)’in işten ayrılma niyeti, Ponzi vd. (2011)’in kurumsal itibar ölçekleri ile toplanan veriler Kısmi En Küçük KarelerYapısal Eşitlik Modeli (KEKK-YEM) yöntemi ile modellenerek analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular – Etik liderliğin, işten ayrılma niyetini negatif yönde, anlamlı; algılanan kurumsal itibarı pozitif yönde, anlamlı bir şekilde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Kurumsal itibarın işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki negatif ve anlamlı bir etkisinin olduğu araştırmanın bir diğer bulgusudur. Ayrıca, etik liderliğin işten ayrılma niyetine olan etkisinde algılanan kurumsal itibarın kısmi aracılık rolünün bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tartışma – Özel sektör eksenli kurgulanan çalışmalarla açıklanmaya çalışılan etik yönetimi ve çalışan ilişkisine yönelik dinamiklerin kamu kurumlarında da belirleyici olduğu izlenmektedir. Çalışanların içerisinde yer aldığı kamu kurumunun itibarına ilişkin algısında, yöneticilerin etik yaklaşımlarının belirleyici olduğuna; algılanan itibarın ise çalışanın, işe devam etme kararlarına etki ettiğine ilişkin tespitlerin alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Purpose – In this study, the role of the perceived corporate reputation on the impact of ethical leadership on the intention to quit is examined. Design/methodology/approach – An empirical research was carried out in a public institution operating in Turkey. The data collected by Brown et al. (2005)'s ethical leadership, Rosin and Korabik (1995)'s turnover intention, Ponz et al. (2011)'s corporate reputation scales were analyzed by Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model. Findings – It has been determined that ethical leadership has a negative and significant effect on the turnover intention; affects perceived corporate reputation in a positive and meaningful way. Another finding of the study is that the perceived corporate reputation has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention. It is also found that perceived corporate reputation has a partial mediation role in the effect of the ethical leadership on the turnover intention. Discussion – Ethical management and the dynamics of the employee relationship, which are tried to be explained by private sector based studies, are also determinant from public institutions. Ethical approaches of managers have an impact on employees' perceptions of reputation At the same time, perceived reputation is decisive in the approach of employees to their work. It is thought that these findings contribute to the field.

Established in 1709 under the leadership of the Ming tribe of Uzbeks in the Fergana Valley, the Kokand Khanate reached the peak of its power with Muhammad Ali Khan (1822-1842), who became the ruler in 1822. Although the Kokand Khanate reached the peak of its power during the twenty-year reign of Muhammad Ali Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan's distancing from the state affairs with the sweet smell of victory, his being abandoned to libation gatherings and the maladministration he exhibited in the last period of his rule attracted the reaction of the people and statesmen. The statesmen, who could not see the future of their Khanate under the rule of Muhammad Ali Khan, requested assistance from Nasrullah (1826-1860), the ruler of the Bukhara Emirate and one of the important powers of the Turkestan field, to dethrone Muhammad Ali Khan. Emir Nasrullah, who responded positively to this request for help, embarked on two expeditions to Kokand and invaded the Kokand Khanate as a result of the second expedition in 1842. Emir Nasrullah, who had Muhammad Ali Khan and his family executed, appointed Ibrahim Hayel as the governor of Kokand and returned to Bukhara. The brutality of the Bukhara soldiers during Emir Nasrullah's invasion of Kokand and the subsequent maladministration drew the public reaction. The tribes and inhabitants of the Kokand Khanate, who were tired of cruelty and oppression, united around a new ruler and decided to get rid of Bukhara Administration. In line with this decision, Shir Ali, who lived in Talas and was a member of the Kokand dynasty, was enthroned. When Shir Ali became khan (1842-1845), the rule of Bukhara in Kokand was ended and the cities of the Khanate were taken under control one by one. When the Khanate got rid of Bukhara captivity and reached its former borders to a great extent, this time it dealt with domestic disturbances. The Kyrgyz, Kipchak tribes and the settled public who wanted to be effective in the state administration started to struggle against each other and the Kipchaks, one of the parties of this struggle, rebelled against the state under the leadership of Müslümankulu. As a result of the rebellion, the persecution applied by the Kipchaks, who were active in the state administration, attracted the reaction of other tribes and the people, especially the Kyrgyz, and as a result, this time the Kyrgyz rebelled and enthroned the late Alim Khan's son Murad Bek and had Shir Ali Khan killed. Müslümankulu, who did not want to lose his influence in the Khanate, married Shir Ali Khan’s son Hüdayar Bek and his daughter and enthroned him in 1845. With Hüdayar Khan becoming the ruler, the administration was completely handed over to Müslümankulu. Illumination of the events of the Shir Ali Khan period is important in revealing the situation of the region at the beginning of the Russian-British conflict in the Turkestan area, which is expressed as the Great Game. In addition, it is important to understand the causes and consequences of the conflicts within tribes in the state, especially in the Khanate of Kokand, and to determine the consequences of these conflicts during the Russian occupation in the ongoing process. In this study, where we tried to reveal the three-year period of the Kokand Khanate, we mainly used the sources belonging to the Kokand Khanate and tried to explain the reign of Shir Ali Khan by comparing the information given in the main sources of the period with the Kokand sources written later., 1709 yılında Özbeklerin Ming boyu önderliğinde Fergana Vadisi merkezli kurulan Hokand Hanlığı 1822 yılında hükümdar olan Muhammed Ali Han (1822-1842) ile gücünün zirvesine ulaşmıştır. Hokan Hanlığı her ne kadar Muhammed Ali Han’ın yirmi yıllık saltanatı devresinde gücünün zirvesine ulaşsa da Muhammed Ali Han’ın zafer sarhoşluğu ile devlet işlerinden uzaklaşması, işret meclislerine dalması ve bunlara bağlı olarak iktidarının son dönemlerinde sergilediği kötü yönetim halkın ve devlet adamlarının tepkisini çekmiştir. İkballerini Muhammed Ali Han’ın iktidarında göremeyen devlet adamları Türkistan’ın önemli güçlerinden Buhara Emirliği’nin hükümdarı Nasrullah (1826-1860)’dan Muhammed Ali Han’ın tahtan indirilmesi için yardım talep etmişlerdir. Bu yardıma olumlu cevap veren Emir Nasrullah Hokand’a iki sefer düzenlemiş ve ikinci seferin neticesinde 1842 yılında Hokand Hanlığını işgal etmiştir. Muhammed Ali Han ve ailesini idam ettiren Emir Nasrullah İbrahim Hayel’i Hokand valisi tayin ederek Buhara’ya geri dönmüştür. Emir Nasrullah’ın Hokand’ı işgali esnasında Buhara askerlerinin gösterdiği gaddarlık ve devamındaki kötü yönetim halkın tepkisini çekmiştir. Zülüm ve baskıdan bunalan Hokand Hanlığı sınırları içerisinde yaşayan boylar ve yerleşik ahali yeni bir hükümdar etrafında birleşerek Buhara yönetiminden kurtulma kararı almıştır. Bu karar doğrultusunda Talas’da yaşayan ve Hokand hanedan ailesine mensup olan Şir Ali Hokand tahta çıkartılmıştır. Şir Ali’nin han (1842-1845) olmasıyla Hokand’daki Buhara hâkimiyetine son verilmiş ve ardında Hanlığın şehirleri bir bir kontrol altına alınmıştır. Hanlık Buhara esaretinden kurtulup tekrar büyük ölçüde eski sınırlarına ulaştığında bu kez de iç karışıklıklarla uğraşmıştır. Devlet yönetiminde etkin olmak isteyen Kırgız, Kıpçak boyları ve yerleşik ahali birbirleriyle mücadele etmeye başlamış ve bu mücadelenin taraflarından birisi olan Kıpçaklar Müslümankulu önderliğinde devlete isyan etmiştir. İsyanın neticesinde devlet yönetiminde etkin olan Kıpçakların uyguladıkları zulüm Kırgızlar başta olmak üzere diğer boyların ve halkın tepkisini çekmiş ve bunun sonucunda bu kez de Kırgızlar isyan ederek merhum Alim Han (1798-1809)’ın oğlu Murad Bek’i tahta geçirip Şir Ali Han’ı öldürtürmüşlerdir. Hanlıktaki etkinliğini kaybetmek istemeyen Müslümankulu ise bu duruma karşı Şir Ali Han’ın oğlu Hüdayar Bek ile kızını evlendirmiş ve onu 1845 yılında tahta oturtmuştur. Hüdayar Han’ın hükümdar olması ile yönetim tamamen Müslümankulu’na geçmiştir. Şir Ali Han döneminin olaylarının aydınlatılması Büyük Oyun olarak ifade edilen Türkistan sahasında Rus-İngiliz çekişmesinin başlangıcında bölgenin durumunun ortaya konulması için önem arz etmektedir. Ayrıca Hokand Hanlığı özelinde devlet içerisindeki boy çekişmelerinin sebep ve sonuçlarının anlaşılması ve bu çekişmelerin devam eden süreçte Rus işgali esnasında ne gibi sonuçlar doğurduğunun tespit edilmesi açısından mühimdir. Hokand Hanlığı’nın üç yıllık devresini ortaya koymaya çalıştığımız bu çalışmada biz ağırlıklı olarak Hokand Hanlığı’na ait kaynakları kullandık ve dönemin ana kaynaklarında verilen bilgileri daha sonra yazılmış Hokand kaynakları ile de mukayese ederek Şir Ali Han’ın saltanat devresini açıklamaya çalıştık.

"Şâhnâme-i Divâne Mutrîb", is one of the important historical sources of the Hokand Khanate for the period of Muhammed Ali Khan (1822-1842) and Şirali Khan (1842-1845), the events in Hokand Khanate in 1842 were mentioned. The aim of the study is the Şahnâme-i Divane Mutrib, which was one of the rare sources that gave detailed information about the distressing events in 1842 in terms of the Khanate of Hokand, to reflect the perspective, to understand the Hokand Khanate's fall into the Bukhara captivity at the peak of its political power and the attitude of the people during this time, it is to reflect the thoughts of the people about Şirali Khan who saved the khanate from Bukhara captivity. Since the author was a witness to the events, the Hokand people's perspective on the events, their sorrow for the killing of their rulers, and the hatred towards Emir Nasrullah due to this sadness, has been beautifully reflected in his work. Especially, the reflection of the people's mood during the incident occured in 1842 and efforts to convey the scenes through their eyes add a special value to the Şâhnâme-i Divane Mutrib among the historical sources of Hokand., Hokand Hanlığı’nın Muhammed Ali Han (1822-1842) ve Şirali Han (1842-1845) dönemleri için önemli tarihi kaynaklarından birisi olan “Şahnâme-i Divane Mutrib”te, 1842 yılında Hokand Hanlığında meydana gelen olaylar dile getirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Hokand Hanlığı’nın Buhara Emiri Nasrullah (1826-1860) tarafından ele geçirilmesi ve yağmalanması, Muhammed Ali Han, kardeşi Sultan Mahmud, oğlu Muhammed Emin, annesi ünlü Hokand şairesi Mahlar Ayim (Nadire)’in zalimce öldürülmesi anlatılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı 1842 Hokand Hanlığı açısından yılında yaşanan elim hadiseler hakkında detaylı bilgi veren ender kaynaklardan birisi olan Şahnâme-i Divane Mutrib özelinde halkın Muhammed Ali Han, Şirali Han ve Emir Nasrullah’a bakış açısı ve 1842 yılında meydana gelen olaylara karşı tutumunu ortaya koymak, Hokand Hanlığı’nın siyasi olarak gücünün zirvesindeyken Buhara esaretine düşüşü ve bu esnada halkın tutumunu anlaya bilmek, Buhara esaretinden hanlığı kurtaran Şirali Han ile alakalı ahalinin düşüncelerini yansıtmaktır. Müellif olayların tanığı olduğu için Hokand ahalisinin yaşanan olaylara bakış açısını çok güzel bir biçimde eserinde işlemiş ve halkın 1842 yılında meydana gelen olaylar esnasındaki ruh halini yansıtması ve olayları onların gözünden aktarmaya çalışması Şahnâme-i Divane Mutrib’e Hokand tarihi kaynakları arasında ayrı bir değer katmaktadır.

Aim: We designed this double-blind study to test and compare the effects of intravenous tramadol and intravenous tramadol plus dexmedetomidine on analgesia and hemodynamic parameters for treatment of postoperative pain in gynecologic surgeries with Pfannenstiel incision. Methods: Sixty patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy with Pfannenstiel incision under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups. Group C (Tramadol) and Group D (Tramadol + Dexmedetomidin). The anesthetic technique was standardized. Postoperatively, the patients in both groups received patient controlled analgesia during 24 hours after surgery (tramadol 20 mg bolus for Group C, tramadol 20 mg+dexmedetomidine 10 mg first four hours, then tramadol 20 mg for Group D with a lock-out time of 15 minutes). Postoperative assessment included verbal pain score, sedation score, nausea and vomiting score, consumption of tramadol, hemodynamic parameters and patient’s satisfaction. Results: Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in Group D compared with Group C and patient-controlled analgesia tramadol use was significantly reduced in Group D. Total PCA tramadol use was decreased by 27% in Group D compared with Group C (p=0.001). Patient satisfaction with pain treatment was significantly improved in Group D compared with Group C (p=0.001). A significant increase in sedation scores at the 1st, 2nd and 4th hours were observed in Group D. Heart rate was lower in Group D at the 1st, 2nd and 4th hours postoperatively (p=0.001, p=0.001 and p=0.01, respectively). Nausea and vomiting score was lower in Group D (p

Aim: We designed this double-blind study to test and compare the effects of intravenous tramadol and intravenous tramadol plus dexmedetomidine on analgesia and hemodynamic parameters for treatment of postoperative pain in gynecologic surgeries with Pfannenstiel incision. Methods: Sixty patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy with Pfannenstiel incision under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups. Group C (Tramadol) and Group D (Tramadol + Dexmedetomidin). The anesthetic technique was standardized. Postoperatively, the patients in both groups received patient controlled analgesia during 24 hours after surgery (tramadol 20 mg bolus for Group C, tramadol 20 mg+dexmedetomidine 10 mg first four hours, then tramadol 20 mg for Group D with a lock-out time of 15 minutes). Postoperative assessment included verbal pain score, sedation score, nausea and vomiting score, consumption of tramadol, hemodynamic parameters and patient’s satisfaction. Results: Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in Group D compared with Group C and patient-controlled analgesia tramadol use was significantly reduced in Group D. Total PCA tramadol use was decreased by 27% in Group D compared with Group C (p=0.001). Patient satisfaction with pain treatment was significantly improved in Group D compared with Group C (p=0.001). A significant increase in sedation scores at the 1st, 2nd and 4th hours were observed in Group D. Heart rate was lower in Group D at the 1st, 2nd and 4th hours postoperatively (p=0.001, p=0.001 and p=0.01, respectively). Nausea and vomiting score was lower in Group D (p

This paper studies an empirical analysis of the causality between education expenditure, health expenditure, and economic growth for the selected eight developing countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey) over the period 1995-2012. For this purpose, we employ the Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality test. Our findings indicate that only in two of eight developing countries (Brazil and Mexico) there exists a significant and positive causality, running from education and health expenditure to economic growth. However, we found a significant but negative causality among education expenditure, health expenditure, and economic growth for Indonesia. For the rest of the countries that we consider in this paper, no causality was found between these variables., Bu çalışma, Bootstrap Panel Granger nedensellik testini kullanarak seçilmiş sekiz gelişmekte olan ülke (Arjantin, Brezilya, Şili, Hindistan, Endonezya, Meksika, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye) özelinde eğitim ve sağlık harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini 1995-2012 dönemi için ampirik olarak analiz etmektedir. Ampirik bulgular, analize konu olan sekiz gelişmekte olan ülkeden yalnızca ikisinde (Brezilya ve Meksika) eğitim ve sağlık harcamalarından ekonomik büyümeye doğru anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir Granger nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu, birinde (Endonezya) ise eğitim ve sağlık harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında anlamlı ancak negatif yönlü bir Granger nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Diğer ülkeler için ise eğitim ve sağlık harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında herhangi bir Granger nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir.

Insanlar ait olduklari toplumun ve o topluma ait kulturun kelime ve kavramlariyla kendilerini ifade ederler. Bu nedenle dil ogretiminde, ogretilen dilin toplumunun yapisi ve sosyal degerleri dikkate alinmalidir. Kelimeler bos semboller degildir, onlarin arka planinda bir kultur dunyasi vardir. Bu kultur dunyasi bilinmeden kelimeler tam anlamiyla kavranamaz. Bu nedenle yabancilara Turkce ogretiminin temel ilkelerinden biri, dil ile birlikte kulturun de verilmesidir. Dil ve kulturun bir butun oldugu gerceginin, yabanci dil ogretiminde en onemli dinamik olarak degerlendirildigi gunumuzde, yabancilara Turkce ogretimi icin kullanilan kitaplar, kulturel aktarimin en onemli ayagini olusturmaktadir. Kultur cok kapsamli bir olgu oldugu icin ve yabanci dil ogrenenler daha cok dilin dizgesel yapilarina odakli olduklari icin, kultur basligi altinda ogrenciye verilebilecek olan seyler ogrencinin dili anlamasina yardimci olacak nitelikte olmalidir. Tarih, gunluk yasam, alisveris, yiyecek-icecek, okul ve egitim, aile yasantisi, sosyal sartlar, gelenek-gorenekler, turizm ve seyahat, is hayati… gibi konular yabanci dil ogrenenlere kultur baglaminda oncelikle ogretilmesi uygun olan konulardir. Yabanci dil ogrenirken ya da ogretirken kullanilan ders kitaplarinin iceriginin, o dile ait kultur unsurlarini da barindirmasi gerekir. Arastirmada, Yabancilara Turkce Ogretimi alaninda A2 duzeyinde kullanilan ders kitaplarindan bazilari -Istanbul, Ankara, Yunus Emre Enstitusu, Gazi, Dilmer­­- incelenmis; hedef dile ait kulturel ogelere ne olcude yer verildigi sorgulanmistir. Arastirma sonucunda ortaya cikan bulgular dogrultusunda onerilerde bulunulmustur.

This study attempts to establish the possible existence of the long-run interrelationship between interest rates, inflation, and exchange rates in five fragile emerging market economies (Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and Turkey), what is so-called by Morgan Stanley ‘Fragile Five’. To do so, we utilize Li and Lee’s (2010) Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ADL) test for threshold cointegration and apply it to sample countries’ monthly time-series data from 2013:1 to 2018:12. Overall, our primary results are threefold: First, there seems to be a long-run positive relationship between actual rates of inflation rates and nominal interest rates supporting the validity of the ex-post Fisher hypothesis for all the sample countries. Second, the sample countries’ data supports the presence of a cointegration relationship between interest rates and exchange rates for the case of Brazil, India, and Turkey but not for the case of Indonesia and South Africa. Lastly, without exception, exchange rates and actual rates of inflation in all the sample countries examined tend to co-move in the long-run, implying that the depreciation of their currencies creates inflation through raising the prices of imported goods. The results above are widely compatible with both theoretical expectations and the results of the most previous empirical studies on the long-run interrelationships between interest rates, inflation, and exchange rates in the literature.

OBJECTIVE To compare two different doses of lidocaine used for periprostatic nerve block on pain perception during transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 288 patients with elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and/or abnormal digital rectal examination who underwent TRUS-guided prostate biopsy were included in the study. The patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (n=103) prostate biopsy were performed after administering perianal intrarectal application of 10 mL 2% lidocaine gel, Group 2 (n=98) 2 mL of 2% lidocaine injection on each side following rectal installation of lidocaine gel and Group 3 (n=87) 4 mL of 2% lidocaine injection on each side after rectal instillation of lidocaine gel. Patients' pain scores during biopsy procedure were reported using visual analogue score (VAS). Independent sample t test, ANOVA test and Tukey test were used for statistical evaluation. RESULTS The mean age, prostate volume and PSA level were 65.6±8.4 years, 58.2±34.8 mL, and 11.8±3.4 ng/mL respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. The mean VAS scores were 2.4±1.8 in Group 1, 2.5±1.9 in Group 2 and 1.6±1.6 in Group 3. Patients in Group 3, reported significant pain reduction compared with patients in Groups 1 and 2 (p=0.002, and 0.001, respectively). However, there was no statistically significant difference in VAS scores between Groups 1 and 2 (p=0.815). CONCLUSION According to our results we recommend the use of perianal intrarectal lidocain gel application, and periprostatic nerve block with injection of 4 ml 2% lidocaine per side combination in TRUS-guided prostate biopsies. Further large-scale randomized control studies are needed to validate these finding.

This paper empirically analyzes the effects of tax shocks on private consumption expenditures in Turkey. For this purpose, private consumption expenditures are firstly decomposed into four major categories and then to which structural VAR (SVAR) model is employed using a data set for the period 2003:Q1–2013:Q3. The empirical findings of the paper show that both in the short and long run, private consumption expenditures are affected by value-added tax (VAT) and personal income tax. However, it is important to highlight that VAT plays a more important role in influencing private consumption expenditures than the other taxes under consideration. Overall, the findings reveal that the effects of tax shocks on private consumption expenditures vary depending on the types of taxes, components of the private expenditures, and length of the period.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation using GlideScope and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery. METHODS: A total of 74 patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups either a GlideScope (n=37) or a Macintosh laryngoscope (n=37). Laryngoscopy time, heart rate, invasive arterial pressure and rate pressure product were compared during induction and until five minutes after laryngoscopy at 11 time points. RESULTS: Seventy patients completed the study. The intubation time was similar in both groups (14.1±4.0 sec vs. 13.2±4.2 sec; p=0.22). Hemodynamic values including heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure and rate pressure product were similar at all-time points. The laryngoscopy time was also similar between groups. CONCLUSION: The GlideScope video laryngoscope did not show any advantage on hemodynamic response in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery when compared to Macintosh laryngoscope.

Using annual data over the period 1980–2014, this paper attempts to provide an answer to the question of whether fiscal consolidation promotes growth and employment in the context of the PIIGGS countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Great Britain, and Spain) by using the Bootstrap Granger causality analysis proposed by Kónya (2006), which allows testing for causality on each individual country separately, and by accounting for dependence across countries. Our findings indicate that in no country considered does fiscal consolidation promote growth. However, fiscal consolidation negatively affects employment in Portugal and Italy, whereas it positively influences employment in Great Britain. Based on our findings, we may suggest that the effects of fiscal consolidation on employment produce mixed results, varying from country to country.

This study undertakes a topic, which stands at an important issue of manycountries’ economic agenda from the viewpoint of growth andemployment; in the light of existing theoretical as well as empirical studiesin this regard the study aims to review and to make an inference with regard tothe effect of fiscal consolidation on growth and employment., Bu çalışma son yıllarda ülkelerin ekonomik gündemlerinin başköşesinde yeralan bir kavram olan mali konsolidasyonu, büyüme ve istihdam perspektifindenele almakta; teorik ve ampirik literatürde bu minvalde yapılan tartışmalarışığında mali konsolidasyonun büyüme ve istihdam üzerindeki kısa ve uzundönemli etkilerini gözden geçirmeyi ve bir çıkarımda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze empirically the effects of government spending on private investment, evaluating the existence of crowding-out/-in effects, in Turkey for the 1975-2011 period. In contrast to previous studies, we employed in the paper the modified version of David A. Aschauer?s (1989) model, which allows us to see the effects of each component of government spending taking place in the Turkish budget system. The empirical findings of the paper showed that government current transfer spending, government current spending, and government interest spending crowdout private investment, whereas government capital spending crowds-in private investment in Turkey.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy simulates acute myocardial infarction, and it is characterised by reversible left ventricular failure. A case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy diagnosed after emergency angiography performed in a patient with evidence of acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period will be described in this report. Transurethral resection of a bladder tumour (TUR-BT) was performed in a 92-year-old male patient by the urology clinic. The patient was transferred to the post-anaesthesia care unit after the operation. An echocardiography was performed because of the sudden onset of dyspnoea, tachycardia (140–150 beats per minute, rhythm-atrial fibrillation) and ST-segment elevation on electrocardiography (ECG) at the first postoperative hour, and midapical dyskinesia was detected at the patient. An immediate angiography was performed due to suspicion of acute coronary syndrome. Patent coronary arteries and temporary aneurysmatic dilatation of the apex of the heart were revealed by angiography. As a result of these findings, the patient was diagnosed with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy by the cardiology service. The patient was discharged uneventfully following 10 days in the intensive care unit. Aneurysm of the apex of the left ventricle and normal anatomy of the coronary arteries in the angiography have diagnostic value for Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Diuretics (furosemide) and beta-blockers (metoprolol) are commonly used for the treatment of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Even though Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a rare and benign disease, it should be kept in mind in patients suspected for acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period.

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the interactions between various taxes and GDP, and to detect whether taxes function as an automatic stabilizer in Turkey. Firstly, when using a time series unit-root test as proposed by Dickey-Fuller (1979), econometric findings revealed that taxes and level of GDP are not static. Secondly, upon employing cointegration designed by Johansen (1988), it was found that GDP and taxes are cointegrated. Thirdly, the Granger (1969) causality test showed that a uni-directional causality exists among taxes, and the causal relationship is between GDP to SCT, and from VAT and CIT to GDP. On the other hand, there was a bi-directional causality between GDP and PIT. Empirical findings showed that personal income tax is the most effective tax in stabilizing business cycle fluctuations. Corporate income tax is also important.

Aim The aim was to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in critical limb ischemia (CLI) of type 2 diabetic patients. Method Forty diabetic patients with CLI were enrolled and randomized to treatment and control groups. In the treatment group, the patients received subcutaneous injections of recombinant human G-CSF (30 MU/day) for 5 days to mobilize stem cells. PBMNCs were collected and transplanted by multiple intramuscular injections of 1 ml in 1–1.5-cm depth into ischemic limbs. Results At the end of 12 weeks of follow-up, the baseline and end point results in transplant group were as follows: Fontaine score improved from 3.8±03 to 3±0.5 ( P =.0001), ankle brachial pressure index increased from 0.68±0.24 to 0.87±024 ( P =.001), transcutaneous oxygen increased from 33±14 mmHg to 44±10 mmHg ( P =.0001), and 6-min walking distance improved from 280±82 m to 338±98 m ( P =.0001). Pain score decreased from 8.2±1.3 to 5.63±1.6 ( P =.001), and the number of patients with limb ulcers was reduced from 9/20 (45%) to 3/20 (15%) ( P =.031). In the control group, Fontaine score, 6-min walking distance, and pain score were improved; ankle brachial pressure index and transcutaneous oxygen pressure were not improved. The number of patients with limb ulcers did not change in the control group. There are improvement in amputation rates, collateral vessel development, and number of limb ulcers healed. Conclusions These results indicate that the autologous transplantation of G-CSF that mobilized PBMNCs in CLI diabetic patients is safe and effective in patient compliant reduction and improved perfusion.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of perioperative gabapentin on postoperative acute and chronic pain after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with median sternotomy and internal mammary artery harvesting.A double-blind randomized clinical study.A single-academic hospital.Patients with ischemic heart disease who were scheduled to undergo CABG surgery.Forty patients were allocated randomly into 2 groups; the gabapentin group (n = 20) received 1.2 g/d of oral gabapentin before and for 2 days after surgery, and the placebo group (n = 20) received a placebo capsule instead. The primary outcome was to evaluate the effects of gabapentin on acute and chronic pain after surgery. The postoperative evaluation included the assessment of pain at rest and when coughing, intravenous tramadol usage, postoperative morbidities, and side effects of gabapentin. Postoperative analgesia at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours after extubation and at discharge was evaluated with the visual analog scale. The assessment of postoperative pain at the 1- and 3-month follow-ups was performed using a numeric rating scale.Postoperative pain scores at 1, 2, and 3 days were significantly lower in the gabapentin group when compared with the placebo group (p0.05). Pain scores at 1 and 3 months postoperatively were lower in the gabapentin group than in the placebo group (p0.05). Consumption of intravenous tramadol given as rescue analgesic within 24 hours after extubation in the gabapentin group was 99.0 ± 53.8 mg versus 149.4 ± 72.5 mg in the placebo group (p0.05). There were no differences in the incidence of side effects and time to extubation between the groups.Gabapentin significantly reduced the intensity of pain and tramadol consumption in the early postoperative period after CABG surgery. Pain scores at 1 and 3 months after surgery were low in both groups, with no significant difference between the groups.

Background: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of i.v. acetaminophen (with or without tourniquet application) in comparison with that of lidocaine for the prevention of propofol-induced pain du...

The aim of this paper is to provide an in-depth discussion of the concept of sustainability in a historical and current perspective, which has been broadly used in the last two decades. It can be said that the concept of sustainability has undergone constant change over time, and that the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, also known as the “Brundtland Report”, in 1987 has substantially played an important role in this change. With this report, sustainability which is mainly focused on the protection of natural resources has left its place to sustainable development. Along with sustainable deve¬lopment, the concept of sustainability has become multidimensional. In fact, besides the environment, a wide range of areas from corporate sustainability in companies to tourism, to public finance, to finance has been of interest to sustainability. However, the multi-dimensi¬onal nature of sustainability has, at the conceptual level, made the concept overly complex. Nowadays, sustainability within the context of sustainable development has firstly been inst¬rumental in the integration of economic growth/development and environment, and it has also mediated the harmonization of economic life and environment. The fact that qualitative dimension, as well as the quantitative dimension of economic growth/development, is important has been also brought up to the agenda by sustainability. However, with the Brundtland report, attributing a multi-dimensional meaning to sustainability has formed a basis for everyone to make a different sense of their own from the concept. This has, in turn, made sustainability one of the most controversial concepts of our time.

Objective. The use of ultrasonography (US) is a new method for verifying the location of the endotracheal tube.Design. Our study was designed as a paired-data and investigator-blind clinical study for evaluating the effectiveness of US for verification of wire-reinforced endotra-cheal tube (WR-ETT) placement compared with capnography.Setting. This study was conducted on 56 patients scheduled for elective surgery un-der general anesthesia.Patients. Fifty patients completed the study as 6 were excluded for various reasons. Intervention. Two different investigators performed the ultrasonography and intu-bation independently from one another. While investigator 1 attempted to verify the location of the WR-ETT with a portable ul-trasonography with sagittal trans-tracheal view, investigator 2 intubated the patient and verified the location of the ETT using capnography.Measurements. Time for verifying the loca-tion of the ETT using both US and capnog-raphy was recorded.Main Results. When the ultrasonography method was compared with capnography for verification of the WR-ETT placement, the results showed 95.75% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The average verification times for endotracheal intubation were 12.78 ± 7.46 s. and 24.44 ± 1.45 s. with US and capnography, respectively (p=0.003). Conclusion. Our results suggest that ultra-sound identification of a WR-ETT within the trachea is a rapid and accurate method for confirmation of tracheal placement. Larger studies are needed before wide-spread use of this technique.

The two most common procedures for open tension-free groin hernia repair with prosthetic mesh are the Lichtenstein operation and the mesh plug (Rutkow–Robbins) technique. Our study evaluated these two techniques on testicular blood flow and volume, and sperm function in young adults. We randomized operation types with a systematic sampling method, and handled consecutive patients of age 20–30 years having unilateral inguinal hernia repair at our institution from March to August 2008. The study subjects were divided into the Lichtenstein group (LG) and the mesh plug group (MPG). All subjects received color Doppler ultrasonography to determine testicular volume and resistive index (RI) the day before surgery and 3 months postoperatively by a physician blinded for the type of planned or performed operation. Spermiograms done preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively measured sperm concentration and the rate of progressive motility. Sixty-four patients met the study criteria, with 32 patients each in the LG and MPG. RI levels were elevated postoperatively in both the LG (P = 0.027) and MPG (P = 0.012); there was no significant alteration in terms of testicular volume and spermiogram in the LG and MPG. The Lichtenstein and mesh plug techniques in unilateral inguinal hernia increase the RI level significantly in the early postoperative period, but do not have a significant effect on sperm concentration and the rate of progressive motility.

BACKGROUND: Gabapentin and ketamine are popular analgesic adjuvants for improving perioperative pain management. We designed this double-blind, placebocontrolled study to test and compare the preventive effects of perioperative ketamine and gabapentin on early and chronic pain after elective hysterectomy. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 groups: control group received oral placebo capsules and bolus plus infusion of saline; ketamine group received oral placebo capsules and, before incision, 0.3 mg/kg IV bolus and 0.05 mgkg 1 h 1 infusion of ketamine until the end of surgery; and gabapentin group received oral gabapentin 1.2 g and bolus plus infusion of saline. The anesthetic technique was standardized, and the postoperative assessments included verbal rating scales for pain and sedation, IV morphine usage, quality of recovery assessment, recovery of bowel function, resumption of normal activities, and patient satisfaction with their pain management. Patients were questioned at 1, 3, and 6 mo after surgery for chronic postoperative pain. RESULTS: Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the gabapentin group compared with the ketamine and control groups, and patient-controlled analgesia morphine use was significantly reduced in both treatment groups (versus control group) (P 0.001). Total patient-controlled analgesia morphine use was decreased by 35% and 42% in the ketamine and gabapentin groups, respectively, compared with the control group (P 0.001). Patient satisfaction with pain treatment was significantly improved in the ketamine and gabapentin groups compared with the control group (P 0.001). The incidence of incisional pain and related pain scores at the 1-, 3-, and 6-mo follow-up were significantly lower in the gabapentin group compared with the ketamine and control groups (P 0.001). CONCLUSION: Gabapentin and ketamine are similar in improving early pain control and in decreasing opioid consumption; however, gabapentin also prevented chronic pain in the first 6 postoperative months. (Anesth Analg 2009;109:1645‐50)

INTRODUCTION-AIM: The easiest method in postoperative analgesia is the infiltration of the wound with local anesthetic drugs. Although many local anesthetic drugs have been used for this type of infiltration, studies on levobupivacaine are rare. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of levobupivacaine infiltration on wound healing.Forty female Wistar-Albino rats (280-300 g) were included in the study, which were randomly separated into four groups. Rats were infiltrated with 1.25 mg/mL levobupivacaine in group L(1.25) (n = 10), with 2.50 mg/mL levobupivacaine in group L(2.5) (n = 10), with 3.75 mg/mL levobupivacaine in group L(3.75) (n = 10), and with normal saline in control group (n = 10). Breaking-strength measurements, levels of hydroxyproline, and fibrotic index were evaluated in the tissue samples taken from the rats.When the breaking-strength measurements were evaluated, we have found a significant difference between the control and the study groups (p0.05). In the intergroup comparison the difference between groups L(1.25) and L(3.75) was statistically significant (p0.05). In all of the levobupivacaine groups the levels of hydroxyproline were higher compared to the control group. Also significant differences were observed between groups L(1.25) and L(2.5) and groups L(1.25) and L(3.75) (p0.05). The levels of tissue fibrotic index were higher in all of the levobupivacaine groups compared to the control group (p0.05) and also a difference was observed between groups L(1.25) and L(3.75) in terms of tissue fibrotic index (p0.05).We have concluded that levobupivacaine used in clinical doses have a significant effect on the fastening of wound healing and this effect increases with an increase in the concentration of the levobupivacaine. We believe that levobupivacaine will be more widely preferred in the near future in the postoperative analgesia.

Acute renal failure secondary to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Aminoguanidine (AG), an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor with antioxidant properties, has been reported beneficial in renal I/R injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of AG on renal I/R injury and compare the effectiveness of different AG treatment modalities. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups. The control group (n = 6) received sham operation. The I/R group (n = 6), AG-I group (n = 8), and AG-II group (n = 8) received bilateral renal ischemia for 45 min followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. The AG-I group received AG (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally four hours and 10 minutes before the induction of ischemia. The AG-II group received AG (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally four hours and 10 minutes after the initiation of reperfusion. Serum urea and creatinine levels increased significantly in the I/R and AG-I groups compared to the control group. Kidney samples from rats in the I/R and AG-I groups revealed severe tubular damage at histopathological examination. Posttreatment with AG significantly reduced serum urea and creatinine levels and improved histopathological lesions compared with the I/R group. Although pretreatment with AG failed to protect kidneys against I/R injury in this experimental model, posttreatment with AG attenuated renal dysfunction and histopathological changes after I/R injury.

Objectives Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), commonly known as pseudocholinesterase or non-neural cholinesterase, hydrolyzes neuromuscular blocker agents containing choline esters such as succinylcholine that is widely used in rapid sequence induction (RSI) for general anesthesia. The aim of this study is to compare plasma BChE levels and investigate the affects and relationship of succinylcholine on BChE levels in preeclamptic, gestational diabetic and healthy pregnants. Study design We designed a prospective, controlled, pilot single-center study. Thirty ( n =30) pregnant women who were scheduled for cesarean section under general anesthesia (refusal of regional anesthesia) with RSI involved. Group 1 included ten ( n =10) preeclamptic pregnancies, Group 2 included ten ( n =10) gestational diabetic (GD) pregnancies and Group 3 included ten ( n =10) healthy pregnancies. Main outcome measures BChE levels of all patients were measured prior to the initiation of cesarean section. Train-of-four recovery of 90% (TOF T1) was used to monitor the degree of neuromuscular block beginning from the administration of succinylcholine. Results No statistically significant difference was found between the groups comparing BChE levels and the duration between tracheal intubation and formation of TOF T1 ( p >0.05). Conclusions As similar results were gathered from normal and high-risk pregnancies (preeclamptic pregnancy or gestational diabetic pregnancy) who underwent cesarean section under general anesthesia, we believe that succinylcholine is still neuromuscular agent of choice in cesarean section.

Bu calisma, her kuresel olcekli ekonomik krizle birlikte imdatci olarak gundeme gelen maliye politikasini ve bu politikanin krizlerle mucadeledeki rolunu tarihsel bir perspektif cercevesinde ele alip; degerlendirmeyi ve ileriye yonelik politika onerileri sunmayi amaclamaktadir.

This study attempts to descriptively evaluate the concept of fiscal consolidation on which there exists scant study in the current Turkish literature in terms of its objectives, implementations methods, and their success, together with the existing literature on fiscal consolidation.

We investigated the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of concomitant use of dexpanthenol (DXP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of kidney.Forty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. In all groups except for Group 1(Sham), renal arteries bilaterally occluded with vascular clamp for IR injury. Group 1(Sham), received a single dose of 10 mL/kg isotonic saline daily by intraperitoneal (IP) injection for three days. Group 2(IR), received a single dose of 10 mL/kg isotonic saline daily by IP injection for three days. Group 3(IR + NAC), received 300 mg/kg NAC daily by IP injection for three days. Group 4(IR + DXP), received 500 mg/kg DXP daily by IP injection for three days. Group 5(IR + NAC + DXP), received 500 mg/kg DXP and 300 mg/kg NAC daily by IP injection for three days. Serum urea (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, lipocalin 2, siderocalin) levels were measured as kidney function tests. TNF-α levels were measured as inflammatory marker. Tissue sections were evaluated histopathologically under light microscopy.IR + NAC + DXP group received both NAC and DXP before induction of renal I/R and as the biochemical and histopathological data revealed the results of the IR + NAC + DXP group and sham group were similar. Biochemically and histopathologically, combined use of NAC and DXP has better results when each of them used alone.We concluded that concomitant use of DXP and NAC plays a major role against I/R injury and may be useful in acute treatment of I/R induced renal failure.