Search

As technology advances, AI, like ChatGPT, has become a pivotal tool in improving educational practices, particularly in special education (SE). These tools support the fourth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), which concerns quality education for all, and the tenth SDG addresses reducing disparities. The purpose of this study is to explore the ChatGPT's role in achieving Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) standards among preservice special education teachers (SET) and the challenges they confront while using this tool. The study employed a descriptive quantitative approach with purposive sampling. The data were collected through an online questionnaire, and the study sample comprised 166 preservice SETs. The data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics of means and standard deviations to understand the participants' perceptions comprehensively. The results indicated that the preservice SET assessed ChatGPT as a valuable tool that assisted them in meeting the CEC standards (M=3.39). The highest benefit was observed in achieving CEC Standard 2 (M= 3.87), highlighting meeting individual learning and developmental needs. Additionally, they face moderate challenges (M=2.7), primarily regarding concerns about the validity of generated data and a tendency to over-rely on the tool. These insights posit the vitality of integrating ChatGPT with SE programs while guiding students on its effective use.

Abstract Calcium titanate nanoparticles (CaTiO3NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and excellent biocompatibility, which have led to their increased use in various fields and consumer products. This rise in application necessitates a better understanding of their biological and toxicological effects. However, there is limited data on the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CaTiO3NPs in human normal skin fibroblasts (HSF) and non-small lung cancer (A-549) cells. Consequently, this study aimed to explore the effect of 48-hour exposure to CaTiO3NPs on cell viability, genomic DNA integrity, and oxidative stress induction in human cancer A-549 cells, compared to normal HSF cells. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CaTiO3NPs were assessed using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) cytotoxicity and Alkaline Comet assays, respectively. To estimate possible oxidative stress induction and variation in apoptotic gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were also performed. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to CaTiO3NPs for 48 h resulted in low toxicity toward both normal HSF and cancer A-549 cells, with cell death observed only at high concentrations (100 and 1000 µg/ml). The IC50 value of CaTiO3NPs in both HSF and A-549 cells was greater than 1000 µg/ml; specifically, the IC50 value in A-549 cells at 48 h was 1670.65 µg /ml. However, treatment with CaTiO3NPs for 48 h at the IC50 concentration of 1670.65 µg /ml resulted in significant genomic DNA damage and excessive ROS generation, along with a notable disturbance in the expression level of apoptotic (p53 and Bax) and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 genes in A-549 cells. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in HSF cells treated for 48 h with the same concentration (1670.65 µg /ml) of CaTiO3NPs. Collectively, these findings indicated that despite short-term exposure to CaTiO3NPs causing low cytotoxicity in both normal HSF and A-549 cells. CaTiO3NPs were selectively genotoxic toward A-549 cells. This genotoxicity was mediated through excessive ROS generation, which disrupted genomic DNA integrity and altered the expression of apoptotic genes, triggering apoptosis in A-549 cells. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to fully understand the toxicological and biological properties of CaTiO3NPs.

Abstract Introduction The application of biomimetic and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers displays considerable promise in improving the management of bacterial sepsis and overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the study aimed to synthesize a novel hyaluronic acid-lysine conjugate (HA-Lys) and to utilize the attributes of the synthesized HA-Lys with Tocopherol succinate (TS) and Oleylamine (OLA) in the formulation of multifunctional biomimetic pH-responsive HNLCs loaded with vancomycin (VCM-HNLCs), to combat bacterial sepsis. Methods A novel hyaluronic acid-lysine conjugate (HA-Lys) was synthesized and characterized using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Vancomycin-loaded hybrid nanosystems (VCM-HNLCs) were prepared through hot homogenization ultrasonication and evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE%). In vitro biocompatibility was assessed via MTT assay and red blood cell hemolysis test. The binding affinity to TLR2 and TLR4 was measured using microscale thermophoresis (MST). Drug release was evaluated using the dialysis bag method. Antimicrobial activity against MRSA and efflux pump inhibition were also determined. Efficacy was demonstrated in an MRSA-induced sepsis mice model. Results The VCM-HNLCs, produced via hot homogenization ultrasonication, exhibited particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 110.77 ± 1.692 nm, 0.113 ± 0.022, − 2.92 ± 0.210 mV, and 76.27 ± 1.200%, respectively. In vitro, biocompatibility was proven by hemolysis and cytotoxicity studies. The VCM-HNLCs demonstrated targetability to human Toll-like receptors (TLR 2 and 4) as validated by microscale thermophoresis (MST). VCM-HNLCs showed a twofold reduction in MIC values at physiological pH compared to the bare VCM against S. aureus and MRSA for 48 h. While at pH 6.0, MIC values were reduced by fourfold in the first 24 h and by eightfold in the subsequent 48 and 72 h against tested strains. Furthermore, VCM-HNLCs showed inhibitory effects against MRSA efflux pumps, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hyperinflammation. In an MRSA-induced sepsis mice model, VCM-HNLCs demonstrated superior efficacy compared to free VCM, significantly eliminated bacteria and improved survival rates. Conclusions Overall, these results highlight the potential of VCM-HNLCs as novel multifunctional nanocarriers to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and enhance sepsis outcomes. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles (Ca(OH)2NPs) possess potent antimicrobial activities and unique physical and chemical properties, making them valuable across various fields. However, limited information exists regarding their effects on genomic DNA integrity and their potential to induce apoptosis in normal and cancerous human cell lines. This study thus aimed to evaluate the impact of Ca(OH)2NPs on cell viability, genomic DNA integrity, and oxidative stress induction in human normal skin fibroblasts (HSF) and cancerous hepatic (HepG2) cells. Cell viability and genomic DNA stability were assessed using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and alkaline comet assay, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, while the expression level of apoptosis-related genes (p53, Bax, and Bcl-2) were quantified using real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The SRB cytotoxicity assay revealed that a 48-hour exposure to Ca(OH)2NPs caused concentration-dependent cell death and proliferation inhibition in both HSF and HepG2 cells, with IC50 values of 271.93 µg/mL for HSF and 291.8 µg/mL for HepG2 cells. Treatment with the IC50 concentration of Ca(OH)2NPs selectively induced significant DNA damage, excessive ROS generation, and marked dysregulation of apoptotic (p53 and Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) gene expression in HepG2 cells, triggering apoptosis. In contrast, exposure of HSF cells to the IC50 concentration of Ca(OH)2NPs caused no significant changes in genomic DNA integrity, ROS generation, or apoptotic gene expression. These findings indicate that Ca(OH)2NPs exhibit concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in both normal HSF and cancerous HepG2 cells. However, exposure to the IC50 concentration was non-genotoxic to normal HSF cells while selectively inducing genotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 cancer cells through DNA breaks and ROS-mediated mechanisms. Further studies are required to explore the biological and toxicological properties and therapeutic potential of Ca(OH)2NPs in hepatic cancer treatment.

Abstract Avian coccidiosis is one of the many disorders that seriously harm birds’ digestive systems. Nowadays the light is shed on using Phytochemical/herbal medicines as alternative natural anti-coccidial chemical-free standards. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the impact of lawsonia inermis powder (LIP), and Acacia nilotica aqueous extract (ANAE), on growth performance, serum biochemical, antioxidant status, cytokine biomarkers, total oocyst count and intestinal histopathology of broiler chickens challenged with coccidiosis. Two hundred and forty-one-day-old Ross chicks were randomly distributed into 8 groups, four were challenged with coccidia, while the other four were unchallenged. Each group consisted of 3 replicates of 10 chicks each. The birds were challenged with Eimeria species orally on day 14 of age. Group 1B was unchallenged, and Group 2 A was challenged with coccidiosis and both were fed the basic diet without additives. Groups 3 A, 4 A, and 5 A were challenged and fed on the basic diet supplemented with LIP (40 g/kg of diet), ANAE (5 g/kg of diet), and LIP + ANAE combination, respectively. Groups 3B, 4B, and 5B were unchallenged and fed on the basic diet supplemented with LIP (40 g/kg of diet) and ANAE (5 g/kg of diet) and LIP + ANAE combination, respectively. The best results of growth performance parameters were recorded in G5B, and G5A followed by the group fed on ANAE and then the group fed on LIP compared with the control. All challenged broilers had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), urea, creatinine, glucose, MDA, IL-4 &TNF-α levels compared to all unchallenged broilers. Challenged broilers had lower serum cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin, SOD, GPX & IL-10 levels compared to non-challenged broilers. Histopathological examination of the small intestine and cecum of challenged treated groups with LIP + ANAE showed good mucosal integrity, few leukocytes infiltration, and low total oocyst count in broilers manure, followed by ANAE then LIP groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of lawsonia inermis powder and Acacia nilotica aqueous extract either alone or in combination had positive effects on broiler performance, blood metabolites, antioxidant status, cellular response, and intestinal morphology during the exposure to Eimeria spp. as a potential natural anti-coccidial.

The equation of Kepler is used to solve different problems associated with celestial mechanics and the dynamics of the orbit. It is an exact explanation for the movement of any two bodies in space under the effect of gravity. This equation represents the body in space in terms of polar coordinates; thus, it can also specify the time required for the body to complete its period along the orbit around another body. This paper is an article review for previous published papers that related to solve Kepler’s equation and finding a value for eccentric anomaly, it aims to collect and assess changed iterative initial values for eccentric anomaly for forty previous years. Those initial values are tested in order to select the finest one based on the number of iterations as well as the run time for each starting initial value that is required for completing the solution. The method of Newton-Raphson is employed to acquire a final value for an eccentric anomaly; this method considers a typical method for a solution with less divergence as compared with an ideal solution, and the best initial value is chosen. The applicable selection of the initial value of the eccentric anomaly will decrease the calculation time and confirm the convergence of the curves of the eccentric anomaly with ideal curves.

Objective: This study investigated the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to provide accurate and consistent answers by focusing on their performance in complex gynecologic cancer cases. Background: LLMs are advancing rapidly and require a thorough evaluation to ensure that they can be safely and effectively used in clinical decision-making. Such evaluations are essential for confirming LLM reliability and accuracy in supporting medical professionals in casework. Study design: We assessed three prominent LLMs—ChatGPT-4 (CG-4), Gemini Advanced (GemAdv), and Copilot—evaluating their accuracy, consistency, and overall performance. Fifteen clinical vignettes of varying difficulty and five open-ended questions based on real patient cases were used. The responses were coded, randomized, and evaluated blindly by six expert gynecologic oncologists using a 5-point Likert scale for relevance, clarity, depth, focus, and coherence. Results: GemAdv demonstrated superior accuracy (81.87 %) compared to both CG-4 (61.60 %) and Copilot (70.67 %) across all difficulty levels. GemAdv consistently provided correct answers more frequently (>60 % every day during the testing period). Although CG-4 showed a slight advantage in adhering to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines, GemAdv excelled in the depth and focus of the answers provided, which are crucial aspects of clinical decision-making. Conclusion: LLMs, especially GemAdv, show potential in supporting clinical practice by providing accurate, consistent, and relevant information for gynecologic cancer. However, further refinement is needed for more complex scenarios. This study highlights the promise of LLMs in gynecologic oncology, emphasizing the need for ongoing development and rigorous evaluation to maximize their clinical utility and reliability.

Abstract A set of innovative N-amino-5-cyano-6-pyridones derivatives was developed and produced using one-pot three-component procedures. The evaluated molecules were examined for their antimicrobial efficacy. Based on the acquired findings, most of the investigated compounds had promising antimicrobial properties. Out of these derivatives of 3-cyanopyridine, compounds 3d and 3e exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 3.91 µg/mL against E.coli. In vitro evaluation of DNA gyrase A displayed that molecule 3d exhibited promising potency as an inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 1.68 µg/mL compared to ciprofloxacin (IC50 = 0.45 µg/mL). Furthermore, it was observed that molecule 3e exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect, as indicated by its IC50 value of 3.77 µg/mL. A kinetics study conducted to assess the time required to kill E. coli bacteria demonstrated that gentamycin and compounds 3d and 3e exhibited bactericidal effects within a time frame of 90–120 min. Based on the ADME predictions, compounds 3d and 3e are expected to have favorable oral bioavailability and are unlikely to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Computational mutagenicity and tumorigenicity studies were conducted on compounds 3d and 3e. The molecular docking investigation has conclusively demonstrated the binding of compounds 3d and 3e to the target DNA gyrase A enzyme, further reinforcing the existing data.

Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are prevalent in hospitals and often lead to significant health complications. This study aimed to explore the chemical composition of the aerial part of Crotalaria madurensis and evaluate its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The impact of gamma irradiation on the antibacterial properties of the plant extract and metabolite 1 against MRSA was also examined. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted on the filtrates of untreated MRSA and MRSA treated with the plant extract and metabolite 1. Four flavonol glycosides were identified as gossypetin 8-methoxy, 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (metabolite 1), gossypetin 8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (metabolite 2), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucpyranoside (Astragalin, metabolite 3), and herbacetin 7-methoxy-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (metabolite 4). All metabolites exhibited significant antioxidant properties using different assays. The antibacterial efficacy of the extract and metabolite 1, which showed substantial antioxidant properties compared to the other isolated metabolites, was evaluated. Both the plant extract and metabolite 1 significantly reduced the viability and cell count of MRSA at concentrations of 1.0 and 0.5 mg/ml. The antibacterial activity of the plant extract and metabolite 1 was assessed after gamma irradiation at 50 and 100 Gy, which did not significantly affect the antibacterial efficiency. FTIR analysis indicated that the plant extract and metabolite 1 significantly altered the band frequency values, bandwidth, and peak intensity % of the treated MRSA filtrate. Molecular docking studies suggested that metabolite 1 exhibited the highest antioxidant and anti-MRSA activity, with strong binding scores like the ligand, indicating an effective interaction and high affinity between metabolite 1 and the target molecule.

ABSTRACT Copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to various disorders including intellectual disability, developmental disorders, and cancer. This study identifies a de novo 2.62 Mb deletion at 6q22.1_q22.31, implicating the NUS1 gene in epilepsy, spinal abnormalities, and intellectual disability, thereby expanding its known phenotypic associations.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent critical global health challenges due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with co-infections. HIV, the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), infects 4,000 people daily, potentially leading to 1.2 million new cases by 2025, while HCV chronically affects 58 million people, causing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Indole-based compounds play a crucial role in antiviral drug development due to their “privileged scaffold” structure. This study investigates the antiviral potential of natural indoles, gardflorine A–C, derived from Gardneria multiflora Makino, a plant traditionally used to treat various ailments. We employed molecular docking, ADMET analysis, and computational techniques [frontier molecular orbital (FMO), natural bond orbital (NBO), and density functional theory (DFT)] to evaluate these compounds” potential as multi-target antiviral agents against HIV and HCV proteins.

Abstract The newly recorded Phyllymenia gibesii in the Mediterranean Sea at Alexandria coast of Egypt is regarded as a significant source of bioactive substances and is applied as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agent. According to the HPLC chromatograms, the acetone extract of P. gibesii comprised ten photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-d, α-carotene, β-carotene, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, antheraxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and violaxanthin). Total carotenoids were the dominant class in the pigments’ profile, achieving a concentration of 257 g/g dry weight. The P. gibbesii extract had a total content of phenols (146.67 mg/g) and a total content of flavonoids (104.40 mg/g). The capacity of all the investigated biological activities augmented with the concentration of the algal extract. The maximal DPPH scavenging capacity was 81.44%, with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.88 μg/mL. Additionally, the highest ABTS scavenging capacity was 89.62%, recording an IC50 of 21.77 μg/mL. The hemolytic activity of P. gibbesii attained a maximum capacity of 49.88% with an IC50 of 100.25 μg/mL. Data also showed the maximum anti-inflammatory effectiveness at 81.25%, with an IC50 of 99.75 μg/mL. Furthermore, the extract exhibited antimicrobial capacity against all reference strains, particularly at high concentrations (0.1 mg/mL), with the greatest effect on C. albicans and E. coli.

Abstract Background Video gaming is a popular leisure activity among adolescents. Those who play excessively are in danger of educational and social drawbacks and may become addicted to video gaming. Several published studies determined the prevalence of GD among children in specific Saudi regions. However, the current study assessed the national prevalence of video gaming disorder (GD) and its risk factors among school students in Saudi Arabia. Methods A school-based survey was conducted among adolescents in all regions of Saudi Arabia during the academic year 2021–2022. A multistage stratified cluster sampling technique was used to select the school students. An Arabic-validated version of the 9-item dichotomous (yes/no) GD Scale based on the DSM-5 criteria was used to determine GD prevalence among the students. The score ranged from zero to nine (0–9). Participants who scored five or more were deemed as having GD. Students who scored less than five were classified as normal gamers (score 0–1) or risky gamers (score 2–4). Results We recruited 5332 school students. Their mean age was 15.5 ± 1.7 years, and almost half of them were males (50.7%). According to the GD score, the prevalence of normal gamers was 39.08% (N = 1714), risky gamers 40.47% (N = 1775), and those with GD was, 20.45% (N = 897). Logistic regression was performed to determine the association between video gaming disorder and all the gathered variables, which include age, educational grade, sex, types of video gaming, and categories of video games played. The results showed that nationality, age, educational grade, sex, using only mobile devices to play, and playing puzzle and sports games were not associated with video gaming disorder. On the other hand, it was revealed that using tablets, game consoles, PCs; having multiple devices; and playing online, fighting, car racing, war, and adventure games were significantly linked to GD. Conclusion The prevalence of GD was 20.45% among Saudi school students who play video games. Utilizing more than one type of gaming device and playing games in the fighting, war, and multiplayer categories via an online connection were significantly linked to having GD. To limit video gaming addiction, we encourage screening, diagnosing, and treating disordered video gamers early. In addition, governmental authorities and video game companies should discuss and revise numerous policy measures to minimize the accessibility of video games, limit the harms and risks related to them, and assist video gamers in becoming effective members of society.

This paper presents experimental investigations on buried Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) pipes with a diameter of 1400 mm. The tested pipes were buried in dense, gravelly sand and subjected to traffic loads to study the effects of backfill cover on pipe deflection. The experimental program included tests on three GRP pipes with backfill covers of 100 cm, 75 cm, and 50 cm. The maximum traffic loads applied to the pipe–soil system corresponded to Iraqi Truck Type 3 (AASHTO H type). Vertical deflections of the pipes were monitored during the application of these loads. The experimental results showed that, as the backfill cover increased, the maximum vertical deflection of the pipe decreased. Deflection reductions were 38.0% and 33.3% when the backfill increased from 50 cm to 100 cm and from 50 cm to 75 cm, respectively. A 500 mm compacted backfill cover was found to be sufficient to resist traffic loads, with the vertical deflection percentage remaining below the allowable limit. Additionally, the behavior of the GRP pipes under different traffic load configurations was analyzed using finite element (FE) analysis with Plaxis 3D. The model was validated using field data. The study investigated numerous variables impacting the behavior of embedded pipes, including pipe material, pipe thickness, backfill properties, backfill depth, and the properties of the soil beneath the GRP pipe. The deflections of the steel pipe were lower than those of the GRP pipe when using different thicknesses.

Abstract In this work, a novel series of N-phenylacetamide-1,2,3-triazole-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives 5a–n were designed by consideration of the potent α-glucosidase inhibitors containing indole and carboxamide-1,2,3-triazole-N-phenylacetamide moieties. These compounds were synthesized by click reaction and evaluated against yeast α-glucosidase. All the newly title compounds demonstrated superior potency when compared with acarbose as a standard inhibitor. Particularly, compound 5k possessed the best inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with around a 28-fold improvement in the inhibition effect in comparison standard inhibitor. This compound showed a competitive type of inhibition in the kinetics. The molecular docking and dynamics demonstrated that compound 5k with a favorable binding energy well occupied the active site of α-glucosidase.

Escherichia coli is a major cause of serious infections, with antibiotic resistance rendering many treatments ineffective. Hence, novel strategies to combat this pathogen are needed. Anti-virulence therapy is a promising new approach for the subsequent era. Recent research has examined the impact of sub-inhibitory doses of ascorbic acid and paracetamol on Escherichia coli virulence factors. This study evaluated biofilm formation, protease production, motility behavior, serum resistance, expression of virulence-regulating genes (using RT-PCR), and survival rates in a mouse model. Ascorbic acid significantly reduced biofilm formation, protease production, motility, and serum resistance from 100% in untreated isolates to 22–89%, 10–89%, 2–57%, and 31–35% in treated isolates, respectively. Paracetamol also reduced these factors from 100% in untreated isolates to 16–76%, 1–43%, 16–38%, and 31–35%, respectively. Both drugs significantly down-regulated virulence-regulating genes papC, fimH, ompT_m, stcE, fliC, and kpsMTII. Mice treated with these drugs had a 100% survival rate compared with 60% in the positive control group control inoculated with untreated bacteria. This study highlights the potential of ascorbic acid and paracetamol as anti-virulence agents, suggesting their use as adjunct therapies alongside conventional antimicrobials or as alternative treatments for resistant Escherichia coli infections.

Abstract This study explores disparities and opportunities in healthcare information provided by AI chatbots. We focused on recommendations for adjuvant therapy in endometrial cancer, analyzing responses across four regions (Indonesia, Nigeria, Taiwan, USA) and three platforms (Bard, Bing, ChatGPT-3.5). Utilizing previously published cases, we asked identical questions to chatbots from each location within a 24-h window. Responses were evaluated in a double-blinded manner on relevance, clarity, depth, focus, and coherence by ten experts in endometrial cancer. Our analysis revealed significant variations across different countries/regions (p

Abstract Reduced Reinforced Concrete Material Waste (RRCMW) in building projects is regarded as a critical issue that must be managed. The main purpose of the research is to illustrate the importance of BIM in construction. Also, it is found that the main objectives of this paper are to study the improvement of practicing BIM in Egypt and, practicing of BIM in construction industry in Egypt is also measured. Two questionnaires survey are conducted. The first questionnaire is to measure the improvement of using BIM during the last 7 years and it is discovered that there is a massive improvement in using BIM in this period. The second questionnaire is to determine the adopting value of BIM in Egyptian projects in order to meet the study objective. So, based on the questionnaire analysis, it is discovered that about 94% of consultants actually practicing BIM in 3D while about 72% of contractors agree with practicing BIM in 3D. Also it is found that about 86% and 78% of consultants actually practicing BIM in 4D and 5D while only about 43% and 40% of contractors agree with practicing BIM 4D and 5D model respectively. Only about 61% and 58% considered that BIM is important in 6D and 7D respectively because it isn’t widely used in Egypt and engineers use BIM up to 5D. As a result, the findings reveal that the number of consultant’s site engineer’s respondents are more than contractors because the usage of BIM is effective in the field of design and consultancy more than using in site and while BIM isn't extensively utilized in Egypt, engineers should be familiar with it because it will be a useful tool in the future. So, the main purpose of this study is to illustrate practicing of BIM in the Egyptian construction projects and study the improvement of using BIM during the last 7 years in Egypt because BIM is considered as an important technology used to reduce waste in construction projects from design stage to construction and operation stage but still not used in Egypt in a wide range till now, so it is very crucial to study this issue. Also, another main objective of this study is to compare the development done in using BIM during the last 8 years to make sure that using BIM in Egypt is going on and developed.

Abstract Biodegradable plastics are those subjected easily to a degradation process, in which they can be decomposed after disposal in the environment through microbial activity. 30 bioplastic film formulations based only on chitosan film were used in the current investigation as a positive control together with chitosan film recovered from chitin-waste of locally obtained Aristeus antennatus. Additionally, castor oil was used as a plasticizer. While the yield of chitosan was 18% with 7.65% moisture content and 32.27% ash in the shells, the isolated chitin had a degree of deacetylation (DD) of 86%. The synthesized bioplastic films were characterized via numerous criteria. Firstly, the swelling capacity of these biofilms recorded relatively high percentages compared to polypropylene as synthetic plastic. Noticeably, the FTIR profiles, besides DSC, TGA, and XRD, confirmed the acceptable characteristics of these biofilms. In addition, their SEM illustrated the homogeneity and continuity with a few straps of the chitosan film and showed the homogeneous mixes of chitosan and castor oil with 5 and 20%. Moreover, data detected the antibacterial activity of different bioplastic formulas against some common bacterial pathogens (Enterococcus feacalis, Kelbsiella pnumina, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Amazingly, our bioplastic films have conducted potent antimicrobial activities. So, they may be promising in such a direction. Further, the biodegradability efficacy of bioplastic films formed was proved in numerous environments for several weeks of incubation. However, all bioplastic films decreased in their weights and changed in their colors, while polypropylene, was very constant all the time. The current findings suggest that our biofilms may be promising for many applications, especially in the field of food package protecting the food, and preventing microbial contamination, consequently, it may help in extending the shelf life of products.

Abstract In this work, we investigate the dynamics of a spacecraft near two primary bodies. The massive body is considered to have a spherical shape, while the less massive one is elongated and modeled as a dipole. The dipole consists of two connected masses, one is spherical and the other is an oblate spheroid. The gravitational potential of the elongated body is determined by four independent parameters. To study the dynamics, we construct the equations of motion of a spacecraft with negligible mass under the effect of the current force model. The existence and locations of the equilibrium points are analyzed for various values of the system parameters. We found that the existence and locations of the points are affected by the system parameters. Also, we studied the linear stability of the equilibrium points. We found some stable collinear points when the oblateness parameter is negative, otherwise the points are not stable. We used the curves of zero velocity to identify the regions of allowed motion. Furthermore, we discussed the 2001 SN263 asteroid system and found some stable collinear points when the oblateness parameter is negative. In addition, the triangular points of the system are stable in a linear sense.

Abstract Sepsis represents a critical medical condition stemming from an imbalanced host immune response to infections, which is linked to a significant burden of disease. Despite substantial efforts in laboratory and clinical research, sepsis remains a prominent contributor to mortality worldwide. Nanotechnology presents innovative opportunities for the advancement of sepsis diagnosis and treatment. Due to their unique properties, including diversity, ease of synthesis, biocompatibility, high specificity, and excellent pharmacological efficacy, peptides hold great potential as part of nanotechnology approaches against sepsis. Herein, we present a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the applications of peptides in nanosystems for combating sepsis, with the potential to expedite diagnosis and enhance management outcomes. Firstly, sepsis pathophysiology, antisepsis drug targets, current modalities in management and diagnosis with their limitations, and the potential of peptides to advance the diagnosis and management of sepsis have been adequately addressed. The applications have been organized into diagnostic or managing applications, with the last one being further sub-organized into nano-delivered bioactive peptides with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory activity, peptides as targeting moieties on the surface of nanosystems against sepsis, and peptides as nanocarriers for antisepsis agents. The studies have been grouped thematically and discussed, emphasizing the constructed nanosystem, physicochemical properties, and peptide-imparted enhancement in diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. The strengths, limitations, and research gaps in each section have been elaborated. Finally, current challenges and potential future paths to enhance the use of peptides in nanosystems for combating sepsis have been deliberately spotlighted. This review reaffirms peptides' potential as promising biomaterials within nanotechnology strategies aimed at improving sepsis diagnosis and management. Graphical Abstract

We consider semilinear elliptic equations of the form $ \Delta u + f(|x|, u) = 0 $ on $ {\mathbb{R}}^{N} $ with $ f(|x|, u) = q(|x|)g(u) $. These type of equations arise in various problems in applied mathematics, and particularly in the study of population dynamics, solitary waves, diffusion processes, and phase transitions. We show that under suitable assumptions on the nonlinearity $ f $, there exists an oscillating radial solution converging to a zero of the function $ g $. We also study the oscillating and limiting behavior of this solution.

Melon is an important crop worldwide. However, this crop has many problems, such as high production costs, pests, diseases, and sensitivity to abiotic stresses. Among the diseases that negatively impact its production, vine decline disease (VDD), caused by the fungus Monosporascus cannonballus, is very dangerous because it affects the plant when the fruit is almost ready to be harvested, which causes huge losses to growers. In addition, this disease is widely spread in areas where melons are grown all over the world, and its control through soil fumigation is costly and polluting. Thus, cheap and sustainable ways to combat it must be found. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objectives of identifying and quantifying phenolic compounds produced during the interaction of melon plants with the fungus M. cannonballus, which can be useful in controlling VDD, ameliorating cultural practices of this crop, and consequently reducing production costs. Two varieties were grown and inoculated with the fungus M. cannonballus: TAM-Uvalde (susceptible) and USDA PI 124104 (resistant). Their roots were sampled before inoculating with the fungus (0 h) and 24, 48, and 72 h after inoculation. The root chemicals were then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results indicate that phthalic acid was induced in the roots after inoculation in both varieties, which suggests that it is produced by the plant as a defensive compound. Also, the production of phthalic acid varied over time according to the variety used, which suggests its allelopathic function. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Achieving the New World Sustainability Vision 2030 leads to enacting environmental restrictions, which aim to partially or totally reduce the negative impacts of different forms of waste and develop alternative technologies for eco-friendly and cost-effective utilization. Solid waste is a hazardous waste with many environmental and economic problems resulting from its storage and disposal. However, at the same time, these wastes contain many valuable elements. One of these solid wastes is heavy oil fly ash “HOFA” generated in power stations using heavy oil as fuel. HOFA is produced annually in massive amounts worldwide, the storage of which leads to the contamination of water resources by the contained heavy metals, resulting in many cancerogenic diseases. At the same time, these ashes contain many valuable metals in significant amounts, such as vanadium “V” and nickel “Ni” that can be extracted effectively compared to their low content and difficulty processing in their main ores. Hence, recycling these types of wastes reduces the environmental adverse effects of their storage and the harmful elements in their composition. This paper critically reviews the world resources of vanadium-bearing waste and various approaches described in the literature for recovering V, Ni, as well as other valuable metals from (HOFA) and other wastes, including pyro- and hydro-metallurgical processes or a combination. Hydro-metallurgical processes include alkaline or acidic leaching using different reagents followed by chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange to extract individual elements. The pyro-metallurgical processes involve the non-salt or salt roasting processes followed by acidic or alkaline leaching processes. The operational parameters and their impact on the efficiency of recovery are also discussed. The digestion mixtures of strong mineral acids used to dissolve metal ions in HOFA are also investigated. Bioleaching is a promising eco-friendly technology for recovering V and Ni through appropriate bacteria and fungi. Oxidation leaching is also a promising environmentally friendly approach and more effective. Among all these processes, the salt roasting treatment showed promising results concerning the cost, technological, and environmental effectiveness. The possibility of complex processing of HOFA has also been investigated, proposing innovative technology for completely utilizing this waste without any remaining residue. Effective zeolite for wastewater treatment has been formulated as a good alternative for conserving the available water resources.

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Traditional diagnostic and management approaches for PH often face limitations, leading to delays in diagnosis and potentially suboptimal treatment outcomes. Artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) offers a transformative approach to PH care. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for original studies on AI applications in PH, using predefined keywords. Out of more than 500 initial articles, 45 relevant studies were selected. Risk of bias was evaluated using PROBAST (Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool). Results: This review examines the potential applications of AI in PH, focusing on its role in enhancing diagnosis, disease classification, and prognostication. We discuss how AI-powered analysis of medical data can improve the accuracy and efficiency of detecting PH. Furthermore, we explore the potential of AI in risk stratification, leading to treatment optimization for PH. Conclusions: While acknowledging the existing challenges and limitations and the need for continued exploration and refinement of AI-driven tools, this review highlights the significant promise of AI in revolutionizing PH management to improve patient outcomes.

ABSTRACT: Antibiotic overuse in poultry feeds has disastrous implications; consequently, long-term alternatives must be developed. As a result, the current study aims to assess the impact of Aspergillus niger filtrate (ANF) high in organic acids grown on agro-industrial residue of faba bean (AIRFB) on quail diet, as well as their influence on bird productivity, digestion, carcass yield, blood chemistry, and intestinal microbiota. A total of 240 Japanese quails (aged 7 d) were used in this study, divided equally among 5 experimental groups with 48 quails each. Group 1 (G1) received a basal diet without any ANF, group 2 (G2) received a basal diet supplemented with 0.5 mL ANF/kg diet, group 3 (G3) received a basal diet supplemented with 1.0 mL ANF/kg diet, group 4 (G4) received a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 mL ANF/kg diet, and group 5 (G5) received a basal diet supplemented with 2 mL ANF/kg diet. The performance parameters were monitored at 1 to 3, 3 to 5, and 1 to 5 wk. Adding ANF increased body weight at 3 and 5 wk, as well as body weight gain at 1 to 3, 3 to 5, and 1 to 5 wk, compared to the control diet. The ANF fed quails had the highest feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. The addition of ANF to the quail diet had no effect on the weight of the carcass, gizzard, heart, liver, giblets, or dressing; however, it did lower triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein while increasing high-density lipoprotein levels. The quail groups that received ANF had enhanced immunological indices such as IgG, IgM, IgA, and lysozymes. It also increased the levels of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant contents, as well as catalase, and digestive enzymes such as protease, amylase, and lipase. However, it lowered the blood MDA levels compared to control. It has been demonstrated that the total gut microbiota, Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and the population of Salmonella are all reduced in ANF-fed quails. Histological examination of ANF quails' liver and intestinal sections revealed normal hepatic parenchyma, typical leaf-like intestinal villi, and comparatively short and frequently free lumina. In conclusion, Japanese quail showed improvements in performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant indices, immunity, and capacity to reduce intestinal pathogenic bacteria after consuming diet supplemented with ANF.

This study was aimed to determine the relationship between Integron class I and multidrug resistance in Uropathogenic E. coli. A total of 302 urine samples were used in this study. 139 Uropathogenic E coli were collected from hospitalized patients. Then, using biochemical testing and the Vitek II compact system, all of the isolates were diagnosed and confirmed. All E. coli isolates were tested using a disc diffusion procedure to detect their susceptibility to 23 types of antibiotics from different classes, and the result showed that these bacteria were highly resistant to most used antibiotics especially, Cefotaxime, Ampicillin, Piperacillin, Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole ,Cefepime and Ceftazidime, while the most effective antibiotics were Colistin and Tigecyclin. Also the results show different resistance patterns in which 111 (79.86%) isolate showed multidrug resistance MDR, Extensively drug resistance XDR 18 isolate (12.94%), while Pandrug resistance PDR 3 (2.15%). PCR was used to detect the presence of integron class I in MDR isolates ,which was found in 87 of isolates with a 483 bp amplification product. The resolved PCR products were sequenced in both directions (forward and reverse), and the NCBI BLASTn engine revealed 100% sequence similarity between the sequenced samples and the planned reference1target sequences. These findings revealed that E. coli strains were highly resistant to common antibiotics; however, given the high prevalence of integron class I among these isolates, we can deduce that antibiotic resistance genes were most likely carried on mobile genetic elements (integron) in these isolates.

Abstract Alarming sepsis‐related mortality rates present significant challenges to healthcare services globally. Despite advances made in the field, there is still an urgent need to develop innovative approaches that could improve survival rates and reduce the overall cost of treatment for sepsis patients. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel multifunctional therapeutic agent for advanced control of bacterial sepsis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma cells) (iEV) displayed an average particle size of 171.63 ± 2.77 nm, a poly dispersion index (PDI) of 0.32 ± 0.0, and a zeta potential (ZP) of −11.87 ± 0.18 mV. Compared to HepG2 EV, LPS induction significantly increases the EV protein concentration, PDI and ZP, reduces the average size and promotes cell proliferation and cytoprotective effects of the isolated EVs (iEVs) against LPS‐induced cytotoxicity. Coating of iEV with a cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) to form PC‐iEV slightly changed their physical properties and shifted their surface charge toward neutral values. This modification improved the antibacterial activity (2‐fold lower minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC] values) and biocompatibility of the conjugated peptide while maintaining iEV cytoprotective and anti‐inflammatory activities. Our findings indicate the superior anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial dual activity of PC‐iEV against pathogens associated with sepsis.

Myocardial involvement was shown to be associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with COVID-19, which could lead to fatal outcomes as in myocardial injury-induced arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. We hypothesized that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) myocardial strain parameters are sensitive markers for identifying subclinical cardiac dysfunction associated with myocardial involvement in the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This study evaluated 115 subjects, including 65 consecutive COVID-19 patients, using MRI for the assessment of either post-COVID-19 myocarditis or other cardiomyopathies. Subjects were categorized, based on the results of the MRI exams, as having either ‘suspected’ or ‘excluded’ myocarditis. A control group of 50 matched individuals was studied. Along with parameters of global cardiac function, the MRI images were analyzed for measurements of the myocardial T1, T2, extracellular volume (ECV), strain, and strain rate. Based on the MRI late gadolinium enhancement and T1/T2/ECV mappings, myocarditis was suspected in 7 out of 22 patients referred due to concern of myocarditis and in 9 out of 43 patients referred due to concern of cardiomyopathies. The myocardial global longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strains and strain rates in the suspected myocarditis group were significantly smaller than those in the excluded myocarditis group, which in turn were significantly smaller than those in the control group. The results showed significant correlations between the strain, strain rate, and global cardiac function parameters. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the value of multiparametric MRI for differentiating patients with myocardial involvement in the PASC based on changes in the myocardial contractility pattern and tissue structure.

Abstract This study marks a pioneering effort in utilizing Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana (Savi) Kyal. & Boatwr., (commonly known as acacia raddiana) leaves as both a reducing and stabilizing agent in the green “eco-friendly” synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The research aimed to optimize the AgNPs synthesis process by investigating the influence of pH, temperature, extract volume, and contact time on both the reaction rate and the resulting AgNPs' morphology as well as discuss the potential of AgNPs in detecting some heavy metals. Various characterization methods, such as UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Zeta sizer, EDAX, and transmitting electron microscopy (TEM), were used to thoroughly analyze the properties of the synthesized AgNPs. The XRD results verified the successful production of AgNPs with a crystallite size between 20 to 30 nm. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that the AgNPs are primarily spherical and rod-shaped, with sizes ranging from 8 to 41 nm. Significantly, the synthesis rate of AgNPs was notably higher in basic conditions (pH 10) at 70 °C. These results underscore the effectiveness of acacia raddiana as a source for sustainable AgNPs synthesis. The study also examined the AgNPs' ability to detect various heavy metal ions colorimetrically, including Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Co2+. UV–Vis spectroscopy proved useful for this purpose. The color of AgNPs shifts from brownish-yellow to pale yellow, colorless, pale red, and reddish yellow when detecting Cu2+, Hg2+, Co2+, and Pb2+ ions, respectively. This change results in an alteration of the AgNPs' absorbance band, vanishing with Hg2+ and shifting from 423 to 352 nm, 438 nm, and 429 nm for Cu2+, Co2+, and Pb2+ ions, respectively. The AgNPs showed high sensitivity, with detection limits of 1.322 × 10–5 M, 1.37 × 10–7 M, 1.63 × 10–5 M, and 1.34 × 10–4 M for Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Co2+, respectively. This study highlights the potential of using acacia raddiana for the eco-friendly synthesis of AgNPs and their effectiveness as environmental sensors for heavy metals, showcasing strong capabilities in colorimetric detection.

Novel blend membranes containing S-PVA and PEBAX 1657 with a blend ratio of 8:2 (referred to as SPP) were prepared using a solution-casting technique. In the manufacturing process, sulfonated montmorillonite (S-MMT) in ratios of 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% was used as a filler. The crystallinity of composite membranes has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the interaction between the components was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). With increasing filler content, good compatibility between the components due to hydrogen bonds was established, which ultimately resulted in improved tensile strength and chemical stability. In addition, due to the sulfonated moieties of S-MMT, the highest ion exchange capacity (0.46 meq/g) and water uptake (51.61%) can be achieved at the highest filler content with an acceptable swelling degree of 22.65%. The composite membrane with 7% S-MMT appears to be suitable for application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Amongst the membranes studied, this membrane achieved the highest current density and power density in fuel cell tests, which were 149.5 mA/cm2 and 49.51 mW/cm2. Our fluorine-free composite membranes can become a promising new membrane family in PEMFC applications, offering an alternative to Nafion membranes.

The study investigated the impact of utilizing Rumex nepalensis leaf powder (RNL) as a phytogenic feed additive on performance, blood markers, intestinal microbiology and histomorphology in broiler chicken. One hundred eighty day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups having three replicates with fifteen birds each. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets primarily based on maize–soybean were formulated, viz., CN (Control)—fed basal diet only; RNL2.5 (basal diet + 2.5 g/kg RNL); RNL5 (basal diet + 5 g/kg RNL); and RNL10 (basal diet + 10 g/kg RNL). The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in dietary treatments compared to CN with best values in RNL10 followed by RNL5. The blood markers like glucose, total protein, creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) showed no significance (p > 0.05) among all the treatments, however total cholesterol significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in RNL5 and RNL10 as against CN. Regarding immune parameters, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced in RNL5 and RNL10. Antioxidant enzyme status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in RNL10 compared to CN. Gut health in terms of cecal microbiology and histomorphology of duodenum and jejunum were altered by inclusion of RNL in the broiler diet. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in coliform count was recorded by incorporation of dietary treatments with highest reduction in RNL10. Lactobacillus count and total viable count did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments and CN. Duodenal and jejunal villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in RNL5 and RNL10 compared to RNL2.5 and CN. Thus, it could be concluded that inclusion of Rumex nepalensis leaf powder in the diet resulted in improved performance and better immuno-antioxidant status of broilers. Further, an improvement in the gut health was observed in terms of positive effects on cecal microbiota and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens.

A hydro-chemical investigation of drinking water sources in Birnin Kebbi Old Town and its environs, in northwestern Nigeria, was carried out to determine the potability and suitability of the groundwater for domestic and agricultural uses. Twenty-three water samples were collected from these communities, and their physical and chemical parameters, such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, and temperature, were evaluated. Both the chemical and heavy metal analyses were conducted at the Multi-User Laboratory, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. The results obtained indicated that physical parameters like TDS and EC and chemical parameters like Mg2+, Ca2+ and HCO32- are high, while Cr2+, Fe2+, Ni, and Pb2+ have values that are below the NSDWQ recommended limits. While Na2+, Cu2+, Cl-, and NO3- have values far below the NSDWQ set limit, The Schoeller and Piper diagrams show the dominant water type in the study area to be Ca-Mg-HCO3. However, the Gibbs plot shows the dominant source of the water to be the precipitation domain due to the dissolution of carbonate rocks, while the Wilcox diagram shows that all the water samples in the study area have low salinity. Application of Nemerow’s pollution index method shows that the majority of the sampling locations displayed high NPI values, especially for Ni2+ and Pb2+. The NPI Ni2+ values for eleven (11) out of twenty-three samples, making up 47.83%, have NPI values that range from 7.53 to 90.01, making them unsuitable for drinking purposes. The NPI values for Pb2+ for six (6) samples, making up about 26.09%, have high NPI values that range from 36.37 to 172.56, depicting a high level of pollution.

Abstract Background This study introduces a numerical model designed to simulate interactions occurring between a wind turbine's tower and the surrounding soil, as well as between the nacelle, blades, and the surrounding environment. This simulation accounts for both fore–aft and side-to-side movements. To describe these interactions, the model leverages the Euler–Lagrange equations. It calculates wave loads utilizing the Morison equation, with wave data generated based on the JONSWAP spectrum. Furthermore, aerodynamic loads are determined using the blade element moment theory, and the wind spectrum is generated using the Von Karman turbulence model. The tower is represented as a variable cross-sectional beam, employing a two-noded Euler beam element with two degrees of freedom: transverse displacement and rotation, and utilizing Hermite polynomial shape functions. Results In a comparative analysis against experimental data, this modified model demonstrates significant enhancements in accurately reproducing the dynamic behavior of wind turbines with variable cross-sectional towers, outperforming models that approximate the tower with a constant cross section. Our findings reveal that the modified model achieves a remarkable improvement of 15% in replicating the tower's dynamic response when compared to the constant cross-sectional models. As a case study, a 5 MW monopile wind turbine with a flexible foundation, specifically the one provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), is employed to simulate its dynamic response. Conclusions This research presents a robust numerical model for simulating wind turbine behavior in various environmental conditions. The incorporation of variable cross-sectional tower representation significantly improves the model's accuracy, making it a valuable tool for assessing wind turbine dynamics. The study's findings highlight the importance of considering tower flexibility in wind turbine simulations to enhance their real-world applicability.

Abstract Vickers and Knoop testers are the most common tools used to measure the hardness of materials. However, a very small tilt in the sample surface even in the order of a fraction of a degree produces a noticeable asymmetry, which affects the accuracy of the measured hardness. In this investigation, a mathematical approach has been used to correct asymmetry in the Vickers and Knoop indentations in both metallic and ceramic materials. Measurements were taken for metals such as aluminium 6061(Al-6061), 304 stainless steel as well as various zirconia toughened ceramic materials including tetragonal zirconia doped with: 2.5 mol% Y2O3 (TZ2.5Y), 3 mol% Y2O3 (TZ3Y) and the composite containing 20 wt% alumina (TZ3Y20A), all prepared from commercial powders. A hardness tester equipped with Vickers and Knoop indenters was used for hardness and elastic modulus determination. Optical and scanning electron microscopes have been used to get the indentation micrographs. The method enabled accurate determination of both hardness and elastic modulus from corrected Vickers and Knoop indentations. The hardness and elastic modulus values obtained in this study are in good agreement with reported data for similar materials. The results obtained in this study have been successfully validated using the Zwick reference block. The developed method is readily applicable for the most widely used Vickers hardness machines for the correction of asymmetric indentations if existing, consequently leading to accurate determination of the hardness.

Abstract Climate changes and the rapid expanding human population have become critical concerns for global food security. One of the promising solutions is the employment of plant growth regulators (PGRs) for increasing crop yield and overcoming adverse growth conditions, such as desert climate. Recently, the apocarotenoid zaxinone and its two mimics (MiZax3 and MiZax5) have shown a promising growth-promoting activity in cereals and vegetable crops under greenhouse and field conditions. Herein, we further investigated the effect of MiZax3 and MiZax5, at different concentrations (5 and 10 µM in 2021; 2.5 and 5 µM in 2022), on the growth and yield of the two valuable vegetable crops, potato and strawberry, in the Kingdom of Saudi of Arabia. Application of both MiZax significantly increased plant agronomic traits, yield components and total yield, in five independent field trials from 2021 to 2022. Remarkably, the amount of applied MiZax was far less than humic acid, a widely applied commercial compound used here for comparison. Hence, our results indicate that MiZax are very promising PGRs that can be applied to promote the growth and yield of vegetable crops even under desert conditions and at relatively low concentrations.

Due to climate change, expansion of salt-affected arable lands has emerged as a major threat to global food security and agricultural sustainability. Conventional crop breeding programs have proven insufficient for mitigating the risks of salt stress in soil and crop productivity. Research on improving soil health and crop tolerance to boost yield performance under salt stress by plant-associated microbiomes has gained considerable attention over the past few decades. In addition to the rehabilitation of salt-degraded soils, halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (HT-PGPR) are effective in stimulating growth, improving nutritional values and yields, and increasing tolerance/resistance to abiotic/biotic stress conditions of plants. To alleviate salinity stress, HT-PGPR employ a wide range of mechanisms, including production of secondary metabolites and siderophores, synthesis of phytohormones and enzymes, maintenance of ion homeostasis, and increasing nutrient availability in crop plants. Because our goal is to continuously improve our understanding of HT-PGPR and their impact on agriculture, the current review addresses the challenges associated with salinity, and updates the scientific community with effective solutions (e.g., HT-PGPR) for sustainable agriculture and farming practices.

Background & Aims: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterized by excessive circulating toxic lipids, hepatic steatosis, and liver inflammation. Monocyte adhesion to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and transendothelial migration (TEM) are crucial in the inflammatory process. Under lipotoxic stress, LSECs develop a proinflammatory phenotype known as endotheliopathy. However, mediators of endotheliopathy remain unclear. Methods: Primary mouse LSECs isolated from C57BL/6J mice fed chow or MASH-inducing diets rich in fat, fructose, and cholesterol (FFC) were subjected to multi-omics profiling. Mice with established MASH resulting from a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CDHFD) or FFC diet were also treated with two structurally distinct GSK3 inhibitors (LY2090314 and elraglusib [9-ING-41]). Results: Integrated pathway analysis of the mouse LSEC proteome and transcriptome indicated that leukocyte TEM and focal adhesion were the major pathways altered in MASH. Kinome profiling of the LSEC phosphoproteome identified glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β as the major kinase hub in MASH. GSK3β-activating phosphorylation was increased in primary human LSECs treated with the toxic lipid palmitate and in human MASH. Palmitate upregulated the expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, via a GSK3-dependent mechanism. Congruently, the adhesive and transendothelial migratory capacities of primary human neutrophils and THP-1 monocytes through the LSEC monolayer under lipotoxic stress were reduced by GSK3 inhibition. Treatment with the GSK3 inhibitors LY2090314 and elraglusib ameliorated liver inflammation, injury, and fibrosis in FFC- and CDHFD-fed mice, respectively. Immunophenotyping using cytometry by mass cytometry by time of flight of intrahepatic leukocytes from CDHFD-fed mice treated with elraglusib showed reduced infiltration of proinflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Conclusion: GSK3 inhibition attenuates lipotoxicity-induced LSEC endotheliopathy and could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating human MASH. Impact and Implications: LSECs under lipotoxic stress in MASH develop a proinflammatory phenotype known as endotheliopathy, with obscure mediators and functional outcomes. The current study identified GSK3 as the major driver of LSEC endotheliopathy, examined its pathogenic role in myeloid cell-associated liver inflammation, and defined the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological GSK3 inhibitors in murine MASH. This study provides preclinical data for the future investigation of GSK3 pharmacological inhibitors in human MASH. The results of this study are important to hepatologists, vascular biologists, and investigators studying the mechanisms of inflammatory liver disease and MASH, as well as those interested in drug development.

Objective: To analyze the static and dynamic urodynamic parameters of reservoirs and continent conduits in continent cutaneous urinary diversion with catheterizable stoma. Materials and methods: 76 patients had augmented ileocystoplasty or continent urinary diversion with catheterizable urinary stoma based on Mitrofanoff principle and Yang-Monti procedure using subserous tunnel as continence mechanism. They were followed up for at least 6 months post-operatively for continence through stoma and divided into two groups (continents vs non-continent) according to stomal continence. Both groups had urodynamic assessment performed via the stoma to assess reservoir capacity, pressure and contractions, efferent limb functional length, reservoir overactivity, static and dynamic maximal closure pressures and leak point pressure. Results: Continence rate was 87%. Continent group included 66 patients and incontinent group included 10 patients. In both groups at rest, the reservoir pressure after filling did not exceed 25 cm H2O. During peristaltic contraction, the pressure did not exceed 30 cm H2O and the duct remained continent. After Valsalva maneuver, the reservoir pressure increased up to 34 (+ 7.4) cm H2O and leakage occur in 10 patients (13%). Reservoir (wall) overactivity was recorded in 54 patients, with insignificant rise in intraluminal pressure during the contractions. In both groups, the efferent tract closing pressure was always higher than the reservoir pressure. The mean of maximal closing pressure at Valsalva was 82.5 (+ 4.18) cm H2O in the continent group and 61.66 (+ 8.16) cm H2O in the incontinent group. The mean functional length of the conduit was 4.95 + 1.62 in the continent group and 2.80 + 1.50 cm in the incontinent group. Conclusions: Urodynamic evaluation of continent catheterizable cutaneous stoma after Yang-Monti procedure has a practical significance. Functional length of the conduit seems to be the most influential factor for continence reflecting static & dynamic maximal closure pressure. Higher conduit closing pressure is associated with better continence. Contractions of the pouch and peristaltic contraction of the conduit has no effect on continence mechanism.