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A new carbon contamination model in which carbon monoxide (CO) generated by the chemical reaction between H2O and graphite components during the heating stage can react with the solid-state silicon feedstock was proposed. The influence of CO on carbon concentration during the heating stage in a laboratory-scale Czochralski furnace was investigated using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. A strong peak of CO and H2O partial pressure was observed before the silicon feedstock began to melt. We believe that the purge tube is a major source of CO during the heating stage because carbon contamination of the order of 1016 occurred in the silicon melt by CO generated from the purge tube. Furthermore, we discussed the impact of the SiC film formed on the surface of the silicon feedstock on carbon contamination.

SUMMARY Radish (Raphanzus sativus L.) plants were fumigated with 0 1 or 0 05 jul I`1 03 for 8 or 24 h a day for 6 to 18 d and the leaf tissues examined by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural damage was apparent in the leaves fumigated with as low as 0 05 1tl 11 03 for 8 h a day for 6 d. Ozone induced an increase in both the number and size of the plastoglobules but a decrease in chloroplast dimensions. These changes in the chloroplasts developed further even after 03 fumigation had been discontinued. The plastoglobules were electron dense in the early stages of exposure to 03 but subsequently became electron translucent. Finally large plastoglobules were extruded into the vacuole, a phenomenon which may partly account for the reduction in chloroplast size. Ozone also caused disruption of the tonoplast and this was followed by collapse of the cells. Low concentrations of 03 appear to accelerate senescence of the chloroplasts.

Background:The role of rheumatology nurses is considered important for the implementation of T2T [1]. For nurses’ contribution to implementation of the T2T strategy, it is necessary to explore the nurses’ opinion on their roles in real clinical practice.Objectives:The aim of this study is to evaluate what is required for nurses to implement T2T in real clinical practice in Japan.Methods:Registered nurses engaged in rheumatic care in clinical practice in Japan were enrolled. Focus group interviews were conducted exploring ‘What is necessary for RA nurses to implement T2T’using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was used with Krippendorff’s content analysis method.Results:24 nurses (all females) from 10 hospitals were enrolled in this study. The results of the qualitative analysis were categorized in 10 main categories, derived from 37 subcategories based on 64 different codes: (1) provide basic knowledge of RA, (2) provide knowledge of RA drugs, (3) provide knowledge and skills of self-monitoring, (4) enhance self-efficacy and support self-management, (5) support decision-making, (6) psychological and social support, (7) understand the diversity and feelings of patients and their families, (8) support based on individual needs, (9) ensure continuing educational opportunities for nurses to enable the provision of high quality care, (10) collaborate with multidisciplinary teams.These categories are mostly covered in the contents of the 2018 updated EULAR recommendations for the role of nurses except “evidence-based rheumatic care”, “telehealth” and “comprehensive participation in disease management”.Conclusion:These findings indicate the areas of exploration including further educational and training needs, attitudes and the professional scope for nurses to extend their roles to provide greater value to patient care.In Japan, evidence-based RA nursing and telehealth systems have not yet been established. In addition, therapeutic intervention by nurses and nurse-led clinic are not permitted. Our results might reflect this situation and possibly elucidates the gap between EULAR’s evidence-based recommendations and opinions of Japanese nurses working in daily clinical practice. As evidence-based nursing is considered to be crucial from both cost-effectiveness and improvement of patients QOL, this result also might shed light on what we need for future better rheumatic nursing in Japan.References:[1]van Eijk- Hustings Y, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71: 13–19.Disclosure of Interests:MIE FUSAMA: None declared, Miyabi Uda: None declared, Harumi Matsumura: None declared, Yvonne van Eijk-Hustings Grant/research support from: grand from sanofi and UCB, Consultant of: fee from amgen, Susan Oliver: None declared, Hideko Nakahara: None declared

Both genetic and environmental factors have been considered causative agents for schizophrenia (SZ). However, no single gene has been shown responsible for the development of SZ. Furthermore, the pathophysiological roles of environmental factors including psychological stress, autoimmunity, and microbial infection have not been fully understood. Previous studies have suggested the involvement of one of the human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), HERV-W, in SZ. In this study, prevalence of antibodies against the HERV-W Syncytin-1 protein was examined using a newly developed ELISA test. Fifty percent of patients with SZ (24 out of 48 cases) were antibody-positive, with a specificity of greater than 95% (less than 5% of control cases, 3 out of 79). No significant effect of medication was evident, nor did any SZ cases become seropositive after diagnosis. These findings indicate a possible involvement of HERV-W expression in the development of SZ and support its applicability to laboratory diagnoses.

The purpose of the current study was to determine if smoking on high-school property was associated with increased risk for other substance use among U.S. adolescents. Secondary analyses were carried out with data from the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS, N = 15,503). Only adolescents who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the last 30 days were selected for analyses (n = 2531, 44% female). Alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use was assessed among participants. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to examine the relationship between smoking on school property (yes versus no) with each of the substance use variables. Adolescent smokers who reported smoking on school property were significantly more likely to report substance use across all substances examined compared to smokers who did not smoke on campus. For example, campus smokers were 3.91 times more likely to use marijuana in their lifetime and 3.85 times more likely to have used crack or cocaine in their lifetime compared to smokers who did not smoke on campus. Health care providers who provide services to adolescents should screen for smoking on school property to help identify adolescents at increased risk for substance use.

Fcc pure metals were irradiated with spallation neutrons (energies up to 500 MeV) at room temperature to a neutron fluence of 1 × 1018 n m−2 at KENS, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). Defect clusters induced by large collision cascades were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In Au, large groups of defects included more than 10 clusters, and the damage zone extended over 50 nm, which was larger than that induced by fusion neutron irradiation ( 10 nm) were identified as vacancy type by the conventional inside–outside contrast method. Because of the low neutron fluence, spatial overlapping of collision cascades was ignored. Large vacancy loops are formed through cooperative reactions among subcascades in a single collision cascade with large recoil energy.

We present cross section measurements for neutron-induced activation of Bi, at 287 and 370 MeV. These values were derived from the activation method using a quasi-monoenergetic neutron field based on the 7Li(p,n) reaction. In separate experiments, samples were irradiated with neutrons derived from 7Li(p,n) reaction at either 0º or 30º for proton beam axis. This approach allows the subtraction of the low energy neutron components. The measured cross sections are compared with the findings of other studies, and evaluated in relation to nuclear data files.

Cross sections of 7Be, 22Na and 24Na for geochemically and cosmochemically important elements were measured at incident neutron energies of 287 and 370 MeV. The cross sections were measured in target exposed to high-energy monoenergetic neutrons at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University.

Introduction: During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, an enlarged field of vision increases safety and precision, but surgeons often encounter bleeding that can cause difficulties. It is important to prevent and control arterial bleeding from Calot's triangle and the liver bed that results from injury to the deep branch of the cystic artery (DBCA). However, no previous reports have mentioned the layer between the gallbladder and liver through which the DBCA runs. Materials and Surgical Technique: To determine this layer, we investigated the histological findings from consecutive thin-slice (3 mm) blocks in six cases (three cadavers and three patients who underwent extended cholecystectomy). Results: The subserosal layer of the gallbladder wall can be divided into an inner (ss-i) layer, which consists of abundant vasculature and some fibrous tissue, and an outer (ss-o) layer, which consists of abundant fat tissue. DBCA runs through the ss-o layer, far from the ss-i layer in Calot's triangle, and runs toward the gallbladder body and ramifies into several branches that flow into the ss-i layer. Discussion: If the gallbladder is dissected in the layer close to the ss-i layer, as in our standardized procedure, the subbranches of DBCA are transected at the border of the ss-i layer, and most of the DBCA is left within the ss-o layer in Calot's triangle and the liver bed. Knowledge of the anatomy of DBCA is useful to avoid and stop bleeding from the deep part of Calot's triangle and the liver bed.

With the nationwide emphasis on improving outcomes for STEM undergraduates, it is important that we not only focus on modifying classroom instruction, but also provide students with the tools to maximize their independent learning time. There has been considerable work in laboratory settings examining two beneficial practices for enhancing learning: spacing and self-testing. In the current study, we examine biology students' study practices, particularly in the context of these two behaviors. We specifically investigate whether a light-touch study skills intervention focused on encouraging spacing and self-testing practices impacted their utilization. Based on pre- and post-course surveys, we found that students report utilizing both beneficial and ineffective study practices and confirm that usage of spacing and self-testing correlates with a higher course grade. We also found that students in the section of the course which received the study skills intervention were more likely to report continued use or adoption of spacing and self-testing compared to students in control sections without the intervention. Surprisingly, we found that underrepresented minorities (URMs) under-utilize self-testing, and that our intervention helped to partially ameliorate this gap. Additionally, we found that URMs who reported self-testing earned similar course grades compared to non-URMs who also self-tested, but that there was a much larger drop in performance for URMs who did not self-test relative to non-URMs who also did not self-test. Overall, we would encourage instructors to dedicate class time towards discussing the merits of beneficial study practices, especially for students that have historically underperformed in STEM disciplines.

We examined the effects of pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP) and stroma free hemoglobin (SFH) on vascular responsiveness to various vasoactive substances in isolated perfused rat lungs. The lungs isolated from rats were perfused with 6% PHP, 6% SFH, or 6% hydroxyethylstarch (HES) solution, and the effects of intrapulmonary arterial injection of norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (ANG-II), acetylcholine (ACh), and nitroglycerin (NG) were examined by measuring perfusion pressure. NE and ANG-II produced a dose-dependent increase in perfusion pressure in all groups. The NE response in the PHP- or SFH-perfused group was significantly larger than that in the HES-perfused one. ACh decreased perfusion pressure in both PHP- and HES-perfused groups but increased perfusion pressure in the SFH-perfused group. NG decreased perfusion pressure in all groups. Present results indicate that pulmonary arterial responses to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) induced by ACh would not be affected in the presence of PHP.

H2-cleaned sapphire substrate was treated with an electron-beam aiming at polarity-selective growth of GaN film by using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). It was found that GaN growth on the sapphire substrate treated with an electron-beam was suppressed like GaN growth on a SiO2 mask. GaN grooves having the fluctuated sidewalls were fabricated as designed by lithography patterns due to the selective growth. The groove sidewalls became smoother after etching by dipping in a KOH aqueous solution. This improvement was enhanced for the grooves oriented along direction, compared to those along direction. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

This study was designed to characterize the effect of medetomidine (Med) on canine electroencephalography (EEG), to evaluate the use of quantitative EEG for assessing sedation levels and to explore the correlation between the serum concentration of Med and the quantitative EEG. Four groups of dogs were given Med at doses of 20, 40, 80 and 160 microg/kg (Med-20, Med-40, Med-80 and Med-160 groups). Following Med administration, there was synchrony between each unipolar EEG lead. On EEG power spectrum analysis of the bipolar leads, all groups showed a significant depression of the 14-30 Hz components. The power of the 1-3 Hz component in the Med-80 and Med-160 groups was significantly increased, although there were few changes in the other groups. Similar results were obtained from raw data analysis. As a result of quantitative EEG analysis, spectrum edge frequency 90 analysis (SEP90) showed that the frequency was significantly reduced in all groups after Med administration. A dose-response effect was observed in all groups except for the Med-160 group. Both of these EEG analyses were significantly correlated with the serum concentration of Med. However, the result of the SPF90 analysis sugested a stronger correlation than that for median edge frequency analysis. In conclusion, care must be taken in veterinary clinical diagnoses when Med is used during EEG recording, as Med may cause increased activity in the low frequency band and a decrease in high frequency band activity. In addition, quantitative EEG analysis may be useful in assessing the depth of sedation and in further studies on Med administration.

High resistivity for moisture and dopant diffusion silicon nitride films are prepared by catalytic-CVD method. In this method, SiH 4 and NH 3 gases are decomposed by the catalytic-cracking reactions with a heated tungsten catalyzer placed near substrates, and so that silicon nitride films are formed without any help from plasma nor photochemical excitation at the temperature as high as 300°C. The properties of catalytic-CVD silicon nitride films are investigated. It is found that, 1) stoichiometric silicon nitride film whose refractive index is 2.0 shows high moisture resistance, 2) ultrathin silicon nitride film (equivalent oxide thickness: 3.5nm) blocks B diffusion even 1000°C annealing.

The early Hoabinian, the Neolithic Da But and the Dong Son (early Metal age) civilized peoples in northern Vietnam were investigated based on dental morphology and were compared with specimens from surrounding Northeast and Southeast Asia including Australians and Melanesians. In both the metric and nonmetric tooth traits, the Hoabinian and Da But specimens had dental features similar to the prehistoric Southeast Asians and the Australo-Melanesians, but also had partially Northeast Asian characteristics. On the other hand, the Northeast Asian features become distinct in the dentition of the Dong Son people, which have close ties with the modern Vietnamese. Thus, the Vietnamese, as well as the other modern Southeast Asians and Japanese, are considered to be a blend of indigenous Southeast Asians who are closely related to the Australo-Melanesian lineage, and migrants from Northeast Asia.

Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection show a gradual progression of fibrosis to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We studied whether the progression of liver fibrosis differed among Japanese subjects who were infected with different hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes. In 527 patients we examined whether there was a relationship between gender, age, history of blood transfusion, interval between date of blood transfusion and date of liver biopsy or date of diagnosis of HCC, serum alanine aminotransferase level, platelet count or HCV genotype, with the extent of liver fibrosis, classified into four stages (F1-F4). Moreover, we compared the mean rate of liver fibrosis progression per year in patients with each HCV genotype. Patients who had a higher fibrosis score tended to be older, have a lower platelet count and a longer interval since blood transfusion than those who had a lower fibrosis score. The mean rate of liver fibrosis progression was 0.12 +/- 0.15 stages per year after the blood transfusion. However, the progression rate of liver fibrosis in patients who had received a blood transfusion when they wereor = 30 years of age was 0.19 +/- 0.22, while the progression rate of liver fibrosis in the patients who had received a blood transfusion when they were30 years was 0.09 +/- 0.09. In conclusion, chronic hepatitis C is a progressive disease, and patients with genotype 1b, 2a and 2b have a similar rate of progression of liver fibrosis. Particular attention should be paid to patients who are infected with HCV whenor = 30 years of age, because intrahepatic fibrosis rapidly progresses in these patients.

Deep hand burns with exposed tendons and joints are rare but devastating injuries. They cannot be grafted and require flaps. Abdominal or groin flaps are commonly used, but they are bulky and require separation of the digits. We tried the Millard "crane" flap for these burns and compared our patients' results with those of patients who had received standard abdominal skin flaps. Eleven deep hand burns that had been treated with flaps were evaluated. Six patients had been treated with the crane flap and 5 had been treated with conventional abdominal skin flaps. All crane procedures provided graftable wound beds. The total active ranges of motion of all 11 patients 6 months after the surgical procedures showed no statistical difference. The crane method also provides good cosmetic results. None of the hands treated with crane flaps required procedures to separate the digits or debulk the flaps, but all of the hands treated with conventional abdominal skin flaps required these types of procedures.

The recoil properties of nuclides produced in the photonuclear reactions on natCu, natAg, natTa, and 197Au induced by bremsstrahlung of end-point energies (E o) of 250 to 1000 MeV have been investigated using the thick-target thick-catcher method. The obtained mean ranges of produced nuclides smoothly increase with an increase of the mass difference (ΔA) between products and target, and show E 0-independence at E 0≥600 MeV, reflecting the limiting behavior above (3, 3) resonance region. The mean kinetic energies, T, deduced from the mean ranges show the following two components; (1) (γ, xn) products by giant-resonance and/or quasi-deuteron resonance absorption, (2) (γ, xnyp) products by mainly (3, 3) resonance absorption. Slightly rapid increase of T was found around ΔA=15, 18, 24, and 25 for natCu, natAg, natTa and 197Au, respectively, reflecting a change in mechanism. Kinematic properties of the product nuclei were calculated by using the PICA (Photon-Induced Intranuclear Cascade Analysis) code. The T calculated by the PICA code at E 0=400 MeV well reproduced the experimental results of natCu, but the same calculation for natAg, natTa, and 197Au gave lower mean kinetic energies than the experimental results.

The recoil properties of 26 radionuclides produced in the photonuclear reactions on Cu at bremsstrahlung end-point energies (E0) of 250 to 1000 MeV have been investigated using the thick-target thick-catcher method. Kinematic properties of the product nuclei were calculated by the two-step vector velocity model. The calculated mean kinetic energies,T, of product nuclei increase with increase of the mass difference between products and target, reflecting the resonance natures and absorption mechanisms. TheT atE0≥600 MeV were well reproduced by a calculation performed by PICA code byGabriel andAlsmiller atE0=400 MeV, except for (γ,xn) products by giant-resonance.

In Japan, a new digital satellite broadcasting service is scheduled to start in the year 2000. The technical standard for the transmission system was established in 1998. The system provides an information bit rate of 52 Mbps, which is sufficient for broadcasting true HDTV programs. It can handle multiple MPEG2 transport streams. The system supports multiple modulation schemes such as trellis coded 8PSK(TC8PSK), QPSK and BPSK. These modulation schemes can be selected and/or used simultaneously. Accordingly, broadcasters sharing one satellite channel can select modulation schemes suitable for their own services independently from each other. The configuration and characteristics of the system are described.

The influence of protein adsorption on membrane-membrane interactions was studied regarding the kinetic stability of phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome dispersions. The rates of flocculation were measured by the decrease in the transmitted light intensities in time. To elucidate the experimental data, we proposed an analytical method relating light transmittance to the average size of liposome flocs. The obtained relaxation time and maximum light absorbance were connected to the kinetic constant and the flocculation activation energy. These model parameters were calculated for the flocculation processes of PC liposomes in the presence of lysozyme, cytochrome c, and bovine serum albumin as a function (i) of the protein concentration and (ii) of the ionic strength. In addition to the generally accepted concept that the stability of PC liposomes is due to the action of hydration repulsive force, here we found that in the presence of soluble proteins the steric factors and electrostatics play essential roles for the colloidal stability of egg PC liposome dispersions.

(1997). Fm-Strongly integrable derivations. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 4039-4046.

This study describes the histologic findings of injured arteries after electrical burns. These findings are shown to correlate with the clinical findings of soft tissue necrosis and delayed bleeding. Eight patients with severe electrical injuries who underwent amputations of extremities were studied. Thickening of the tunica intima and degeneration of the tunica media, associated with small artery occlusion, were evident in the arteries at the transition zone between severely injured and grossly normal areas.

A new transmission technique which can achieve suitable quality and reliability for satellite ISDB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting) is introduced. The transmission system for satellite ISDB must have high spectrum efficiency, continuous service availability and also superior flexibility in its transmission scheme. This paper first studies appropriate transmission schemes, taking account of the 12 GHz band DBS (direct broadcasting satellite) system. Then, employing a hierarchical transmission technique and a newly proposed TMCC (transmission and multiplexing configuration control) signal, it describes the requirements for satellite ISDB. The hierarchical transmission extends the service availability under heavy rainfall conditions. The TMCC signal can change the transmission configuration depending on the program content and the weather conditions. In addition, a generalized method for the design of transmission configurations for satellite ISDB is presented.

Fusion regulatory proteins (FRPs) are newly defined cell surface molecules that enhance and/or induce virus-mediated cell fusion. Anti-FRP-1 Abs reacted with all of the established cells derived from humans and monkeys, whereas FRPs were found to be selectively expressed on a fraction of monocytes in human PBMCs. Granulocytes expressed no FRP-1 molecules, but approximately 18% of granulocytes expressed FRP-2 molecules. Alveolar macrophages also expressed FRP-1 molecules. FRP-1 expression was enhanced by culture of monocytes, but CD14 expression was not influenced by cultivation. Anti-FRP-1 Abs induced homotypic cell aggregation and multinucleated giant cell formation of monocytes. Anti-beta 2 integrin Ab blocked anti-FRP-1 Ab-induced cell aggregation, and anti-beta 1 integrin Ab and fibronectin inhibited anti-FRP-1 Ab-induced polykaryocyte formation. There was no competitive binding to monocytes between anti-FRP-1 Ab and anti-beta 1 or anti-beta 2 integrin Ab or fibronectin. Furthermore, there was no enhancement of beta 1 and beta 2 integrin expression by anti-FRP-1 Ab on monocytes. These findings suggest that anti-FRP-1 Ab activated integrin systems, and that the functions of anti-FRP-1 Ab were demonstrated through the activated integrin systems. Furthermore, it is inferred that integrin systems are involved in polykaryocyte formation of monocytes.

The effect of changes in the electric field on the structure of protein layers adsorbed at the Pt electrode/solution interface has been investigated by means of admittance measurements. The measurements have been performed over a wide range of d.c. potentials, at different frequencies and amplitudes of the a.c. electric field, and at various pH values. The proteins used, cytochrome C and serum albumin, differ considerably with respect to their molecular masses, points of zero charge and structure stabilities. In contrast to serum albumin, cytochrome C has a relatively strong electric dipole moment. Nevertheless, the results for the two proteins are very similar. Both proteins stay adsorbed at the interface over the d.c. potential range studied and at every pH, irrespective of any electrostatic repulsion. Apparently, for both proteins factors other than electrostatic interactions are dominant in their final binding to the Pt/solution interface. In line with this, no indications were obtained that the orientation of adsorbed cytochrome C molecules is modulated by low-frequency (200–1000 Hz) reversal of the electric field of the interface. A strong a.c. field leads to irreversible structural changes in the adsorption layer for both proteins.

A simple method has been devised for the experimental determination of mode conversion coefficients in multimode fibers and involves only the observation of the far-field output as the angle of incidence of a collimated input beam is changed. The normalized mode coupling coefficient in a liquid-core fiber is D = 3 x 10(-6) rad(2) m(-1) and increases by as much as a factor of 10 when transverse pressure is applied. Values some 2 orders of magnitude larger are found in glass-core fibers. There is good agreement between the theory presented and experiment.

A three‐dimensional calculation of Cherenkov‐type frequency doubling in an optical channel waveguide is implemented by slicing the lateral profile of the interacting fields into a number of small segments. In each segment, lateral field variations of the harmonic signal are neglected. This method is more simple and requires less computational effort in comparison with a direct three‐dimensional beam simulation. With the unidirectional‐radiation model one can predict an optimum configuration and the conversion efficiency of miniaturized frequency doublers that utilize guided–to–radiation‐mode interactions in nonlinear channel waveguides. Typical results are shown for blue‐light generation through frequency doubling in a proton‐exchanged MgO‐doped lithium niobate channel waveguide. Analyses of green‐light generation in organic channel waveguides are reported as well.

For polychromatic light having a broad spectrum width, the effective Faraday rotation angle ≪? F ≫ is defined operationally as ≪? F ≫ = ??? F S?P?d?/?s?p?d?. Here ??, S? and P? are the Faraday rotation angle, photodetector sensitivity, and light intensity, respectively, at wavelength ?. Integration is performed over the spectral width of the polychromatic light. From classical electromagnetic wave theory we derived the above equation, to which we gave a consistent quantum description of the photon image. Experiments on an FR-5 glass sample using a halogen lamp as a polychromatics light source supported our calculations.

The ability of a wide variety of pharmacological and physiological stimuli to increase neuronal expression of Fos has led to the suggestion that it might serve as a marker of neuronal activation. Psychomotor stimulants increase the release of dopamine from the terminals of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons and enhance Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Because sexual behavior also increases dopamine release in these and other forebrain regions, the present study examined the effect of copulation on Fos immunoreactivity in the forebrain of intact, sexually active male rats. Sexual behavior produced a striking increase in Fos immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), NAc, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and piriform cortex. However, no increase in Fos immunoreactivity was observed in the striatum. These resuls are consistent with neurochemical, physiological, and behavioral data suggesting that the MPOA and NAc are important substrates of sexual behavior.

A useful wave‐optics solution is derived for the Cerenkov mode calculation of optical third‐harmonic signals that are generated in a multilayer planar optical waveguide. With this modal solution, the ultimate performance of the planar‐configuration frequency tripler, being phase matched in the form of coherent Cerenkov radiation, is predictable. Numerical results are shown for the third‐harmonic ultraviolet light generation in a planar glass waveguide loaded by a polydiacetylene Langmuir–Blodgett deposited thin film. Furthermore, the possibility of pronounced activation of the third‐harmonic radiation from a glass waveguide pumped by an intense laser beam is suggested through field calculations based on a laser‐induced damage model. In addition, loss analysis that includes both one‐ and two‐photon absorptions is made by means of a phenomenological propagation model using coupled rate equations.

The basic postulate of the quench simulation code, developed to analyze normal-zone propagation in adiabatic magnets, is that the code's computation may be greatly simplified without sacrifice in accuracy by aggregating all thermal properties of the winding affecting normal-zone propagation into a single parameter of the transverse quench velocity. In order to verify this postulate, a finite-element method (FEM) analysis was applied to solve the temporal and spatial evolution of temperature within a section of an adiabatic magnet winding. Agreement between the FEM results and those of the simulation code is excellent. The FEM is also an important tool for refining the code and developing a more accurate scaling law for the code. A test case is presented in which the refined code is used to analyze an adiabatic magnetic previously studied experimentally.

Protein antigens eliciting delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) were analyzed and purified from the supernatants of protein-free cultures in which Salmonella typhimurium TV148 organisms had grown. DTH activity was measured by the footpad swelling test in mice immunized with living organisms of S. typhimurium TV148 or Escherichia coli K-12. DTH activity in the culture supernatant was specific to TV148-immunized mice. This activity was destroyed by pronase. DTH activity was unable to pass through an ultrafilter with an exclusion limit of 10 kD. After condensation of the supernatant and following centrifugation (100,000 g for 1 h), the DTH activities of the sediment and the supernatant were examined, and both showed DTH activity. Further analyses of DTH antigens in the supernatant by HPLC gel filtration separated the activity into three portions. The most active portion was further fractionated by hydroxyapatite HPLC, revealing the presence of two DTH antigens, with molecular weights of 65 and < 10 kD. These results indicate that the culture supernatant of S. typhimurium TV148 organisms contains a variety of macromolecular protein DTH-eliciting antigens, and one of the antigens is 65 kD, which is dissociated partly by organic solvents into a low molecular weight (< 10 kD) antigen.

Equations based on the discrete Fourier transformation developed for the analysis of a microwave power amplifier consisting of unit amplifiers and a power combiner/divider with circular cavities are presented. Equations of the mode voltages and currents of a power amplifier with some failed unit amplifiers are provided. The equations are obtained by taking into account the spurious-mode excitation to the cavity from the unit amplifiers, and are developed by using an analogous expansion by the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT). Equivalent circuits of the power amplifier for the various mode excitations are discussed, and load admittances for the spurious-mode excitations are applied to the equations for calculating the gain of the amplifier. The load admittance is analytically obtained using variational methods for a combiner with coaxial input/output ports. Numerical results for the power amplifier gain when there is a failed unit amplifier are shown. The effects of gain of the capability of suppressing spurious-mode waves using slits in the combiner are clarified. >

A method for assaying Acetylcholine (ACh) and Chloine (Ch) simultaneously in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) combined with an immobilized enzyme reactor is described for the first time in this paper. Human plasma samples were obtained from 12 volunteers free of neurological and psychological disease. The volunteers were from 22 to 41 years old (mean 30.1 years), eight being males. Extraction of ACh and Ch from plasma was performed according to the liquid cation-exchange method. Concentrations of ACh ranged from 57.0 to 179.6 pmol/ml (mean and S.D. of 121.6 and 40.9 pmol/ml respectively). The present method, LCEC combined with an immobilized enzyme reactor is raped, simple and sensitive compared with the biological methods, GC-MS and RIA for analyzing ACh and Ch in plasma.

The ability of recombinant murine (rMu) interferon (IFN) -γ to activate anti- Salmonella -activity in normal mice and beige mutant ( bg / bg ) mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) was examined. Previous intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of rMuIFN-γ (10 4 U per mouse) significantly hindered the bacterial growth in the peritoneal cavities, spleens and livers of the mice after the i.p. infection with Salmonella enteritidis No. 11 strain. It was also effective on the beige mice that have phagocytic cells with a genetically impaired bactericidal function, suggesting that IFN-γ activates the pathway irrelevant to the beige mutation. The effect was the maximum, when IFN-γ was given 6 h before the challenge. The effect seemed to be due to the augmentation of bactericidal capacity rather than the prevention of systemic spread of bacteria. Recombinant human IFN-αA/D (10 2 –10 6 U per mouse), which produced effects identical to those of murine IFN-β, did not show such a bactericidal effect. Bactericidal activity enhancement was also seen in mice that had been injected with a small amount of rMuIFN-γ (10 2 U) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 ng) together at 6 h before the challenge, although the IFN-γ or LPS alone at these doses produced very little if any effect. Bactericidal effect enhancement was seen in mice that had been injected with IFN-γ at 6 h and LPS at 3 h before the challenge, while it could be hardly seen in mice injected with them in a reversed order. The simultaneous injections of rMuIFN-γ and LPS at 6 h in advance could confer a good protection against the infection with the S. tryphimurium LT2 strain.

This paper presents the fabrication method of the functional 3-D micromesh structures coated with TiO2 particles and biocatalyst for high efficient microreactors. The micromesh structures are useful as a micro reaction space because of their large surface area. The TiO2-fixed SU-8 micromesh structures were formed by coating the SU-8/TiO2 mixture on the surface of the SU-8 micromeshes. The biocatalyst-immobilized micromeshes were also formed by coating the biocatalyst/polymer mixture using UV irradiation through the concentric circle patterns.

This study investigated the sagittal condylar path during protrusive and lateral excursions by analysing the actually measured jaw movement data and re-evaluated the setting of the sagittal condylar path inclination in consideration of Fischer's angle. Protrusive and lateral excursions of 10 healthy subjects were measured using a three-dimensional mandibular movement analysing system. Condylar path inclinations at the hinge-axis point and the corresponding external point laterally extending from the condyle were evaluated in the sagittal plane. Fischer's angle was defined as the difference between the sagittal condylar inclinations during protrusive and lateral excursions on the non-working side, by keeping the corresponding horizontal distance from the intercuspal position (ICP) equivalent at the incisal point. Analysis was performed at three different magnitudes of excursions, where the incisal point was located at 1, 3 and 5 mm away from the ICP. There was no significant difference in the sagittal condylar path inclination or the Fischer's angle between two condylar reference points. However, they were significantly different across the three different magnitudes of excursions for both condylar reference points, i.e. sagittal condylar path inclination (P = 0.003 for protrusive excursion, and P < 0.001 for lateral excursion respectively; two-way repeated-measures anova), and Fischer's angle (P = 0.013, two-way repeated-measures anova) became smaller as the incisal point became distant from the ICP. Moreover, 3- and 5-mm eccentric positions were included in the 95% CI where Fischer's angle equals zero and were considered to be clinically acceptable to adjust the sagittal condylar inclination on the semiadjustable articulators.

A UPFC-based voltage compensator investigated in this paper is capable of a fast compensation of voltage variations in power supply lines. A power factor correcting function is newly incorporated in this voltage compensator. Dynamic performance analysis of this compensator is carried out by simulation. It is shown that cooperative operation of this compensator and an existing voltage compensator is performed effectively, and that the compensator can compensate both the line voltage variation and reactive power simultaneously. Experimental results are included to validate the simulation analysis.