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1. SMOS: Objectives and Approach for Ocean Salinity Observations

Author

Font, Jordi, Boutin, Jacqueline, Reul, Nicolas, Spurgeon, Paul, Ballaberea, Joaquim, Chuprin, Andrei, Gabarro, Carolina, Gourrion, Jerome, Hénocq, Claire, Lavender, Samantha, Martin, Nicolas, Martinez, Justino, Mcculloch, Michael, Meirold-Mautner, Ingo, Petitcolin, Francois, Portabella, Marcos, Sabia, Roberto, Talone, Marco, Tenerelli, Joe, Turiel, Antonio, Vergely, Jean-Luc, Waldteufel, Philippe, Yin, Xiaobin, Zine, Sonia, Delwart, Steven, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Domaines Océaniques (LDO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched in November 2, 2009 is the first satellite mission addressing the salinity measurement from space through the use of MIRAS (Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis), a new two-dimensional interferometer designed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and operating at L-band. This paper presents a summary of the sea surface salinity retrieval approach implemented in SMOS, as well as first results obtained after completing the mission commissioning phase in May 2010. A large number of papers have been published about salinity remote sensing and its implementation in the SMOS mission. An extensive list of references is provided here, many authored by the SMOS ocean salinity team, with emphasis on the different physical processes that have been considered in the SMOS salinity retrieval algorithm.

Published
2010

2. Vertical variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Tropics : Consequences for SMOS Calibration and Validation

Author

Hénocq, Claire, Boutin, Jacqueline, Reverdin, Gilles, Arnault, Sabine, Lattes, Philippe, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and EGU

Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; The ESA/SMOS (European Space Agency/Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) satellite mission aims to detect Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) using L-band radiometry. At that frequency, the skin depth is 1 centimeter. However, the calibration and validation of SMOS measurements will be done with in situ measurements, mainly taken at 5 m depth. In order to anticipate and understand vertical salinity differences in the first 10 m of the ocean surface layer, in situ vertical profiles are analyzed. Measurements come from autonomous drifter and Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) moorings for observations on local scale and from thermosalinographs (TSG), floats, eXpendable Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (XCTD) and CTD on the entire tropical band (from 30°S to 30°N). For the first time, vertical salinity differences, classified according to their vertical position, are collocated with precipitation computed by satellite. A rain parameter, 3D max rain rate, is defined to take into account the history of rain events. Vertical salinity differences higher than 0.1 pss-78 are observed in the 3 oceans, mainly between 0° and 15°N, coinciding with the average position of the InterTropical Convergence Zone. The highest differences are mainly located near river mouth. Some differences exceed 0.5 pss-78 locally and persist for more than 10 days, unlike the spatial average of salinity differences between 10 m and 1 m, which stay close to 0. A statistical approach is developed to be used for predicting large vertical salinity differences.

Published
2009

3. Air-sea CO2 flux variability in frontal regions of the Southern Ocean from CARbon Interface OCean Atmosphere drifters

Author

Boutin, Jacqueline, Merlivat, Liliane, Hénocq, Claire, Martin, Nicolas, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
antarctic circumpolar current, northwestern mediterranean sea, transport, atlantic sector, surface water, temperature, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], gas exchange, polar front, seawater
Abstract

International audience; Nine CARbon Interface OCean Atmosphere (CARIOCA) drifters were deployed in the Southern Ocean (south of the subtropical front, STF) between 2001 and 2006. They recorded 65 months of measurements in all seasons between 57°S and 40°S. Hydrological fronts detected by altimetry indicate that one buoy explored the polar zone (PZ) of the Atlantic Ocean and the western Indian Ocean; the remaining buoys explored the northern andsouthern parts of the subantarctic zone (SAZ) from the mid–Indian Ocean (73°E) to the eastern Pacific Ocean (112°W). The air–sea CO$_2$ fluxes along the buoy trajectories are primarily driven by the spatial variability of the fugacity of CO$_2$ in seawater, fCO$_2$: in the SAZ, they vary between $-$1.1 and $-$4.2 mol$^{-2}$yr$^{-1}$, and the largest sinks occur close to the STF; in the PZ they vary between $-$1.6 and 0.6 mol m$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$. When spatially extrapolated over each region, the yearly fluxes amount to $-$0.8 Pg C yr$^{-1}$ in the SAZ and to $-$0.1 Pg C yr$^{-1}$ in the PZ, with very small seasonal variation. In winter–spring, the sea-surface salinity and sea-surface temperature indicate mixing with deep water close to the subantarctic front and an episodic signature of north Atlantic deep water close to the polar front (PF). These events are associated with fCO$_2$ close to equilibrium. On a small scale (of a few km), close to the STF, fCO$_2$ variations of 1–2 Pa (10–20 $\mu$atm) are associated with the presence of compensated mixed layers.

Published
2008

4. CO2 and associated parameters variability in the Southern Ocean :CARIOCA and ARGO drifters

Author

Boutin, Jacqueline, Merlivat, Liliane, Hénocq, Claire, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Published
2007

5. SMOS first data analysis for sea surface salinity determination

Author

Font, Jordi, primary, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Reul, Nicolas, additional, Spurgeon, Paul, additional, Ballabrera-Poy, Joaquim, additional, Chuprin, Andrei, additional, Gabarró, Carolina, additional, Gourrion, Jérôme, additional, Guimbard, Sébastien, additional, Hénocq, Claire, additional, Lavender, Samantha, additional, Martin, Nicolas, additional, Martínez, Justino, additional, McCulloch, Michael, additional, Meirold-Mautner, Ingo, additional, Mugerin, César, additional, Petitcolin, François, additional, Portabella, Marcos, additional, Sabia, Roberto, additional, Talone, Marco, additional, Tenerelli, Joseph, additional, Turiel, Antonio, additional, Vergely, Jean-Luc, additional, Waldteufel, Philippe, additional, Yin, Xiaobin, additional, Zine, Sonia, additional, and Delwart, Steven, additional

Published
2012
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6. SMOS first data analysis for sea surface salinity determination.

Author

Font, Jordi, Boutin, Jacqueline, Reul, Nicolas, Spurgeon, Paul, Ballabrera-Poy, Joaquim, Chuprin, Andrei, Gabarró, Carolina, Gourrion, Jérôme, Guimbard, Sébastien, Hénocq, Claire, Lavender, Samantha, Martin, Nicolas, Martínez, Justino, McCulloch, Michael, Meirold-Mautner, Ingo, Mugerin, César, Petitcolin, François, Portabella, Marcos, Sabia, Roberto, and Talone, Marco

Subjects
SOIL moisture, SEAWATER salinity, DATA analysis, SALINITY, INTERFEROMETERS, ELECTRONIC data processing
Abstract

Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), launched on 2 November 2009, is the first satellite mission addressing sea surface salinity (SSS) measurement from space. Its unique payload is the Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS), a new two-dimensional interferometer designed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and operating at the L-band frequency. This article presents a summary of SSS retrieval from SMOS observations and shows initial results obtained one year after launch. These results are encouraging, but also indicate that further improvements at various data processing levels are needed and hence are currently under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2013
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