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Bevezetés: A myocardialis izomhíd a koszorúereken gyakran kimutatott, jóindulatúnak tartott, veleszületett eltérés. Egyedülálló abban a tekintetben, hogy dinamikus kompressziót okoz az adott érszakaszon. Célkitűzés: A közleményben arra kerestük a választ, hogy melyek és hogyan vizsgálhatók azok a morfológiai és funkcionális jellemzők, amelyek meghatározzák a myocardialis izomhíd tünetképző voltát. Módszer: A rendelkezésre álló invazív és nem invazív vizsgálómódszerekkel a morfológiai és a funkcionalitási összefüggések ismertetésével bemutatjuk saját retrospektív kutatásunkat, amikor angina pectoris miatt végzett koronarográfia során a bal elülső leszálló coronarián kimutatott myocardialis izomhíd morfológiai jellemzőit vizsgáltuk. Összehasonlítottuk a betegek életkilátásait azoknál a betegeknél, akiknél csak myocardialis izomhíd fordult elő, azokkal, akiknél szignifikáns arteriosclerosis is jelen volt. Eredmények: Az intravascularis ultrahangvizsgálat alkalmas az eltérés vizualizálására, a kompresszió mértékének megítélésére. Már funkcionális megítélést is lehetővé tesz az intracoronariás Doppler- és a frakcionális ’flow’ rezerv vizsgálat. A nem invazív funkcionális vizsgálatok közül a leggyakrabban a terheléses echokardiográfia használatos. Saját eredményeink szerint, ahol koronarográfiával izolált myocardialis izomhidat találtunk, ott a csoport morfológiai jegyei súlyosabb jellemzőket mutattak, a myocardialis izomhíd rövidülése nagyobb volt. A hosszú távú, 10 éves utánkövetés során a mortalitás kicsi volt, és eredményeink azt mutatták, hogy a mért morfológiai paraméterek egyike sem befolyásolja a mortalitást. Következtetés: Alapvető ellentmondás az állapot gyakori előfordulása a jó prognózisa, illetve a nagyszámú esetleírás között, ahol súlyos szövődményeket mutatnak be. Ma már rendelkezésre állnak azok a nem invazív és invazív vizsgálómódszerek, amelyek segítségével egy jól tervezett prospektív tanulmány választ adhat a myocardialis izomhíd morfológiai jellemzőinek funkcionális jelentőségére. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(15): 563–570.

Introduction. Due to the lifelong nature of diabetes mellitus (DM), it has been demonstrated to have significant effects on patients’ morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to assess the effects of DM on the clinical outcome and survival in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to myocardial infarction (MI) and to examine the relationship of DM to the type of the MI and to left ventricular (LV) and renal functions. Methods. A total of 12,270 patients with ST-elevation MI (STEMI) or non-ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI) were revascularized at our Institution between 2005 and 2013. In this pool of patients, 4388 subjects had DM, while 7018 cases had no DM. Results. In both STEMI and NSTEMI, the 30-day and 1-year survival were worse in diabetic patients as compared to non-diabetic cases. In the patients with DM, NSTEMI showed worse prognosis within 1-year than STEMI similarly to non-diabetic subjects. Regarding survival, the presence of DM seemed to be more important than the type of MI. Regardless of the presence of DM, reduced LV function was a maleficent prognostic sign and DM significantly reduced the prognosis both in case of reduced and normal LV function. Survival is primarily affected by LV function, rather than DM. Worse renal function is associated with worse 30-day and 1-year survival in both cases with and without DM. Considering different renal functions, the presence of DM worsens both short- and long-term survival. Survival is primarily affected by renal function, rather than DM. Conclusions. The results from a high-volume PCI center confirm significant the negative prognostic impact of DM on survival in MI patients. DM is a more important prognostic factor than the type of the MI. However, survival is primarily affected by LV and renal functions, rather than DM. These results could highlight our attention on the importance of recent DM treatment with new drugs including SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 antagonists with beneficial effects on survival.

Uvod: Vysoký pocet připadů onemocněni COVID-19 klade vysoke naroky na zdravotnicke systemy. V zemich těžce postižených pandemii uvaději lekaři meně pacientů přivažených do nemocnic s akutnimi koronarnimi syndromy (AKS). Znepokojujici je skutecnost, že u pacientů s život ohrožujicim onemocněnim může dochazet k vice komplikacim, připadně mohou zemřit na infarkt myokardu. Informaci o peci o jedince s AKS v zemich meně postižených pandemii je malo. Vzhledem k tomu, že do teto skupiny zemi patři Maďarsko, bylo nasim cilem posoudit změny v peci o jedince s infarktem myokardu na největsim pracovisti v zemi, ktere provadi perkutanni koronarni intervence. Metody: Byly analyzovany výsledky cekem 512 po sobě nasledujicich pacientů; z tohoto poctu jich 396 bylo osetřeno v letech 2018 a 2019 ve srovnani se 116 jedinci s AKS v roce 2020 během pandemie. V nasi studii jsme porovnali demograficke a klinicke charakteristiky pacientů i pocty umrti mimo nemocnici v době před vypuknutim pandemie a v jejim průběhu. Výsledky: Během pandemie doslo k 41% (116/298) poklesu poctu vsech AKS a k 29% sniženi poctu pacientů s infarktem myokardu s elevacemi useku ST (STEMI) (61/87) i 51% sniženi poctu pacientů s infarktem myokardu bez elevaci useku ST (NSTEMI) (54/111). Podil pozdě přijatých pacientů se STEMI přitom vzrostl (17,49 %, 18/105 vs. 34,48 %, 10/29). Zaznamenali jsme i pokles v poctu těžkých připadů, intervenci na kmeni leve věncite tepny i pacientů s vysoce rizikovým NSTEMI. Umrtnost mimo nemocnici vzrostla o 17 %. Zavěr: I když v prvni vlně byl maďarský zdravotnický system pandemii meně zasažen, pozorovali jsme významný pokles v poctu připadů AKS. Opožděne poskytnuti pece nebo jeji naprosta absence mohou mit zavažne důsledky pro prognozu pacienta. Vzhledem ke zvysujicim se poctům připadů onemocněni COVID-19 ve druhe vlně nabýva na významu nutnost zvýsit povědomi pacientů i zdravotnických pracovniků o nezbytnosti casneho poskytnuti pece jedincům s AKS. © 2021, CKS.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Heveny myocardialis infarctusban a szívizommentés sikere, a beteg életkilátása nagymértékben függ a panasz kezdete és az elzáródott koszorúér rekanalizálása között eltelt ischaemiás időtől. Jelenleg az ér nyitása optimális esetben minden betegnél koszorúér-intervencióval történik. Célkitűzés: Annak vizsgálata, hogy öt év alatt mennyit változtak az ischaemiás idő összetevői, és miben változott az elzáródott ér nyitásának módszere ST-elevációs myocardialis infarctus (STEMI) miatt végzett primer coronariaintervencióban. Módszer: 2014. 01. 01. és 2018. 12. 31. között 1663, STEMI miatt koszorúér-intervencióval kezelt betegnél (1173 férfi és 490 nő) vizsgáltuk évenkénti bontásban a panasztól a koszorúér nyitásáig eltelt idő összetevőit és a 30 napos halálozást. Eredmények: Öt év alatt a panasztól az első egészségügyi kontaktusig medián 2:53 vs. 2:10 óra (p = 0,0132), ettől az intervenciós centrumba történt felvételig medián 1:17 vs. 1:03 óra (p = 0,009), a felvételtől a ballon nyitásáig medián 0:31 vs. 0:29 óra (p = ns) telt el. A panasztól a ballon nyitásáig eltelt idő (medián 5:29 vs. 4:07 óra, p = 0,0001) rövidült, döntően 2014 és 2015 között. A gyógyszerkibocsátó stent beültetése 15%-ról 96%-ra nőtt. A vizsgált években a légzés/keringés támogatás aránya 8,2–10,6–13,9–7,6–8,4, a 30 napos halálozásé 4,1–6,8–11,1–7,4–5,7% volt; a két érték korrelációt mutat (p = 0,827). Következtetés: Öt év alatt a panasztól az első egészségügyi kontaktusig és a kórházi beszállításig eltelt idő rövidült, de az Európai Kardiológiai Társaság ajánlásához képest hosszú; a kórházi felvételtől a ballon nyitásáig eltelt idő megfelelő. A négy órán belüli reperfúzió a betegek közel felében valósult meg. Az intervenciós centrumba való gyorsabb bekerülés javíthatna az eredményen. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(13): 497–503. Summary. Introduction: In acute myocardial infarction, the heart muscle salvage, the patient’s life expectancy is highly dependent on the elapsed ischaemic time from the onset of complaint to target vessel recanalisation. Nowadays, target vessel recanalisation is performed with coronary intervention in all patients in optimal case. Objective: To examine how the components of ischemic time and the opening procedure of the occluded coronary have changed over five years in primary intervention done in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Method: Authors studied data of 1663 (1173 male and 480 female) STEMI patients in annual breakdowns treated with coronary intervention between 01. 01. 2014 and 31. 12. 2018, time from complaint to coronary artery opening, details of intervention and 30 days mortality rate. Results: During the five years, time intervals were as follows: from onset of complaint to first medical contact: median 2:53 vs. 2:10 hours (p = 0.0132), from this to admission in the interventional centre: median 1:17 vs. 1:03 hours (p = 0.009), from hospital admission to balloon opening: median 0:31 vs. 0:29 hours (p = ns). In total, the complaint to balloon opening time (median 5:29 vs. 4:07 hours, p = 0.0001) diminished, decisively from 2014 to 2015. Ratio of drug-eluting stent implantation increased from 15% to 96%. In the investigated years, the need of respiratory and/or circulatory device support ratio was 8.2–10.6–13.9–7.6–8.4, 30-day mortality rate between 4.1–6.8–11.1–7.4–5.7%; these two values showed a correlation (p = 0.827). Conclusion: The time from complaint to first medical contact and transfer to hospital against the significant decrease is still longer than the recommendation of the European Society of Cardiology. The time from hospital admission to balloon opening is adequate. Reperfusion within four hours was achieved in half of the patients in total. Faster hospitalization may improve results. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(13): 497–503.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many aspects of acute myocardial infarction. Based on literature data, the prognosis of COVID+, STEMI patients is significantly worse than that of COVID- STEMI patients. On the other hand, physicians report fewer acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients presenting to hospitals in countries severely affected by the pandemic. It is concerning that patients with life-threatening illness can suffer more complications or die due to their myocardial infarction. We aimed to investigate the changes in myocardial infarction care in the country's biggest PCI-center and to compare total 30-day mortality in COVID+ and COVID-patients with acute myocardial infarction treated at the Semmelweis University Heart and Vascular Center, and to investigate risk factors and complications in these two groups.Between 8 October 2020 and 30 April 2021, 43 COVID+, in 2018-2019, 397 COVID-patients with acute myocardial infarction were admitted. Total admission rates pre- and during the pandemic were compared.Within 30 days, 8 of 43 patients in the COVID+ group (18.60%), and 40 of the 397 patients in the control group (10.07%) died (P = 0.01). Regarding the comorbidities, more than half of COVID+ patients had a significantly reduced ejection fraction (EF≤ 40%), and the prevalence of heart failure was significantly higher in this group (51.16% vs. 27.84%, P = 0.0329). There was no significant difference between the two patient groups in the incidence of STEMI and NSTEMI. Although there was no significant difference, VF (11.63% vs. 6.82%), resuscitation (23.26% vs. 10.08%), and ECMO implantation (2.38% vs. 1.26%) were more common in the COVID+ group. The mean age was 68.8 years in the COVID+ group and 67.6 years in the control group. The max. Troponin also did not differ significantly between the two groups (1,620 vs. 1,470 ng/L). There was a significant decline in admission rates in the first as well as in the second wave of the pandemic.The 30-day total mortality of COVID+ patients was significantly higher, and a more severe proceeding of acute myocardial infarction and a higher incidence of complications can be observed. As the secondary negative effect of the pandemic serious decline in admission rates can be detected.

ObjectiveWe assessed the diagnostic and prognostic implications of early cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), CMR-based deformation imaging and conventional risk factors in patients with troponin-positive acute chest pain and non-obstructed coronary arteries.MethodsIn total, 255 patients presenting between 2009 and 2019 with troponin-positive acute chest pain and non-obstructed coronary arteries who underwent CMR in ≤7 days were followed for a clinical endpoint of all-cause mortality. Cine movies, T2-weighted and late gadolinium-enhanced images were evaluated to establish a diagnosis of the underlying heart disease. Further CMR analysis, including left ventricular strain, was carried out.ResultsCMR (performed at a mean of 2.7 days) provided the diagnosis in 86% of patients (54% myocarditis, 22% myocardial infarction (MI) and 10% Takotsubo syndrome and myocardial contusion (n=1)). The 4-year mortality for a diagnosis of MI, myocarditis, Takotsubo and normal CMR patients was 10.2%, 1.6%, 27.3% and 0%, respectively. We found a strong association between CMR diagnosis and mortality (log-rank: 24, pConclusionsCMR performed in the early phase establishes the proper diagnosis in patients with troponin-positive acute chest pain and non-obstructed coronary arteries and provides additional prognostic factors. This may indicate that CMR could play an additional role in risk stratification in this patient population.

Early ventricular fibrillation (EVF) predicts mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Data are lacking about prognosis and management of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) EMI with EVF, especially at higher age. In the daily clinical practice, there is no clear prognosis of patients surviving EVF. The present study aimed to investigate the risk factors and factors influencing the prognosis of NSTEMI patients surviving EVF, especially at higher age. Clinical data, including 30-day and 1-year mortality of 6179 NSTEMI patients, were examined; 2.44% (n=151) survived EVF and were further analyzed using chi-square test and uni- and multivariate analyses. Patients were divided into two age groups below and above the age of 70 years. Survival time was compared with Kaplan-Meier analysis. EVF was an independent risk factor for mortality in NSTEMI patients below (HR: 2.4) and above the age of 70 (HR: 2.1). Mortality rates between the two age groups of NSTEMI patients with EVF did not differ significantly: 30-day mortality was 24% vs 40% (p=0.2709) and 1-year mortality was 39% vs 55% (p=0.2085). Additional mortality after 30 days to 1 year was 15% vs 14.6% (p=0.9728). Clinical characteristics of patients with EVF differed significantly from those without in both age groups. EVF after revascularization—within 48 h—had 11.2 OR for 30-day mortality above the age of 70. EVF in NSTEMI was an independent risk factor for mortality in both age groups. Invasive management and revascularization of NSTEMI patients with EVF is highly recommended. Closer follow-up and selection of patients (independent of age) for ICD implantation in the critical first month is essential.

Background The most common, potentially fatal complication following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is early ventricular fibrillation (EVF). According to the guidelines, the assessment of implanting an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is sufficient 6 weeks after the event, in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), regardless of VF. The present study aimed to evaluate the 6-week prognosis of patients surviving an EVF. We divided the patients in two group based on their general condition at the time they left the hospital. We investigated the clinical characteristics of patients discharged in good general health but still dying within 6 weeks. Methods The present study comprised 12,270 patients with AMI following their primary revascularization in the first 12 h of symptom onset. Five hundred and forty-seven of them suffered EVF due to the AMI. Clinical and 6-week mortality data were examined. Results Poor general condition correlates with multiple comorbidities, higher troponin levels, more severe complications after the event. Patients leaving in good condition thought to be low risk, from dying. But low LVEF, high blood sugar, high cardiac biomarker level, poor renal function elevates the risk of dying within 6 weeks. However, there is no difference in clinical characteristics between EVF- cases and EVF+ cases in good condition who dies within 6 weeks. Conclusions According to our study we can select patients who are safe in the critical 6-week period and those who need closer follow-up despite leaving in good general condition.

Introduction The diagnostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has been suggested in determination of the cause in patients with the working diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA). According to the current STEMI Guideline CMR is considered to have the best diagnostic performance, when CMR timing is within its optimal ≤2 weeks. Aims The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic value of early (1–7 days) CMR examination in patients with signs of troponin positive acute coronary syndrome (ACS) but with nonobstructive coronary arteries. We also aimed to investigate how early CMR changes the provisional diagnosis. We investigated the mortality in each patient group. Methods 273 consecutive patients (43±16 years, 64% male) with working diagnosis of MINOCA underwent CMR examination following coronary angiography in a mean length of time of 2.5 days between 2009–2020. Cine movie, T2-weighted and late gadolinium enhanced images (LGE) were performed. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (LVESVi), ejection fraction (LVEF), mass (LVM) and myocardial necrosis were evaluated. We analysed the risk factors and laboratory values of our patients. Patients were followed for all-cause mortality. Results CMR examination established a definitive diagnosis in 86% of the cases: acute myocardial infarction (MI) in 65 patients (47% male), acute myocarditis in 142 patients (87% male), Tako-Tsubo syndrome (TTS) in 27 woman, myocardial contusion in one case. The diagnosis of four patients remained inconclusive after CMR and in 34 pts (50% male) there was no CMR abnormality. CMR changed the provisional diagnosis in 53% of the patients. LVEF was lower, LVESVi was elevated in TTS patients compared to MI and myocarditis (LVEF: 43±9.5 vs 56±7.7 vs 54±6.7%; LVESVi: 52±12.8 vs 38±13.2 vs 42±9.1 ml/m2 p Conclusion Our study demonstrates the diagnostic value of early CMR in patients with the working diagnosis of MINOCA. It established a definite diagnosis in 86% of our patients and changed the provisional diagnosis in 53%. According to our results there is an association between CMR diagnosis and mortality. Myocarditis, MI, TakoTsubo syndrome Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Project no. NVKP_16-1-2016-0017 has been implemented with the support provided from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary, financed under the NVKP_16 funding scheme. This project was supported by a grant from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) of Hungary (K 120277).

Background The clinical significance of myocardial bridging (MB) on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) is debated. We aimed to assess the association between MB and LAD plaque volumes/compositions in a case-control set up. Methods In our retrospective analysis we investigated 50 cases with incidentally recognized LAD MB and 50 matched controls without LAD MB on coronary computed tomography angiography. We quantified plaque volumes proximal to the MB and beneath it in patients with MB and in the corresponding coronary segments in patients without MB. Results In total, we have included 100 patients (mean age 60.6 ± 10.8 years, males: 80%). Plaque volume was similar in the LAD segments proximal to the MB in cases vs. controls (150.0 mm3 [IQR: 90.7–194.5 mm3] vs. 132.8 mm3 [IQR: 94.2–184.3 mm3], respectively; p = 0.95) while the plaque volume was smaller beneath LAD MB vs. control segment (16.2 mm3 [IQR: 12.6–25.8 mm3] vs. 21.1 mm3 [IQR: 14.0–42.4 mm3], respectively; p = 0.002). No significant differences were found regarding different plaque components in segments proximal to the MB while fatty plaque and necrotic core volumes were smaller or negligible in coronary segment beneath MB than in controls (0.07 mm3 [IQR: 0.005–0.27 mm3] vs. 12.7 mm3 [IQR: 7.4–24.4 mm3] and 0.00 mm3 [IQR: 0.00–0.04 mm3] vs. 0.06 mm3 [IQR: 0.03–2.8 mm3], respectively (p Conclusion Comparing patients with MB vs. matched controls without it, MB was not associated with increased plaque volumes in LAD segment proximal to MB and plaque quantity was smaller in the MB segment. Our data are supportive of benign nature of incidentally recognized LAD MB.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Heveny myocardialis infarctusban a szívizommentés sikere, a beteg életkilátása nagymértékben függ a panasz kezdete és az elzáródott koszorúér rekanalizálása között eltelt ischaemiás időtől. Jelenleg az ér nyitása optimális esetben minden betegnél koszorúér-intervencióval történik. Célkitűzés: Annak vizsgálata, hogy öt év alatt mennyit változtak az ischaemiás idő összetevői, és miben változott az elzáródott ér nyitásának módszere ST-elevációs myocardialis infarctus (STEMI) miatt végzett primer coronariaintervencióban. Módszer: 2014. 01. 01. és 2018. 12. 31. között 1663, STEMI miatt koszorúér-intervencióval kezelt betegnél (1173 férfi és 490 nő) vizsgáltuk évenkénti bontásban a panasztól a koszorúér nyitásáig eltelt idő összetevőit és a 30 napos halálozást. Eredmények: Öt év alatt a panasztól az első egészségügyi kontaktusig medián 2:53 vs. 2:10 óra (p = 0,0132), ettől az intervenciós centrumba történt felvételig medián 1:17 vs. 1:03 óra (p = 0,009), a felvételtől a ballon nyitásáig medián 0:31 vs. 0:29 óra (p = ns) telt el. A panasztól a ballon nyitásáig eltelt idő (medián 5:29 vs. 4:07 óra, p = 0,0001) rövidült, döntően 2014 és 2015 között. A gyógyszerkibocsátó stent beültetése 15%-ról 96%-ra nőtt. A vizsgált években a légzés/keringés támogatás aránya 8,2-10,6-13,9-7,6-8,4, a 30 napos halálozásé 4,1-6,8-11,1-7,4-5,7% volt; a két érték korrelációt mutat (p = 0,827). Következtetés: Öt év alatt a panasztól az első egészségügyi kontaktusig és a kórházi beszállításig eltelt idő rövidült, de az Európai Kardiológiai Társaság ajánlásához képest hosszú; a kórházi felvételtől a ballon nyitásáig eltelt idő megfelelő. A négy órán belüli reperfúzió a betegek közel felében valósult meg. Az intervenciós centrumba való gyorsabb bekerülés javíthatna az eredményen. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(13): 497-503.In acute myocardial infarction, the heart muscle salvage, the patient's life expectancy is highly dependent on the elapsed ischaemic time from the onset of complaint to target vessel recanalisation. Nowadays, target vessel recanalisation is performed with coronary intervention in all patients in optimal case.To examine how the components of ischemic time and the opening procedure of the occluded coronary have changed over five years in primary intervention done in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Authors studied data of 1663 (1173 male and 480 female) STEMI patients in annual breakdowns treated with coronary intervention between 01. 01. 2014 and 31. 12. 2018, time from complaint to coronary artery opening, details of intervention and 30 days mortality rate.During the five years, time intervals were as follows: from onset of complaint to first medical contact: median 2:53 vs. 2:10 hours (p = 0.0132), from this to admission in the interventional centre: median 1:17 vs. 1:03 hours (p = 0.009), from hospital admission to balloon opening: median 0:31 vs. 0:29 hours (p = ns). In total, the complaint to balloon opening time (median 5:29 vs. 4:07 hours, p = 0.0001) diminished, decisively from 2014 to 2015. Ratio of drug-eluting stent implantation increased from 15% to 96%. In the investigated years, the need of respiratory and/or circulatory device support ratio was 8.2-10.6-13.9-7.6-8.4, 30-day mortality rate between 4.1-6.8-11.1-7.4-5.7%; these two values showed a correlation (p = 0.827).The time from complaint to first medical contact and transfer to hospital against the significant decrease is still longer than the recommendation of the European Society of Cardiology. The time from hospital admission to balloon opening is adequate. Reperfusion within four hours was achieved in half of the patients in total. Faster hospitalization may improve results. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(13): 497-503.

Introduction The changing of some meteorological parameters have major burden on the human body. That's why it became necessary to adopt to the altering conditions. The air temperature, atmospheric pressure have a significant influence on the patient's physical shape, blood pressure and response to stress. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of the fronts and all the factors forming the weather at the same time on the incidence of myocardial infarction and its prognosis. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis on the data of 11820 consecutive patients surviving acute myocardial infarction between 2005 and 2014. We used to scales applied in meteorology to characterise the days (Péczely Scale, Front Scale). We studied the incidence of the values of the different scales 2 days before and after the infarction. Results We had a database of 11820 patients, STEMI (n=5183) and NSTEMI (n=6004). We created different subgroups (age, 30-day mortality, occurrence of primary ventricle fibrillation) to make our estimation. Considering non VF patients the effect of Front 3 whereas among VF positive patients Front 5 is more significant. The incidence rates of Front 3 one day before and on the day of the infarction in the non-VF and NSTEMI group is 0.2041 and 0.1735, in the non-VF and STEMI group it is 0.1939 two days before the event. The incidence rate of Front 5 on the 2nd day in the NSTEMI and VF positive group is 0.0357, it is 0.0714 among STEMI and VF positive patients on the day of the event. The influence of the approaching warm front is significant (p Conclusion The influence of the weather is not irrelevant in the occurrence of MI. The mortality rates are higher in several subgroups on days having a Péczely Scale 3. The different fronts have a major impact on the severity of the infarction. The Front 5 causes higher incidence of VF due to MI. We proved that warm fronts have a significant effect on patients dying within 30 days.

Introduction No-reflow (NR) phenomenon occurs, when myocardial perfusion is not re-established despite opening the coronary artery during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Purpose Our aim was to identify no-reflow specific characteristics, its independent predictors, and to develop a clinically-adaptable risk score. Methods We have analysed 4085 patient data from two Hungarian cardiovascular centres. We included all STEMI/NSTEMI patients underwent PCI (n=3187). 158 patients treated with papaverine/adenosine formed NR group, while 3029 patients were in control (C) group. Anamnestic parameters, laboratory and operation data were compared. Statistical analysis was carried out with Mann-Whitney-, Fisher test, binary logistic regression and Kaplan Meier survival curve. Based on our results, we designed a risk estimation system, checking its applicability with ROC analysis. Results As for NR-specific characteristics, malignant ventricular arrhythmias (11% vs. 4%, p=0,0031; NR-C consequently) and complications (21% vs. 11%, p=0,064) showed their vulnerability. The increment of glucose (8,1 vs. 7,1 mmol/l, p=0,004), WBC (12,08 vs. 10,5 G/l, p=0,001), CRP (12,46 vs. 7,67 mg/l, p=0,051) and LDL levels (3,34 vs. 3,13 mmol/l, p=0,059) supported the pathomechanism of NR. Higher biomarker levels (troponinT: 2040 vs. 510,5 ng/ml; CK-MB: 100,4 vs. 63,65 U/l, p 30-day survival was significantly different (85,1 vs. 93,54%, p From the significant differences, CRP was the independent predictor of NR (OR: 1,011, p=0,004; pro 1 mg/l change). Examining STEMI/NSTEMI separately, in STEMI CRP was the independent predictor (OR: 1,0092, p=0,036). In NSTEMI LDL (OR: 4,23, p=0,021) was the independent factor. In the risk score, the following 8 parameters were included: BMI>28 kg/m2, glucose>8 mmol/l, WBC>12 G/l, CK-MB>100 U/l, hs troponin T>2000 ng/ml, CRP>12 mg/l, LDL>3,3 mmol/l, STEMI (yes/no), thus maximum 8 points could be reached. Low (0–1 points, 5–20%), moderate (2–5 points, 55–70%) and high risk groups (6–8 points, 41–11%) were formed. Supervising the model with ROC analysis: AUC=0,69, p=0,0026, which indicates its ability to discriminate effectively between different risk levels of NR. Conclusions The specific characteristics of NR group were identified, from which CRP was the independent predictor - as well as in STEMI, while in NR-NSTEMI LDL was the independent factor. With the elaborated risk estimation system –using anamnestic and routine laboratory parameters– NR could be predicted and unsuccessful PCI could be reduced, resulting in positive therapeutic consequences.

Introduction The diagnostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has been suggested in determination of the cause behind Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA). According to the current STEMI Guideline CMR is considered to have the best diagnostic performance, when CMR timing is within its optimal ≤2 weeks. Purpose The aim of our study was to establish the prevalence of the underlying pathologies using early (1–7 days) CMR examination in patients with signs of troponin positive acute coronary syndrome (ACS) but normal coronary angiography (NCA). We also aimed to investigate how early CMR changes the provisional diagnosis, and to provide detailed information of CMR characteristics of our pts and to compare laboratory parameters and risk factors of each group. Methods Between 2010–2018 (n=234) consecutive pts (40.2±12.1y, 159 male) with troponin positive ACS underwent CMR examination following NCA (≤20% stenosis), in a mean length of time of 2.5 days. Cine movie, T2-weighted and late gadolinium enhanced images (LGE) were performed. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (LVESVi), ejection fraction (LVEF), mass (LVM) and myocardial necrosis were evaluated. We analysed the risk factors and laboratory values of our patients. Results CMR proved acute myocardial infarction (MI) in 42 pts (52% male), acute myocarditis in 138 pts (89% male), Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) in 25 woman, myocardial contusion in one case, in three cases CMR raised the suspicion of sarcoidosis and in 25 pts (56% male) there was no CMR abnormality. LVEF was lower, LVESVi was elevated in TTC patients compared to MI and myocarditis (LVEF: 44±9.1 vs 56.5±7 vs 55±6.6%; LVESVi: 52.5±12.9 vs 41±16.8 vs 42.1±8.9 ml/m2 p Myocarditis pts were younger (myocarditis: 32.5±10.8 vs MI 47.6±15.5 vs TTC 65.5±9.6 y; p Underlying pathologies in MINOCA Conclusion In patients with the working diagnosis of MINOCA and normal coronary angiography early CMR established a definitive diagnosis in 88% of our patients and changed the provisional diagnosis in 47% of the pts. Acknowledgement/Funding Project no. NVKP_16-1-2016-0017 has been implemented with the support provided from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary

In the last fifteen years mild therapeutic hypothermia became an accepted and widespread therapeutic method in the treatment of successfully resuscitated patients due to sudden cardiac death. Based on the available evidence therapeutic hypothermia is part of the resuscitation guidelines, however, many aspects of its therapeutic use are based on empirical facts. In particular, the subjects of intense debate are the ideal target temperature and the benefit of hypothermia in patients found with non-shockable rhythm. Hypothermia affects almost all organ systems and, therefore, early detection and treatment of side effects are essential. The aim of the authors is to summarize the clinical role and pathophysiologic effects of therapeutic hypothermia in the treatment of resuscitated patients based on current evidence and their practical experience. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(16), 611–617.

Objectives We aimed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in the treatment of diffuse bare metal stent (BMS) restenosis as compared to the treatment of de novo coronary lesions in high restenosis risk patient population. Background To date limited long-term data are available about the treatment of BMS restenosis with DES. Methods Five hundred and fourteen consecutive patients who underwent DES implantation between January 2003 and October 2006 at our institute were studied: 201 patients received DES for treatment of BMS restenosis and 313 patients received DES for high restenosis risk de novo lesions. Outcomes were calculated using propensity score adjustment. Mean follow-up length was 45.6 ± 21.5 months. Results The rates of acute coronary syndrome, three-vessel disease, and diabetes were high in both restenosis and de novo groups: 44.8% versus 46.3%, 20.9% versus 28.7%, and 34.3% versus 38.9%, respectively. The incidence of ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) yielded similar results in the restenosis group and de novo group at 4 years (10.4% vs 12.4%, P = 0.490). All-cause mortality was lower in the restenosis group at 4 years (7.4% vs 14.7%, P = 0.032); however, the incidence of definite and probable stent thrombosis did not differ (1.9% vs 1.6%, P = 0.708) between the 2 groups. Conclusions DESs are safe in the treatment of diffuse BMS restenosis and the rate of additional TLR is acceptable as compared to the use of DES in de novo lesions. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:271–277)

Myocardial bridging is a common coronary anomaly, which is generally described as a benign phenomenon. However, a growing number of studies consider this anomaly a relevant pathophysiological phenomenon with serious pathological consequences. Here we report on the case of an 88-year-old woman suffering from myocardial infarction and ventricular septal rupture, lacking any recognizable coronary disease except for a myocardial bridge causing the systolic compression of the left anterior descending coronary artery. A wide range of diagnostic procedures, including coronarography, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging were used. The septal rupture was finally closed by using a percutaneous closure device. This event indicates that myocardial bridges - at least in some cases - may have notable clinical relevance.

In the last fifteen years mild therapeutic hypothermia became an accepted and widespread therapeutic method in the treatment of successfully resuscitated patients due to sudden cardiac death. Based on the available evidence therapeutic hypothermia is part of the resuscitation guidelines, however, many aspects of its therapeutic use are based on empirical facts. In particular, the subjects of intense debate are the ideal target temperature and the benefit of hypothermia in patients found with non-shockable rhythm. Hypothermia affects almost all organ systems and, therefore, early detection and treatment of side effects are essential. The aim of the authors is to summarize the clinical role and pathophysiologic effects of therapeutic hypothermia in the treatment of resuscitated patients based on current evidence and their practical experience.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare 600- and 300-mg clopidogrel loading doses in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background Given the high thrombotic risk of patients with STEMI, greater platelet inhibition may improve outcome in those patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although observational data suggest that pretreatment with a 600-mg clopidogrel loading dose may be more effective than the 300-mg regimen in primary PCI, this hypothesis has never been tested in a randomized study. Methods A total of 201 patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI randomly received a 600-mg (n = 103) or 300-mg (n = 98) clopidogrel loading dose before the procedure. The primary endpoint was the evaluation of the infarct size, defined as the area under the curve of cardiac markers. Results Infarct size was significantly lower in the high-dose regimen: median creatine kinase-myocardial band 2,070 ng/ml (interquartile range [IQR]: 815 to 2,847 ng/ml) versus 3,049 ng/ml (IQR: 1,050 to 7,031 ng/ml) in the 300-mg group, p = 0.0001; troponin-I 255 ng/ml (IQR: 130 to 461 ng/ml) versus 380 ng/ml (IQR: 134 to 1,406 ng/ml), p Conclusions In STEMI patients, pre-treatment with a 600-mg clopidogrel loading dose before primary PCI was associated with a reduction of the infarct size compared with a 300-mg loading dose, as well as with improvement of angiographic results, residual cardiac function, and 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events; further studies are warranted to evaluate impact of such strategy on survival.

A 73-year-old man was treated because of his paroxysmal palpitations became persistent. At the time of hospital admission atrial flutter was found. Antiarrhythmic drug treatment was unsuccessful therefore electrical cardioversion was indicated which restored his sinus rhythm. After one year of uneventful follow up Holter monitoring was indicated again. When the machine was hooked up sinus rhythm was observed. After 53 minutes a tram knocked down the patient, and he died immediately. During autopsy brain laceration, multiple cranial fractions, mediastinal hemorrhage were found. The Holter recording time was 66 minutes. Before the accident sinus rhythm was recorded. At the time of accident an electrical noise was found, followed by long sinus arrest, atrial fibrillation, nodal escape rhythm, sinus bradycardia, ventricular flutter, tachycardia, fibrillation and “dying heart” rhythm. According to our knowledge this is the first Holter monitoring observation during a sudden traumatic death.

To analyze the efficacy of a regionally organized primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) network at the Heart Center, Semmelweis University Budapest, part of the "Budapest model," and the factors that influence it.In order to investigate the differences between regular and off-hours patient care in a 24-hour myocardial infarction primary care system, we included 1890 consecutive, unselected patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and followed them until at least one year. The follow-up was complete for all participants.The difference between regular hours and off-hours mortality was not significant either after 30 days (8.6% vs 8.8%, respectively) or after 1 year (15.3% vs 14.7%, respectively). The rate of patients with re-infarction, frequency of re-intervention, and major adverse cardiac events, including death, re-infarction, re-intervention, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, were similar in both patient groups. The time delay between the onset of chest pain and arrival to the clinic was 5.9+/-5.8 hours (mean+/- standard deviation) during regular hours and 5.2+/-4.6 hours during off-hours (P=0.235). Direct transport caused significant decrease in the 30-day and 1-year mortality independent of duty time (7.2% vs 9.9%, P=0.027; 12.6% vs 16.7%, P=0.028; respectively).Centralized primary PCI network of the "Budapest model" achieved the same level of patient care during both off-hours and regular hours.

The authors review the options of secondary medical prevention in patients with ischaemic heart disease, stressing the need and safety of using statins. The beneficial effect of statin therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and the clinical benefit of the greatest possible reduction in LDL cholesterol level are presented. The atherosclerotic plaque regression achieved by a high-intensity statin therapy in the ASTEROID trial is also briefly reviewed.

Health evaluation of candidates applying driving license is general practitioner's duty, in the case of driving private cars. In Hungary no generally accepted guideline available on the evaluation process, the necessary examinations etc. A patient with a III degree A-V block was treated by the authors after suffering a serious syncope, with brain contusion, however he was regarded fit to drive by his GP, after the serious accident. The patient after the brain trauma was treated in two different institutions, however no ECG record was found, when the authors asked it to find out the time of the A-V block. Finally the patients was treated with temporary and later on with permanent pace-maker. During the half year follow up the patient was symptom less. The authors summarize the possible mechanism of syncope, and the criteria the evaluation of patients with heart diseases. In conclusion the authors emphasize the need for a generally accepted Hungarian guideline in the evaluation process of candidates applying driving license.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation has become the first choice of treatment for acute myocardial infarction [1]. The most often used metals and metallic alloys for manufacturing stents have a net positive electrical charge on their surface [2]. Dental procedures that use amalgam are the most frequent restoration techniques worldwide. In contrast with the alloys used for stent manufacturing, most alloys used in dental fillings tend to be electronegative. Oral galvanic currents and the elucidated metallic vapor release have long been recognized as a potential source of oral discomfort [3]. The phenomenon of oral galvanism results from the difference in electrical potential between dissimilar restorative metals located in the mouth. Whether electrical potential difference between coronary stents and metals located in the mouth has any clinical implication is uncertain. A 54-year-old male, with 2-hour chest pain and ST elevation in anterior ECG leads has been admitted to our invasive cardiology center for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A diagnosis of anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was made and the subsequent coronary angiography described an occlusion of a left anterior descendent coronary artery. A successful revascularization was performed with implantation of an endothelial progenitor cell capture 3.0×23 mm stent (Genous Bio-engineered R stentTM, OrbusNeich Medical Technologies, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA). Three days after the PCI, the patient was discharged without symptoms. One month after the PCI a progressive severe disturbance in sense of taste with metallic taste and inability to distinguish between

Numerous STEMI patients are treated successfully in the Central PCI on call system. Up until this time we do not have data about the first medical contact's - National Emergency Service or other medical staff - impact on long-term prognosis. It is also unknown how the method of transport to the PCI center (direct or secondary) influences the prognosis. Our aim was to evaluate the magnitude of first medical contact and the type of transport in the short-term and long-term prognosis.

The calcium sensitizer levosimendan enhances myocardial contractility, which could be advantageous in patients with myocardial ischemia requiring inotropic support.

Levosimendan is a new, effective inodilator agent, which is a new alternate drug beside conventional inotropic drugs in treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Positive inotropic effects of levosimendan is based on myocardial Ca-sensitising. Few clinical data are available about the occurrence of proarrhythmic effects of levosimendan, particularly administered in parallel with catecholamines.

Early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most effective treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI, unstable angina pectoris) complicated by states Killip 3 and 4.

Uvod: Soucasne doporucene postupy Evropske kardiologicke spolecnosti podporujici invazivni lecbu akutniho koronarniho syndromu bez elevaci useku ST (non-STE AKS) jsou založeny na modelu stanoveni rizika GRACE.Cil: Cilem teto studie bylo zjistit, zda lecba non-STE AKS perkutanni koronarni intervenci snižuje dlouhodobou mortalitu hodnocenou podle skore rizika GRACE.Metody: Provedli jsme retrospektivni studii se vzorkem po sobě jdoucich 680 pacientů s non-STE AKS lecených s použitim PCI v Kardiocentru Semmelweis University. Skore rizika GRACE se vypocitavalo při přijmu každeho pacienta. Byla stanovena průměrna hodnota relativniho rizika v každe skupině a porovnana s dlouhodobým klinickým výsledkem lecby (sledovana sestiměsicni mortalita).Výsledky: Průměrna hodnota vypocitaneho skore GRACE byla 1,6 % u pacientů s nizkým rizikem, 5,0 % u nemocných se středně vysokým rizikem a 21,3 % u pacientů s vysokým rizikem. Naproti tomu dosahlo zjistěne riziko umrti do sesti měsiců hodnoty 0,42 % u pacientů s nizkým rizikem, 1,1 % u nemocných se středně vysokým rizikem, a 12,6 % u vysoce rizikových pacientů. Rozdil mezi vypocitanou a zjistěnou sestiměsicni mortalitou ve skupinach se středně vysokým a vysokým rizikem byl statisticky významný (středni riziko, p = 0,004; vysoke riziko, p = 0,0097). Skutecne riziko umrti u nemocných s nizkým rizikem bylo rovněž nižsi - ne vsak statisticky významně - než vypocitane riziko.Zavěr: Riziko umrti pacientů s non-STE AKS lecených na pracovisti s vysokým poctem každorocně osetřovane teto pacientske populace bylo statisticky významně nižsi než riziko stanovene pomoci modelu rizika GRACE. Nase výsledky naznacuji, že provaděni perkutanni koronarni intervence po non-STE AKS na zakladě rizika stanoveneho pomoci modelu rizika GRACE je nejpřinosnějsi u nemocných se středně vysokým a vysokým rizikem.