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As the availability of open spatial data is increased, its use in various fields in working life has become more common. Posiva uses GIS in the biosphere assessment to produce projections of the development of the surface environment and ecosystems of Olkiluoto. Biosphere assessment is part of the safety case programme for assessing long-term safety and its purpose is to characterise the development of the surface environment and its conditions in the past, present and in the future at the Olkiluoto site and assess the radiological impacts in the surface environment during the assessment time frame. In former studies, Posiva has used open spatial data in the biosphere assessment as supplements in creating maps modelling the development of the Olkiluoto surface environment. This study examined the new approaches to utilising open spatial data in surface environment characterisation, from a perspective of long-term safety case. The objective was to discover the features that are possible to represent with open spatial data. The work was conducted with the commercial ArcGIS programme application ArcMap 10.6 using only open spatial data. The model characterisations were created from the Olkiluoto, Hanhikivi and Kivetty sites on their soil types, biotope types and land use, catchment areas, water quality and watersheds. The topics were selected according to the previous surface environment studies conducted by Posiva and the results of this study were compared to the results of previous characterisations conducted at the Olkiluoto site and its surrounding areas. The results indicated that open spatial data can be utilised in characterising the surface environment and it is possible to partially replace other survey methods. The quality of open spatial data varied from very detailed to very coarse. The most informative characterisations were terrain maps, soil type and sea sediment maps, and biotope and land use maps as the data was the most detailed. When observed together these maps provided even more information. As open spatial data can be produced by anyone, it is advisable to be aware of the producers when using the data. The data owned and produced by public administration are more reliable than the data produced and provided by an individual user of GIS.

Tiivistelmä. Happamia sulfaattimaita edeltäneet sulfiittimaat ovat muodostuneet muinaisen Litorinameren alueelle noin 4000–8000 vuotta sitten. Maaperän hapettuessa sulfiittimaista muodostuu monimutkaisten kemiallisten reaktioiden seurauksena sulfaattimaita, joista alhaisen pH:n vuoksi lähtevät alkuaineet liikkeelle kuormittaen erityisesti vesistöjä. Happamat sulfaattimaat ovat yleinen ilmiö Suomen rannikkoseudulla ja erityisesti Pohjanmaan alueella. Ihmisen toiminta, esimerkiksi maanviljely, metsätalous ja kaivostoiminta, lisäävät happamuuden aikaan saamaa kuormitusta, minkä vuoksi ympäristöhaittoja on pyrittävä ehkäisemään erilaisilla menetelmillä.

Epitaxial graphene grown on transition metal surfaces typically exhibits a moir\'e pattern due to the lattice mismatch between graphene and the underlying metal surface. We use both scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments to probe the electronic and topographic contrast of the graphene moir\'e on the Ir(111) surface. While STM topography is influenced by the local density of states close to the Fermi energy and the local tunneling barrier height, AFM is capable of yielding the 'true' surface topography once the background force arising from the van der Waals (vdW) interaction between the tip and the substrate is taken into account. We observe a moir\'e corrugation of 35$\pm$10 pm, where the graphene-Ir(111) distance is the smallest in the areas where the graphene honeycomb is atop the underlying iridium atoms and larger on the fcc or hcp threefold hollow sites., Comment: revised version

Hollow atoms in which the K shell is empty while the outer shells are populated allow studying a variety of important and unusual properties of atoms. The diagram x-ray emission lines of such atoms, the K-h alpha(1,2) hypersatellites (HSs), were measured for the 3d transition metals, Z=23-30, with a high energy resolution using photoexcitation by monochromatized synchrotron radiation. Good agreement with ab initio relativistic multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock calculations was found. The measured HS intensity variation with the excitation energy yields accurate values for the excitation thresholds, excludes contributions from shake-up processes, and indicates domination near threshold of a nonshake process. The Z variation of the HS shifts from the diagram line K alpha(1,2), the K-h alpha(1)-K-h alpha(2) splitting, and the K-h alpha(1)/K-h alpha(2) intensity ratio, derived from the measurements, are also discussed with a particular emphasis on the QED corrections and Breit interaction. Hollow atoms in which the K shell is empty while the outer shells are populated allow studying a variety of important and unusual properties of atoms. The diagram x-ray emission lines of such atoms, the K-h alpha(1,2) hypersatellites (HSs), were measured for the 3d transition metals, Z=23-30, with a high energy resolution using photoexcitation by monochromatized synchrotron radiation. Good agreement with ab initio relativistic multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock calculations was found. The measured HS intensity variation with the excitation energy yields accurate values for the excitation thresholds, excludes contributions from shake-up processes, and indicates domination near threshold of a nonshake process. The Z variation of the HS shifts from the diagram line K alpha(1,2), the K-h alpha(1)-K-h alpha(2) splitting, and the K-h alpha(1)/K-h alpha(2) intensity ratio, derived from the measurements, are also discussed with a particular emphasis on the QED corrections and Breit interaction. Hollow atoms in which the K shell is empty while the outer shells are populated allow studying a variety of important and unusual properties of atoms. The diagram x-ray emission lines of such atoms, the K-h alpha(1,2) hypersatellites (HSs), were measured for the 3d transition metals, Z=23-30, with a high energy resolution using photoexcitation by monochromatized synchrotron radiation. Good agreement with ab initio relativistic multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock calculations was found. The measured HS intensity variation with the excitation energy yields accurate values for the excitation thresholds, excludes contributions from shake-up processes, and indicates domination near threshold of a nonshake process. The Z variation of the HS shifts from the diagram line K alpha(1,2), the K-h alpha(1)-K-h alpha(2) splitting, and the K-h alpha(1)/K-h alpha(2) intensity ratio, derived from the measurements, are also discussed with a particular emphasis on the QED corrections and Breit interaction.

The K-shell diagram (K alpha(1,2) and K beta(1,3)) and hypersatellite (HS) (K-h alpha(1,2)) spectra of Y, Zr, Mo, and Pd have been measured with high energy-resolution using photoexcitation by 90 keV synchrotron radiation. Comparison of the measured and ab initio calculated HS spectra demonstrates the importance of quantum electrodynamical (QED) effects for the HS spectra. Phenomenological fits of the measured spectra by Voigt functions yield accurate values for the shift of the HS from the diagram lines, the splitting of the HS lines, and their intensity ratio. Good agreement with theory was found for all quantities except for the intensity ratio, which is dominated by the intermediacy of the coupling of the angular momenta. The observed deviations imply that our current understanding of the variation of the coupling scheme from LS to jj across the periodic table may require some revision. The K-shell diagram (K alpha(1,2) and K beta(1,3)) and hypersatellite (HS) (K-h alpha(1,2)) spectra of Y, Zr, Mo, and Pd have been measured with high energy-resolution using photoexcitation by 90 keV synchrotron radiation. Comparison of the measured and ab initio calculated HS spectra demonstrates the importance of quantum electrodynamical (QED) effects for the HS spectra. Phenomenological fits of the measured spectra by Voigt functions yield accurate values for the shift of the HS from the diagram lines, the splitting of the HS lines, and their intensity ratio. Good agreement with theory was found for all quantities except for the intensity ratio, which is dominated by the intermediacy of the coupling of the angular momenta. The observed deviations imply that our current understanding of the variation of the coupling scheme from LS to jj across the periodic table may require some revision. The K-shell diagram (K alpha(1,2) and K beta(1,3)) and hypersatellite (HS) (K-h alpha(1,2)) spectra of Y, Zr, Mo, and Pd have been measured with high energy-resolution using photoexcitation by 90 keV synchrotron radiation. Comparison of the measured and ab initio calculated HS spectra demonstrates the importance of quantum electrodynamical (QED) effects for the HS spectra. Phenomenological fits of the measured spectra by Voigt functions yield accurate values for the shift of the HS from the diagram lines, the splitting of the HS lines, and their intensity ratio. Good agreement with theory was found for all quantities except for the intensity ratio, which is dominated by the intermediacy of the coupling of the angular momenta. The observed deviations imply that our current understanding of the variation of the coupling scheme from LS to jj across the periodic table may require some revision.

The use of mechanically deboned meat (MDM) and its proportion in homogeneous sausage mass was investigated. A test Bologna containing 7.50% mechanically deboned meat was used. Two deboning machines, an Inject Star based on pressure and an auger-type Poss machine based on scraping, were used. The water contents of the masses varied between 28.36 and 43.36%. Test sausages containing the same amounts of meat recovered by the Inject Star and Poss deboners were surprisingly similar in colour. Calcium contents of samples were 0.11% 0.18%, and the corresponding ash contents 2.6 2.9%. The pH values of all the test sausages were similar, about 6.4. Fat contents in samples made using MDM recovered with the Inject Star deboner were lower than those in the samples made using MDM recovered with the Poss deboner. On the basis of chemical quality indices the shelf lives of all the test sausages were similar., Työssä tutkittiin mekaanisesti luista erotetun lihan (MDM) käyttöä homogeenisessa makkaramassassa. Koemakkara sisälsi 7.50 % mekaanisesti luista erotettua lihaa, joka oli erotettu joko paineeseen perustuvalla Inject Star koneella tai kaavintaan perustuvalla Poss koneella. Makkaramassan vesipitoisuutta muutettiin välillä 28.36 %—43.36 %. Tuloksista voidaan havaita, että koemakkaroiden sisältäessä saman määrän erikoneilla erotettua lihaa makkareiden värit olivat hyvin samanlaiset. Kalsiumpitoisuus oli 0.11 %—0.18 % ja vastaavasti tuhkapitoisuus 2.6 % 2.9 %. Kaikkien koemakkaroiden pH-luku oli sama 6.4. Makkarat, joissa käytettiin Inject Star koneelta saatua mekaanisesti luista erotettua lihaa sisälsivät vähemmän rasvaa kuin vastaavat Poss koneelta saatua lihaa sisältävät makkarat. Kemiallisen laadun perusteella säilyvyysaika koemakkaroilla, joissa oli eri koneilta peräisin olevaa lihaa, oli samanlainen.