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Nonequilibrium real‐gas effects on surface heating rates, skin friction, and flow field unsteadiness of two‐dimensional hypersonic shock‐wave/boundary‐layer interaction were studied by numerical simulations. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations with nonequilibrium vibrational and chemical models for five‐species air were solved by a finite‐volume second‐order TVD scheme together with a third‐order semi‐implicit Runge–Kutta scheme. Two cases of high‐enthalpy shock/boundary layer interaction problems were studied in this paper. The freestream enthalpy was high enough to produce vibrational excitation and dissociation/recombination chemistry behind the shock. The first case was a steady two‐dimensional shock/boundary layer interaction on a flat plate with a mixture of N2 and O2 in the freestream. It was found that the real gas effects reduce the size of the shock induced separation bubble and the magnitude of the surface heating rates. The second case was a self‐sustained unsteady type IV shock–shock interfe...

We obtained augmented Burnett-equation solutions and conducted some preliminary studies on the extent to which the Burnett equations can be used in estimating the departure from the Navier-Stokes model for hypersonic flow over axisymmetric blunt bodies. The augmented Burnett equation solutions were restricted to the flow inside the bow shock in the stagnation region because of the uncertainty of boundary conditions. On one hand, the present results partly confirm the past observation that the Burnett equations can only make insignificant improvement over the Navier-Stokes equations when the latter are adequate, but the Burnett equations fail when the NavierStokes equations become inadequate. On the other hand, though both the Navier-Stokes and Burnett equations are inaccurate for flow inside a strong shock, to some extent the augmented Burnett solutions do seem to agree better with results obtained by the direct simulation Monte Carlo technique than the Navier-Stokes solutions do. Further studies are needed on the validity and significance of the augmented Burnett solutions for such flowfields.

We report a case of polypoid endometriosis and correlate the MRI findings with the pathological findings. The polypoid endometriosis appeared as multiple polypoid masses protruding into the adjacent pelvic organs, including the uterus and rectum. The masses were found to show hyperintensity on T(2) weighted images, which was similar to the signal intensity of the uterine endometrium, reflecting the presence of abundant endometrial-type glands. The masses were also surrounded by hypointense rim-like structures on T(2) weighted images. These structures were confirmed by pathology to correspond with fibrous tissues arising from endometriosis. These features, together with an intense enhancement similar to the adjacent uterus, may be a diagnostic clue to this rare entity.

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary coexists very rarely with yolk sac tumor (YST). This unusual mixed tumor is thought to be a rare variant of endometrioid ovarian carcinoma because of its aggressive behavior, lack of response to chemotherapy, and unfavorable prognosis. We report a case of ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma with a YST component in a postmenopausal woman. The patient was treated by surgery and a combination of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin and taxol and carboplatin. She has been clinically free of tumor for 20 months. Immunohistochemically, the YST component reacted for alpha-fetoprotein. YST areas were negative for both CA125 and sex-hormone receptors. Cytokeratin7 and epithelial membrane antigen were negative in YST, but positive in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. The occurrence of this unusual case suggests that even somatic carcinomas may acquire an extraembryonal germ cell differentiation.

To investigate the prevalence and severity of excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to examine the main cause of EDS. Fifty-three Japanese patients with PD (PDs: 32 females and 21 males) and 17 controls (10 females and seven males) were evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The severity of the disease was evaluated by Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and information about quality and quantity of medications was collected. The correlations amongst EDS and age, severity of PD, duration of illness and medications were analyzed. The mean ESS score was significantly higher in advanced PDs than in controls, and correlated with the UPDRS score (r(s) = 0.743, P < 0.0001). Age, duration of illness and the dose of levodopa weakly correlated with ESS score. The intake of dopamine agonists did not affect the severity of EDS. The mean ESS score in PDs was lower than that reported in PD in European and American studies. EDS in Japanese patients with PD was milder compared with Caucasian patients, which might be due to the lower doses of the medications used in Japan. The results suggest that EDS in PD is mainly because of neuropathological changes of the disease itself.

Nineteen-nm depth ultra shallow and 1.7 k/spl Omega//sq. low resistive junctions were fabricated by Sb implantation. The shallowness of the junction is attributed to the low diffusive nature of Sb. The junction was applied to 0.15 /spl mu/m MOSFETs, and excellent suppression of short channel effect and G/sub m/ improvement were confirmed.

Background: Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) sometimes causes lymph node metastasis and results in poor prognosis. However, little is known about cytogenetic alterations underlying tumor progression or metastasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic aberrations and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in metastatic SCC of the skin. Methods: We undertook comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of 4 specimens which were obtained from a case of cutaneous SCC, including the primary lesion and 3 lymph nodes of the metastatic lesion. Results: Only one amplified locus (7p12–13) was detected in any metastatic lymph node, in which the EGFR gene is located. Therefore, we applied immunohistochemistry for EGFR to 5 cases of metastatic SCC including the case analyzed using CGH and 4 other cases (5 primary and 5 metastatic lesions). EGFR was expressed in 4 of 5 cases (both primary and metastatic lesions, including the case analyzed using CGH), and the staining patterns of primary and metastatic lesions were different. The primary tumors were focally weakly positive for immunostaining (+), whereas the 4 metastases were diffusely and strongly positive (+++). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the clone with EGFR expression might selectively metastasize in some cutaneous SCCs. The existence of an EGFR-negative case reveals that EGFR expression is not always required for skin carcinogenesis, but expression of EGFR might confer metastatic potential of cutaneous SCCs.

Proteomic profiling of mouse liver microsomes was performed by SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-SDS-PAGE) and nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) for the pilot study of Membrane Proteome Initiative (MPI) of AOHUPO.More than one hundred proteins were identified with high MS/MS search score, and most of those proteins have been reported to be membrane associated proteins such as microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1, cytochrome P-450 and low density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins. This platform was used for ER membrane proteomics of Jurkat cells of a human lymphoblatic lymphoma cell line to find marker proteins for heat stress. The microsomes were prepared by two-step centrifugation of liver homogenate, firstly the homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000 g for 15 min to yield supernatant and secondly the supernatant was centrifuged at 132,000 g for 60 min to yield microsomes pellet. The microsome pellet was suspended in 0.1 M sodium carbonate solution containing 0.5 mM PMSF and 10 ug/mL of aprotinin and leupeptin to yield highly purified microsomes in the pellet by centrifugation at 132,000 g for 60 min. The purified microsomes were pretreated with ice cold acetone-methanol (8:1) solution (Anal.Biochem., 273, 313-315, 1999) to be applied for the separation of membrane proteins by 1D-SDS-PAGE with a gradient gel (5-20%) to yield the fine separation of proteins in more than 50 bands which were visualized by Coomassie Blue staining. The protein bands were cut out and submitted to in gel doi:10.4172/jpb.s1000091

We have investigated the origins of sheet resistance increase in ultra shallow junctions formed by low energy As or Sb implantation. The increase is mainly attributed to dopant loss during annealing due to pileup of dopant at Si02/Si interface. This problem is common to As and Sb and will become more significant as the implantation energies are decreased. We found that the pileup can be classified into two stages from the time dependence of Sb SIMS depth profile .In the early stage of annealing the pileup is very fast and is probably related to the transport of the dopants due to solid phase epitaxial growth of an amorphized layer formed by the implantation. In the later stage the pileup is much slower and is considered to be governed by dopant diffusion.

A patient with triple malignancies is reported, who presented cervical cancer, vulvar cancer and adult T cell leukemia (ATL). ATL was diagnosed as a smouldering type, because antibody to human T cell leukemia virus associated antigen (ATLA) was positive with a titer of 1:160. Although her malignant cells had an OKT 4+8-3+Tac+ phenotype, the cells did not display helper T cell functions. Namely they showed no response to Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and suppressed the PWM driven IgG synthesis of B cells obtained from healthy donor. They did not produce IL-2 by stimulation with PHA and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Furthermore, these ATL cells were producing IL-2 inhibitor like factors. As synchronous triple malignancies are extremely rare, two gynecologic cancers seem to ascribe to the suppressing state of the immunosurveillance mechanism by viral infection.

The expression of simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens, Tn and sialyl-Tn antigens, was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies in normal squamous epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The expression of the Tn antigen detected by HB-Tn1 and B1.1 was found in 17 (20%) and 19 (23%) of the 83 invasive carcinomas, respectively, but was not found in the 36 normal squamous epithelia, 22 severe dysplasias, or 24 carcinomas in situ. The sialyl-Tn antigen was detected by HB-STn1 and TKH-2 in 14 (64%) and 11 (50%) of the 22 severe dysplasias, 13 (54%) and 10 (42%) of the 24 carcinomas in situ and 48 (58%) and 42 (51%) of the 83 invasive carcinomas, respectively, but was completely absent in 36 normal squamous epithelia. Coexpression of the sialyl-Tn antigen was observed in 89% of the cases expressing the Tn antigen. No significant difference was observed between the immunoreactivities of the antigens in the metastatic lymph nodes and primary tumors. No correlation was found between the expression of each antigen and clinical state, histologic type, depth of invasion, parametrial spread, lymphatic and vessel permeation, lymph node metastasis, or 5-year survival rate. The expression of Tn and sialyl-Tn demonstrates a specific change in the neoplastic progression from carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma and from normal to dysplasia, respectively, in squamous cell neoplastic lesions of the cervix. Tn and sialyl-Tn antigens may be useful markers for biologic investigation of neoplastic transformation in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Introduction Steady shock/boundary layer interactions and self-sustained unsteady type IV shock-shock interference heating problems with nonequilibrium real gas effects were studied by numerical simulations. The emphasis of the investigation was on the effects of internal thermo-chemical excitation on surface heating rates, skin friction, and flow field unsteadiness of the viscous shock interactions. The multicomponent Navier-Stokes equations with nonequilibrium rotational, vibrational, and chemical models for fivespecies air were solved by a finite-volume secondorder TVD scheme together with a new third-order semi-implicit Runge-Kutta scheme. For the steady shock/boundary layer interaction on a flat plate, it was found that the real gas effects reduce the size of the shock induced separation bubble and the magnitude of the surface heating rates. For the unsteady shock-shock interference heating of a pure N2 flow over a cylinder, the results showed that type-IV shock-shock interference heating flows with real gas effects are inherently unsteady. The degree of the unsteadiness is related to the location of the jet impingement on the cylinder relative to the stagnation point. For certain impingement positions, vortices are generated and shed off near the jet impingement point. This periodic shedding of the vortices contributes to the self-substained oscillations of both the jet and other parts of the flow fields. In addition, the real gas effects reduce the level of peak surface heating and peak surface pressure in the case of endothermic internal-mode excitations. 'Graduate Student Researcher, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Student Member AIAA t Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Member AIAA ^Graduate Student, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Copyright ©1996 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Understanding unsteady shock/boundary layer and shock-shock interference heating phenomena is vital for the design of hypersonic vehicles. Such interactions occur in many external and internal flow fields around steady and maneuvering hypersonic vehicles, such as the one shown in Figure 1. The interactions strongly affect the magnitudes of surface heating rates and skin friction. Two types of shock interactions, shock/boundary layer interactions and type IV shock interference heating, were examined in this study. The first class of shock interactions is the shock/boundary layer interaction, where an incident oblique shock is reflected by a surface. Interaction between the incident and reflected shock waves and the boundary layer occurs. Figure 2 shows a schematic of a steady shock-wave reflection interaction with the viscous boundary layer. The large adverse pressure gradient due to the incident shock hitting the wall causes the boundary layer to separate. When the boundary layer reattaches, a reattachment compression shock is formed. The second class of hypersonic shock interactions is the type IV shock interference interaction. Figure 3 shows a type IV interaction which is caused by an impinging oblique shock intersecting the free stream bow shock ahead of a body. This interaction creates a transmitted shock which then impinges upon the lower bow shock (due to the flow behind the initial impinging oblique shock). Behind this transmitted shock, which is weaker than either bow shock, a supersonic jet is formed in the surrounding subsonic flow. This jet impinges on the body, ending in a terminating strong shock. At the jet impingement point, extremely high surface pressures and heating rates are encountered''' ''. As the jet flow is expanded over the surface, it once again becomes supersonic. This creates a shear layer along the body between the flow from the jet and the subsonic bulk flow behind the bow shock. This type of interaction has been shown to be inherently unstable ' ' in ideal gas flows. To date most studies of the shock interactions have been limited to ideal gas flows for both shock/boundary layer interaction ' ', and type IV shock interference heating. The ideal gas type IV problem has been extensively studied experimentally and analytically t' "1, and numerically!''' "I However, due to the high temperatures found in these interactions, real gas effects need to be considered for many of these flow studies. Real gas effects have a noticeable impact on flow structure, such as the reduction of the shock stand off distance in a blunt body flow' ',and parameters such as surface heating rates, which can be either reduced or enhanced depending on the nature of the chemical nonequilibrium. Because of their importance, real gas effects have recently been the focus of several studies. For steady shock/boundary layer interactions, Ballaro and Andersen'', and Grumet et of.'' have performed numerical studies of flow at a scramjet inlet with real gas effects. In their cases, they assumed a partially dissociated freestream to simulate conditions at an inlet behind the bow shock of a vehicle. They found that the recombination of species at the wall enhanced the surface heat flux. Type IV interactions were studied numerically by Prabhu, et al. '' for equilibrium chemistry. More recently, Sanderson'' experimentally and analytically examined the effects of nonequilibrium on type IV flows. A real gas numerical study was done by Briick'' which looked at the effects of nonequilibrium and impinging shock location on flow structure and surface pressure and heat flux. These real gas studies, however, have only addressed the issue of steady flows. Though ideal gas shock interference has been found to be unsteady and the unsteadiness has strong effects on surface heating rates, so far, no work in studying real gas effects in unsteady shock interactions, such as those around a maneuvering hypersonic vehicle, has been done, to the authors' knowledge. Therefore, the objective of our work is to study viscous and nonequilibrium effects in steady shock wave reflections and unsteady type IV shock interference heating problems using numerical simulations. The present paper focuses on work done in studying the fluid mechanics and real gas effects in unsteady viscous shock reflection and interaction flow fields. Specifically, we have numerically studied the effects of thermo-chemical nonequilibrium on the flow characteristics by using currently available thermal and chemical nonequilibrium models. The viscous flows are modeled by the multicomponent Navier-Stokes equations with a three temperature model and nonequilibrium rotational, vibrational, and chemical modes. Though rotational nonequilibrium is only important in the low density regime, it is included in the present model for use in planned future studies at lower densities. At present, air flow in the temperature regime below 8000 9000°^ is considered. This allows ionization of the gas to be neglected for simplicity. The models follow those of Candler'', Gokgen'', and Park''. The numerical method is a secondorder TVD scheme with Roe's approximate Riemann solver as extended to nonequilibrium flows by Grossman and Cinella''. The source terms are computed using the Additive Semi-implicit RungeKutta method derived by Zhong'l

We studied the correlation between neuroradiological findings and pathological observations of white matter lesions in a patient with frontal type adrenoleukodystrophy. A 41-year-old man developed schizophrenic symptoms and generalized convulsions at the age of 40. Examination revealed baldness, loss of the axillary hair, stereotypical behavior, mutism, dysphagia echographia, right hemiparesis, and brisk reflexes in all four limbs with bilateral extensor plantar responses. Blood examination revealed a high concentration of very-long-chain fatty acids in plasma; the patient was diagnosed as having adrenoleukodystrophy. His condition continued to worsen, and gradually he became akinetic. He died of pneumonia at the age of 43. T1- and T2-weighted MR images distinguished three abnormal zones in the cerebral white matter in this case. In the first zone (Z1), the signal intensity was moderately high on T2-weighted images and slightly low on T1-weighted images; this zone was not enhanced with Gd-DTPA. In the second zone (Z2), the signal intensity was slightly high on T2-weighted images, while moderately low on T1-weighted images; Z2 was enhanced with Gd-DTPA. In the third zone (Z3), the signal intensity was markedly high on T2-weighted images and low on T1-weighted images; Z3 was not enhanced with Gd-DTPA. Z3 was located in the frontal pole; Z2 and Z1 were consecutively located in rostro-caudal fashion in the brain. The subsequent pathological study of the brain of this patient revealed the following findings: Z1 showed destruction of myelin with axonal sparing, Z2 showed numerous lipid-laden macrophages, demyelinated axons, and a vigorous perivascular mononuclear cell response, Z3 consisted of a dense mesh of glial fibrils and scattered astrocytes without any evidence of an active process. In this study, the correlation between MR images and pathological findings in adrenoleukodystrophy was clearly established. Single photon emission tomography with 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime, and positron emission tomography with 15O2 continuous inhalation technique showed a reduction in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and in the regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2) in the cerebral cortex near the Z1 and Z3. A normal or slight increase of rCBF and a reduction of r CMRO2 was found in the cerebral cortex near the Z2. Coronal MR images showed that Z3 was located in the deep white matter, while Z2 and Z1 were consecutively located in an inner-outward fashion, suggesting that the demyelination process started in the cingulum and spread in an inner-outward fashion and progressed in rostro-caudal manner.

We previously reported that patients with advanced or recurrent ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) had poor outcomes. Owing to similar biologic characteristics, chemotherapy for MAC has been based on standard chemotherapeutic regimens for colorectal cancer. Our basic studies also showed that a combination of oxaliplatin (L-OHP) and 5-fluorouracil was effective against MAC cells. This is the first phase II study of combination chemotherapy with oral S-1 and L-OHP (SOX) in patients with advanced or recurrent MAC. From July 2008 through December 2011, 40 patients, including 16 with recurrent disease, were enrolled. Two patients could not receive SOX chemotherapy because their performance status suddenly deteriorated after enrollment. L-OHP was administered at a dose of 100 mg/m2 on day 1, and S-1 (80-120 mg/day) was given in 2 divided doses daily for 2 weeks followed by a 1-week rest. This treatment schedule was repeated every 3 weeks until progressive disease. Tumor responses were evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, and toxicity was assessed with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0). Central pathological review (CPR) was also performed. On CPR, primary MAC was diagnosed in 13 patients, metastatic MAC in 15, endometrioid adenocarcinoma in 7, and other histological subtypes in 5. Of the 28 patients with a diagnosis of MAC, the objective response rate (RR) as assessed by an independent response review committee was 18% (complete response: 0, partial response: 5), and the disease control rate (CDR), including 14 patients with stable disease, was 68%. Among the 13 patients with primary MAC, the objective RR was 31%. Among the 38 patients who received SOX therapy, 2 discontinued the regimen because of toxicity. Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities were neutropenia (28%), anemia (21%), and thrombocytopenia (10%). The most common grade 3 or 4 nonhematologic toxicities were anorexia (8%) and hyponatremia (8%). The present study showed a promising RR and good tolerance, suggesting that SOX therapy might contribute to prolonging survival. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

We described the central nervous system impairments and findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in three chronic toluene abusers. Patient 1 and 2 had a history of chronic toluene inhalation for 1 or 2 years and patient 3 has a history of it for 16 years. The patients were evaluated after an abstinence period of at least 4 weeks, to avoid neurologic effects of acute intoxication. Neurologic signs included cerebellar, cognitive and pyramidal dysfunctions in all 3 patients and hyperkinésie volitionnelle (HV; volitional hyperkinesia) in patient 3 who had a long history of toluene inhalation. This HV was found to be tremulous by surface electromyography. Appearance of HV in chronic toluene abuse seems to be related to a period or quantity of inhalation of toluene. T2-weighted MRI in the 3 patients revealed the following abnormalities: (1) increased signal intensity of middle cerebellar peduncle and cerebellar white matter, deep cerebral white matter, and posterior limb of internal capsule; and (2) decreased signal intensity of thalamus and basal ganglia. Proton-weighted MRI in patient 3 with HV showed decreased signal intensity of lateral portion of the thalamus and tegmentum of the brainstem. These MRI findings correlate remarkably well with the neurologic signs seen in the 3 patients. Cerebellar, cognitive, and pyramidal dysfunctions appear to be related to involvement of middle cerebellar peduncle (cerebellar white matter), deep cerebral white matter, and internal capsule, respectively, and HV seems to correlate with involvement of the thalamus or tegmentum of the brainstem, especially the latter.

We reported a case of 89-year-old woman showing rhythmic skeletal myoclonus mainly on the right upper limb. This myoclonus appeared five days after the cerebral infarction. It was seen constantly both at rest and in posture, and decreased during voluntary movement. When the patient was under emotional stress, it spread to the submandibular, neck and trunks of upper limb. During sleep, this movement completely disappeared. There was no myoclonus in palato-pharyngo-laryngo-oculo-diaphragmatic muscle group. In the examination of the surface electromyography, the movement was not reciprocal between extensor and flexor muscles, and its cycle was about 3.5 Hz. It was different from the intention tremor because it did not increase during the movement phase on the finger nose test. The examination of MRI revealed a small infarction including right dentate nucleus and right superior cerebellar peduncle, and from which an infarction of the superior cerebellar artery territory was considered. Only a few cases of rhythmic skeletal myoclonus without palatal myoclonus have been reported in the literature. All of these cases had small infarction of the same region as the above case. Their myoclonus began 5 to 15 days after the onset of cerebral infarction. These periods were markedly shorter than that of intention tremor and palatal myoclonus. This fact suggest that the rhythmic skeletal myoclonus has a different mechanism from that of the palatal myoclonus.

We report a 52-year-old male patient with Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) complicated by an occurrence of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The patient first developed impotence at the age of 48, accompanied by urinary incontinence, and episodes of dizziness while standing. The following year, the patient had developed a staggering gait and speech became monotonous. At age 52, the patient was admitted to the hospital after experiencing frequent episodes of syncope associated with complete loss of consciousness. Upon examination, blood pressure was 100/70 in a recumbent position, and 80/60 when standing. The pulse rate varied from 60 per minute to 62. The patient was alert. The alternating Horner sign was observed, and a paucity of facial movements was visible. His speech was slow and monotonous. Muscle tone was increased bilaterally. There was incoordination. A laboratory examination revealed reduced serum sodium levels of 127 mEq/L and increased sodium excretion with plasma hypoosmolality (262 mOsm/kg/H), urine hyperosmolality and low serum renin activity (0.2 ng/ml/h). Renal functions were normal and the levels of adrenocortical and thyroid hormones were normal. There were no abnormalities observed in the chest roentgenogram taken. The level of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was unreasonably high (5.74 pg/ml). A water-load test demonstrated failure of both water diuresis and inhibition of ADH secretion. These data suggested that hyponatremia in this case was caused by SIADH. The correlation between plasma osmolality and the concentration of ADH suggested that osmolality that initiates ADH release appeared to have been reset to around 230 mOsm/kg lower than normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

We studied P300 at Pz in Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) paradigm in 16 young normals. As it is well known that both the amplitude and the latency of P300 are affected by stimulus probability, we recorded P300 in the two different experimental conditions; in one condition we changed sorting category implicitly after every two successive correct responses of the subject (WCST2 condition), in the other condition we changed it tacitly after every five successive responses (WCST5 condition). In both conditions P300s were recorded following two types of feedback signals respectively; feedback signal of correct response (FC), and feedback signal of error response (FE). These experimental conditions were controlled by microcomputer. During the experiment the number of FCs and FEs were recorded, and frequencies of the feedback signals were calculated respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that P300s were more prolonged and more enlarged in FE than in FC significantly, and there is no difference between the two experimental conditions. The correlations between both the latency and the amplitude of P300s and frequency of feedback signals were low and not significant except between P300 amplitude and frequency of FE under WCST5 condition. This result shows that in WCST paradigm the main factor which affects the latency and amplitude of P300 is the meaning of the stimulus. Although WCST has been considered to be a test of concept formation, the subject must change or maintain his/her sorting category properly following the examiner's feedback declaration. From this point of view, WCST can be considered as a test of a mental set, in which FC demands maintaining a mental set and FE demands its change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Protein chip technology is essential for high through-put functional proteomics. We developed a novel protein tag consisting of five tandem cysteine repeats (Cys-tag) at C-terminus of proteins which was covalently immobilized to the surface of a maleimide-modified diamond-like carbon-coated silicon chip substrate. Model proteins were created as a Cys-tagged enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and an EGFP-stathmin fusion proteins which included an oligo-histidine tag at N-terminus to allow its purification from expressed proteins in Escherichia coli using Ni beads. The purified Cys-tagged proteins could be captured on the maleimide-coated chip substrate at efficiency that 50 pg of the fusion protein was detected by fluorescence and 5 pg (0.2 fmole) could be detected by combination with enhanced immunofluorescence. Nano-LC-MS/MS enabled us to identify protein candidates for binding partners of stathmin in mouse brain extracts on the chip. We examined the merits of this protein chip system to identify stathmin-binding partners in the comparison with conventional beads system.

The film-condensation heat transfer coefficient of normal hydrogen (25% para-hydrogen) was determined. In this investigation, hydrogen was condensed on the wall of a vertical copper tube (15 mm i.d., 70 mm long) under the steady-state condition. From the experimental results, the condensing heat transfer coefficient for saturated hydrogen vapors was shown to be in fairly good agreement with that predicted using Nusselt’s theory including the case in which the temperature difference across the condensate film was small, on the order of one Kelvin.

Ultrashallow low-resistive junction formation has been investigated for sub-100-nm metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) using low-energy Sb implantation and the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) technique. The Sb pileup at the Si/SiO2 interface and the resulting dopant loss observed in the furnace annealing cases was reduced by the RTA technique. As a result, the sheet resistance of 19-nm-deep junctions was decreased to 0.84 kΩ/sq. By increasing the implantation dose to 1×1014 cm-2, a junction depth of 24 nm and sheet resistance of 0.45 kΩ/sq. were obtained. In the case of As, the pileup was not suppressed even with RTA. These results indicate that Sb is superior to As as a dopant for ultrashallow extension formations.

The effectiveness of low-energy 5–10 keV As ion implantation for sub-0.1 µm metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) has been investigated. When implantation energy is lowered to 5 keV at a dose of 1×1014 cm-2, the sheet resistance of the diffused layer increases steeply. The origin of the sheet resistance increase in 5–10 keV As ion implantation has been quantitatively studied paying attention to dopant loss. We found that 43% of implanted As remains in a 5 nm screen oxide when implantation energy is lowered to 5 keV. Moreover 50–70% of As in Si is lost by dopant pileup at the SiO2/Si interface during 850°C annealing. The pileup problem becomes more severe with junction depth reduction. By optimizing the implantation energy and the ion dose, both low sheet resistance and ultrashallow junction depth have been simultaneously achieved.

Two cases of peritonitis carcinomatosa with gynecological cancer, which did not respond to conventional treatment, were treated by intraperitoneal adoptive immunotherapy with allogeneic or autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells plus interleukin-2. In case 1, reduction of acute ascites and disappearance of malignant cells from the peritoneal fluid and decreased levels of tumor markers (CA12-5 and CA19-9) were demonstrated during the treatment. In case 2, which also received additional treatment for pleuritis carcinomatosa, reduction of ascites and pleural effusion and disappearance of malignant cells from the pleural fluid were noted. In these cases allogeneic LAK therapy was well tolerated. This therapy did not prolong the patients' lives, but the findings indicate that it had appreciable local antitumor effects on peritonitis and pleuritis carcinomatosa in these patients with gynecological cancer.

The following complexes of the type H2L[CoCl4] were prepared, where L is 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (4,4′-dmbpy), 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (5,5′-dmbpy) or 4,4′,5,5′-tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (tmbpy). The thermal dehydrochlorination of the complexes in the solid-phase was investigated under quasi-isothermal and -isobaric conditions (Q-conditions) and under dynamic conditions (D-conditions). (H2bpy)[CoCl4] and (H2phen)[CoCl4] evolved two moles of hydrogen chloride to convert first into the octahedral polymer α-[CoCl2(L)] and then the tetrahedral monomer β-[CoCl2(L)]. The other three complexes underwent dehydrochlorination to convert into the β-species without the formation of the α-species. The initiation temperatures of dehydrochlorination were 110°C for tmbpy, 115°C for 5,5′-dmbpy, 120°C for phen, and 130°C for bpy and 4,4′-dmbpy complexes. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy, frequency factor and activation entropy were estimated for the reactions.

Despite steady improvement in the laser treatment of port wine stains (PWS), hypertrophic scarring remains a serious side-effect in approximately 10% of patients. The tunable dye laser (577 nm) has been shown to cause selective vascular destruction in normal and PWS skin. We have treated ten patients using a tunable dye laser (577 nm, 300 mu sec) resulting in clearing of the PWS without any evidence of hypertrophic scarring. Treatment requires no anesthesia or wound care, and there were no postoperative infections.

A flashlamp-excited organic liquid laser system capable of stimulated emission down to 340 nm in the ultraviolet has been developed. The flashlamp has a rise time of 50 ns and energy capacity of 20 joules or more. There are several efficient laser compounds that emit below 400 nm, and the most promising appears to be the p-terphenyl laser, which emits at 341 nm and is capable of running in the superradiant mode. There are several interesting facets still unexplained in ultraviolet lasers. The possibility of singlet to triplet intersystem crossings in substances generally accepted as having unity fluorescence quantum efficiency has been encountered.

Time dependent emission spectra from flashlamp pumped organic dye lasers recorded with image converter, comparing dyes characteristics

BOVINE arteriosclerosis or “Naalehu disease” reported from Hawaii (Lynd et al., 1965) is believed to be similar to “Enteque seco” of South America and Manchester wasting disease reported from Jamaica (Arnold and Bras, 1956). Worker and Carrillo (1967) implicated Solanum malacoxylon as a possible contributing factor to “Enteque seco” in the Argentine and reported that as little as 5 g. of the dry matter was sufficient to produce changes in blood calcium and phosphorus of 900 lb. heifers. In view of the report by Worker and Carrillo (1967), Solanum sodomaeum L., which is found in abundance where bovine arteriosclerosis is endemic in Hawaii, may be an etiologic factor. The toxicity of S. sodomaeum to Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and W. L. chicks was studied to determine their suitability as experimental animals in evaluating the toxic factor or factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ripe fruit of S. sodomaeum was either…

A 12-year-old boy developed occasional attacks of oculogyric crisis after physical exercises or when tired. Following the initial symptom, progressive Parkinsonian features such as bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, hand tremors in posture, mild dysarthria and disorder of postural reflexes developed. There was no marked diurnal fluctuation o symptoms. Serum ceruloplasmin, copper levels, cranial X-ray CT scan and MRI were normal. Measurement of the plasma levels of L-dopa after single oral administration (300 mg) were normal. The treatment with L-dopa improved the Parkinsonian features excluding the attacks of oculogyric crisis in a few weeks. This case is not identical with juvenile Parkinsonism proposed by Yokochi et al for lack of both crural or truncal dystonia and remarkable response to L-dopa. Oculogyric crisis is known in several patients with severe generalized dystonia, and seldom in patients with Parkinson disease or juvenile Parkinsonism. Oculogyric crisis may be one of focal dystonias confined to extraocular muscles.

Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen) is a carbohydrate antigen that is expressed in a variety of cancer tissues. T-antigen is thought to have an antigenicity because circulating T antibodies can be detected as natural antibodies in humans. In this study, we examined the serum T antibody titers in patients with gynecological cancer using the hemagglutination test, and studied the relationship between the expression of T-antigen in cancer tissues and serum TA-4 levels and serum T antibody titers. Serum T antibody titers in patients with gynecological cancer were lower than those in normal controls, especially in endometrial and ovarian cancer (p less than 0.05) in which T-antigen was strongly expressed. Furthermore, the low antibody titers correlated with the expression of T-antigen in cancer tissues. T antibody titers significantly increased (p less than 0.01) after operation and the inverse relationship was found with the levels of circulating TA-4 in cervical cancer patients. These findings suggests that patients with gynecological cancer immunologically responded to T-antigen and the measurement of circulating T antibodies may be useful as an indicator of the progression of cancer in tissues.

The expression of Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-Ag), the precursor of MN blood group antigen, was studied by the ABC method with Arachys Hypogaea lectin (PNA) and the relationship of the results to the histology and clinical behavior of primary gynecologic cancers were examined. The results were as follows: 1. In cervical squamous cell tumors, the incidence of the expression of T-Ag in invasive cancers (52.9%, 37/70) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that in intraepithelial tumors (28.6%, 8/28). No cryptic T-Ag(-) tissue was found in intraepithelial tumors or microinvasive cancers. 2. In squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix, the incidence of cryptic T-Ag(-) tissue was high (36.4%, 4/11) in tissue of the small cell non-keratinizing type, the most undifferentiated type, whereas it was not found in 5 cases of well-differentiated keratinizing carcinoma examined. 3. In stage Ib and II cervical cancers, no relationship was recognized between the expression of T-Ag in primary lesion and extension to the parametrium or the pelvic lymph nodes. 4. The incidence of T-Ag(+) tissue in adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix (62.5%, 5/8), the endometrium (91.7%, 11/12), and the ovarian (80%, 8/10) was higher than that in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (52.5%, 32/61). 5. In endometrial cancers, no relationship was recognized between the expression of T-Ag and hormone receptor status.

Selective paralysis of downward gaze, first described by André-Thomas et al. in 1933, is rare to be observed and not many cases have been so far reported in the literature. Two additional cases of selective impairment of downward gaze have been reported. X-ray CT scan revealed the infarcted areas in the midbrain tegmentum and bilateral paramedian thalami in both cases. Angiographic studies have revealed that the arteries occluded might be the paramedian thalamic arteries and their mesencephalic branches. According to the reported clinico-pathological studies and, in addition, to the results of the physiological studies in animal models, the responsible site of lesion for downward gaze failure is thought to be the rostral interstitial nucleus of MLF (riMLF). In one of the cases (28 year-old female, case 1), while vertical slow pursuit eye movements and upward saccade were normal in speed and range, maximum speed of eyes in voluntary downward saccade was markedly reduced and the eyes moved down slowly as if moving in oil (slow eye movement, viscosité). Passively extending the patient's head while she tried to fix her eyes on an unmoving object (doll's eye phenomenon), the speed of her eyes in downward saccade did not increase. In the other case (45 year-old male, case 2), the patient's voluntary and reflex downward eye movements were completely impaired and he could not look down nor follow the object below extending the horizontal meridian level. With regard to the unique features of abnormal eye movements observed in our cases, the possibility of coexistence of saccadic and slow pursuit eye movement systems in the vertical plane was discussed.

Group practices in various forms and combinations appear to set the trend for small animal practice management. By pooling their financial resources, energies, and talents, veterinarians can share the burden of increasing overhead costs and enjoy the benefits of specialization, new technologies, continuing education, consultations and referrals, peer review, applied research and publication, and fringe benefits such as paid vacation and sick leave, profit sharing, and pension. Group practices preserve ownership continuity at fair market value and afford opportunities for the utilization of expert business consultants. There are prerequisites to establishing a successful group practice: An adequate personal income base, a sufficient pet population, and business associates with compatible practice philosophy. Special considerations must be given to the social, economic, and psychological forces at work in a group practice environment. Professional and personal interactions can make or break a group practice. The group concept, MIP treatment of clients and their pets, and personalized appointments are important features which must be emphasized. The law of supply and demand and the law of diminishing returns must be kept in focus at all times. In tandem, they dictate the fortunes of all business enterprises and group practices can be particularly vulnerable to them. Long-term business commitment is a condition of group practice ownership and may pose a conflict with other interests. A predetermined buy-sell agreement and deferred compensation plan may provide the answer in case of dissolution, termination, or early retirement. A system of animal and material transport and transfer of business transactions and medical records must be set up between satellite clinics and the base hospital. A hospital-owned-and-operated shuttle service appears to offer the greatest flexibility and convenience. Cost-effectiveness of a shuttle service depends on the volume of referral cases generated for the base hospital. Computers may provide the answer to rapid and reliable transfer of data between satellite clinics and central or base hospitals in the near future. New approaches to small animal medicine and practice management must be explored and adopted. Prepaid pet medical insurance seems to be the answer to rapidly growing sophistication and escalating cost of small animal patient care. Human and companion animal interactions have been given a fresh impetus by veterinary educators, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, humane societies, organizations for the mentally and physically handicapped, gerontologic centers, and others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)