Search

— A taxonomic treatment is herein provided for the six primarily Neotropical species of Vigna subg. Lasiospron. This subgenus is distinguished, in part, by its close relationship with Old World Vigna species, but rather than having an Old World Vigna floral asymmetry where distal floral parts can have a right-hand curvature (from a face-view perspective), distal parts of Vigna subg. Lasiospron flowers, like those of American Phaseolinae, curve to the left. Our proposed taxonomy reflects published phylogenetic analyses that resolve the Vigna subg. Lasiospron species in a subclade of the primarily Old World clade of species of Vigna sensu stricto. Vigna subg. Lasiospron is therefore distinctive in having a primarily neotropical distribution. Three of the six Vigna subg. Lasiospron species have an amphi-Atlantic distribution, which we suggest was achieved naturally by the ability of these species to disperse and colonize coastal habitats. Nomenclatural and taxonomic synonyms are reported, along with species descriptions and the biogeographical, genetic, and morphological evidence that argues for each of the six Vigna subg. Lasiospron species fitting a unified species concept.

—As currently circumscribed, the legume genusEnterolobiumcomprises 11 species in two sections:E.sect.EnterolobiumandE.sect.Robrichia, with an overall distribution from Mexico to Argentina and a centre of diversity in Amazonia. In the absence of the characteristic indehiscent fruits,Enterolobiumis difficult to distinguish from other genera in the ingoid clade, includingAlbiziasensu lato,Samanea, andCathormion. Previous phylogenetic studies which have includedEnterolobiumhave sampled few species of the genus, leaving questions about its monophyly and interspecific relationships. Here we evaluate the circumscription ofEnterolobiumand its two infrageneric taxa, their phylogenetic placement in the ingoid clade, and interspecific relationships within the two sections of the genus. Our study includes allEnterolobiumspecies, and analyses of nuclear (ITS and ETS) and plastid (trnD-TandtrnL-F) molecular regions, and morphology. Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses show thatEnterolobium, as presently circumscribed, is not monophyletic. The genus is divided into two well-supported independent clades, corresponding to the two previously recognized sections; one of them is sister to the genusLeucochloronand is here raised to generic rank as the genusRobrichia, with three species,Robrichia glaziovii,Robrichia oldemaniiandRobrichia schomburgkii. The genusEnterolobiumconsequently now comprises eight species and is more closely related to a clade composed ofAlbiziaandFalcataria. This new arrangement is reinforced by morphological synapomorphies recovered by ancestral character state reconstructions. Indumentum type, the number of pinnae pairs per bipinnate leaf and leaflet pairs per pinna, inflorescence type, and fruit shape characterizeRobrichia, while the recognition ofEnterolobiumremains based on fruit traits. We also provide the formal lectotypifications forE. contortisiliquum,E. cyclocarpum,E. gummiferum,E. maximum,E. monjollo, andR. schomburgkii.

Baseline checklists for the Leguminosae (Fabaceae), Araceae and Myrtaceae from the Colombian department of Boyacá are available from the Catalogue of Plants and Lichens of Colombia. These lists were supplemented by thorough herbarium and literature searches by a collaborative group of local and international experts, and further enhanced by local field collections. The result is authoritative taxonomic checklists for the three families including data regarding habit, plant uses and species conservation risk assessments for a subset of species. The checklists have notably increased the number of species reported from Boyacá and provide reliable, taxonomically up-to-date inventories for those families. Checklists are based on specimens vouchered in local herbaria and revised specimen metadata is lodged in the Colombian biological information platform CEIBA. The initiative demonstrates how relatively low levels of funding allow taxonomic experts working in networks to rapidly improve the taxonomic understanding of angiosperm species diversity in megadiverse countries like Colombia.

See 'Read me.rtf' (included in 'Data S1.rar') for a description of the files included in this dataset. Abstract of study: Early natural historians – Comte de Buffon, von Humboldt and De Candolle – established environment and geography as two principal axes determining the distribution of groups of organisms, laying the foundations for biogeography over the subsequent 200 years, yet the relative importance of these two axes remains unresolved. Leveraging phylogenomic and global species distribution data for Mimosoid legumes, a pantropical plant clade of c. 3,500 species, we show that the water availability gradient from deserts to rainforests dictates turnover of lineages within continents across the tropics. We demonstrate that 95% of speciation occurs within a precipitation niche, showing profound phylogenetic niche conservatism, and that lineage turnover boundaries coincide with isohyets of precipitation. We reveal similar patterns on different continents, implying that evolution and dispersal follow universal processes.

A new variety of the genus Orphanodendron (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae): Orphanodendron grandiflorum var. digitata is described and illustrated. The new variety is recognized by the shape and type of its resting buds, and a larger number of stamens per flower. The new taxon proposed was collected in an Andean forest in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, in the municipality of Otanche, Department of Boyaca.

Chamaecrista with > 330 species, six sections, three subsections and 39 series has had a long and complex taxonomic history. The genus is monophyletic, but most of its traditional infrageneric categories are not. To test the monophyly of sections, subsections and series of Chamaecrista, we used two molecular phylogenetic approaches. The first (Broad) based on two DNA regions (ITS and trnL-F) includes a comprehensive sampling of Chamaecrista spp. and infrageneric taxa. The second (Multilocus) is based on four molecular regions (ITS, ETS, trnL-F and trnE-T) for a smaller but representative sampling. We performed ancestral character reconstructions to identify morphological characters that could serve as synapomorphies for major clades. Both molecular approaches support Chamaecrista and sections Apoucouita, Grimaldia and Xerocalyx as monophyletic, but sections Chamaecrista, Caliciopsis and Absus and most of the series are not monophyletic. The four main clades recovered are all characterized by a combination of morphological characters: a clade of tree species with cauliflorous inflorescences (including species of section Apoucouita); a mostly Brazilian campo rupestre clade (including all species of subsections Adenophyllum, Baseophyllum and Otophyllum); a clade of mostly herbaceous/shrubby species with solitary flowers or fascicles (including sections Chamaecrista, Caliciopsis and Xerocalyx and extra-American species) and a clade (with three main subclades) of species with viscous indumentum (including section Grimaldia and section Absus subsection Absus). We propose a new infrageneric classification for Chamaecrista supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphology, recognizing the four main clades as sections Apoucouita, Baseophyllum, Chamaecrista and Absus, the last with three subsections (Absus, Viscosa and Zygophyllum), but we do not recognize any previously circumscribed series. Our taxonomic treatment includes descriptions of and a key to the newly defined infrageneric taxa and an updated species list for the genus under the new classification.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:01:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Nissolia rondonensis, a new critically endangered species from the state of Rondonia, Brazil, is described and illustrated. Its distribution, informal conservation status, phenology, and morphological and anatomical affinities with its closest relative, Nissolia klugii, are discussed. In addition, a new combination, Nissolia subulata is proposed. A key to the Brazilian species of Nissolia is presented. Sao Paulo State Univ, UNESP, IBB Inst Biosci Botucatu, Dept Bot, POB 510, BR-18618970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Royal Bot Gardens, Comparat Plant & Fungal Biol Dept, Richmond TW9 3AE, Surrey, England Sao Paulo State Univ, UNESP, Program Postgrad Biol Sci Bot, IBB Inst Biosci Botucatu, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Inst Fed Goiano, IFG, Urutai Campus, BR-75790000 Urutai, Go, Brazil Missouri Bot Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 USA Sao Paulo State Univ, UNESP, IBB Inst Biosci Botucatu, Dept Bot, POB 510, BR-18618970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, UNESP, Program Postgrad Biol Sci Bot, IBB Inst Biosci Botucatu, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 400567/2016-4 FAPESP: 2015/13386-0 CAPES: 88887.373155/2019-00 CNPq: 304396/2015-0

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Universidade do Estado da Bahia Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Premise of research. Stylosanthes, comprising approximately 50 species, is considered a taxonomically difficult genus, as its component taxa demonstrate very uniform external morphological characteristics. The presence of very similar species complexes within the genus is one of the principal factors complicating the identification of its taxa. Within that context, the present study seeks to morphologically analyze the fruit surface of Brazilian Stylosanthes species in a search for characteristics of potential use in the identification of species and species groups. Additionally, multivariate analyses (principal components analysis [PCA] and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean [UPGMA]) were used to elucidate patterns of variation within the species complexes and to test the validity of current species delimitations. Methodology. The fruits of 22 species of Stylosanthes were mounted, without previous treatment, directly on stubs using double-sided tape and were then sputter-coated with gold for examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PCA and UPGMA were performed using 22 operational taxonomic units and 10 morphological fruit article characteristics. Pivotal results. The surfaces of the fruit articles are variously covered by simple trichomes, glandular trichomes, papillae, veins, and grooves. Four ornamentation patterns were observed, as follows: verrucose, papillose, reticulate, or reticulate with a papillose appearance. Multivariate analyses (PCA and UPGMA) do corroborate, in part, the three species complexes as traditionally circumscribed (the S. guianensis, S. macrocephala, and S. scabra complexes); however, accessions of S. guianensis species (S. guianensis complex) appeared nested within the S. macrocephala and S. scabra complexes. Conclusions. The micro- and macromorphological analyses provided results useful for separating species, as observed in the identification key, but multivariate analyses with only characteristics of fruit did not support the three traditional species complexes: S. guianensis, S. macrocephala, and S. scabra. Further multivariate analysis using other characters should be investigated to better understand the relationships of the species of each one of the complexes. But regardless of whether the complexes remained in this study, the results obtained from the fruit characteristics were useful in showing that it is important to separate the species treated here. Univ Estado Bahia, Dept Educ, Programa Posgrad Biodiversidade Vegetal, Campus 8,Rua Gangorra 503, BR-48608240 Paulo Afonso, BA, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias Botucatu, Dept Bot, Rua Prof Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin S-N, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Royal Bot Gardens, Dept Comparat Plant & Fungal Biol, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias Botucatu, Dept Bot, Rua Prof Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin S-N, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Universidade do Estado da Bahia: 015/2019 FAPESP: 2015/13386-0 CNPq: 400567/2016-4 CNPq: 160015/2019-7 FAPERJ: E-26/202.501/2019

Early natural historians – Compte de Buffon, von Humboldt and De Candolle – established ecology and geography as two principal axes determining the distribution of groups of organisms, laying the foundations for biogeography over the subsequent 200 years, yet the relative importance of these two axes remains unresolved. Leveraging phylogenomic and global species distribution data for Mimosoid legumes, an pantropical plant clade of 3,400 species, we show that the water availability gradient from deserts to rainforests dictates turnover of lineages within continents across the tropics. We demonstrate that 95% of speciation occurs within a precipitation niche, showing profound phylogenetic niche conservatism, and that lineage turnover boundaries coincide with isohyets of precipitation. We reveal similar patterns on different continents, implying that evolution and dispersal follow universal processes. Fil: Ringelberg, Jens J. University of Zurich. Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Suiza Fil: Koenen, Erik J.M. University of Zurich. Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Suiza. Université Libre de Bruxelles. Faculté des Sciences. Evolutionary Biology & Ecology; Bélgica Fil: Sauter, Benjamín. University of Zurich. Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Suiza Fil: Aebli, Anahita. University of Zurich. Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Suiza. Abteling Umweltschutz und Energie. Departement Bau und Umwelt; Suiza Fil: Rando, Juliana G. Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia. Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Ambientais; Brasil Fil: Iganci, João R. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão. Instituto de Biologia; Brasil. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica; Brasil Fil: de Queiroz, Luciano P. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Departamento Ciências Biológicas; Brasil Fil: Murphy, Daniel J. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria: Australia Fil: Gaudeul, Myriam. Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), MNHN-CNRS-SU-EPHE-UA: Francia Fil: Bruneau, Anne. Université de Montréal. Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale and Département de Sciences Biologiques; Canadá Fil: Luckow, Melissa. Cornell University. School of Integrative Plant Science. Plant Biology Section; Estados Unidos Fil: Morales, Matias. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:26:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Rupert Barneby Award of The New York Botanical Garden Biologia Vegetal post-graduate program at UNICAMP UNESP-Botucatu Instituto de Pesquisas JBRJ UFOP UFG Eriosema comprises c. 150 species and has a pantropical distribution and two centres of diversity, Africa and America. The species occur in tropical savannas and grasslands, including the cerrado in Brazil. They have adapted to these environments by developing specialized underground organs, and an abundance of trichomes. Here we present the first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Eriosema, including species from its entire distribution range and generating 391 new DNA sequences. We sampled 140 species from nine genera of Cajaninae, of which 94 (60% of the genus) were Eriosema. Our analyses were based on the nuclear ITS and plastid rp132 and trnQ regions, and used maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of individual and combined data sets. In all analyses, Eriosema was resolved as monophyletic, but its interspecific relationships are not well resolved. Rhynchosia is not monophyletic, and some African Rhynchosia spp. emerged together as sister to Eriosema. Our study supports the monophyly of Adenodolichos, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Cajanus, but Chrysoscias and Bolusafra formed a dade that is sister to a group of Rhynchosia spp. Paracalyx was resolved as paraphyletic and nested among African Rhynchosia spp. Divergence time analysis suggested that the Eriosema lineages diverged 6.5-10.7 Mya. Two major lineages have diversified in Eriosema, one including most of the African species (4.41-6.68 Mya), the other mainly composed of the South American cerrado species (3.56-5.78 Mya). These results revealed that Eriosema is a recent and tropical savanna-adapted group, and its diversification occurred in the late Miocene in parallel with the expansion of C-4 grasslands. Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Dept Biol Vegetal, Programa Posgrad Biol Vegetal, BR-13083862 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geosci & Nat Resource Management, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Smithsonian Inst NMNH, Dept Bot, US Natl Herbarium US, MRC 166,10th & Constitut Ave, Washington, DC 20560 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Bot, Dept Bot, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Royal Bot Gardens, Comparat Plant & Fungal Biol Dept, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England DIPEQ, Inst Pesquisas Jardim Bot Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, BR-22460030 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Fed Goias, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Bot, CP 131, BR-74001970 Goiania, Go, Brazil Univ Cape Town, Dept Biol Sci, Bolus Herbarium, ZA-105 Rondebosch, South Africa Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Bot, Dept Bot, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/13386-0 FAPESP: 09/53002-5 CNPq: 400567/2016-4 FAPEMIG: APQ-02323-12 CAPES: 88887.373155/201900 FAPERJ: 203.007/2017 CNPq: 312766/2009-2 CNPq: 563550/2010-4 CNPq: 141628/2016-2

Global patterns of species and evolutionary diversity in plants are primarily determined by a temperature gradient, but precipitation gradients may be more important within the tropics, where plant species richness is positively associated with the amount of rainfall. The impact of precipitation on the distribution of evolutionary diversity, however, is largely unexplored. Here we detail how evolutionary diversity varies along precipitation gradients by bringing together a comprehensive database on the composition of angiosperm tree communities across lowland tropical South America (2,025 inventories from wet to arid biomes), and a new, large-scale phylogenetic hypothesis for the genera that occur in these ecosystems. We find a marked reduction in the evolutionary diversity of communities at low precipitation. However, unlike species richness, evolutionary diversity does not continually increase with rainfall. Rather, our results show that the greatest evolutionary diversity is found in intermediate precipitation regimes, and that there is a decline in evolutionary diversity above 1,490 mm of mean annual rainfall. If conservation is to prioritise evolutionary diversity, areas of intermediate precipitation that are found in the South American ‘arc of deforestation’, but which have been neglected in the design of protected area networks in the tropics, merit increased conservation attention.

Chamaecrista is one of the largest genera of Leguminosae subfamily Caesalpinioideae and comprises 330 species, of these, 222 species are present in the Phytogeographic Cerrado Domain in Brazil. The taxonomy of the genus in Brazil continues to need study. Here we present a taxonomic synopsis of Chamaecrista for the Chapada dos Veadeiros (CV) region, which is located in the northern portion of the state of Goiás, Brazil. Fieldwork was carried out in the area between 2010 and 2018; we also reviewed the literature and about 1500 herbarium collections to build the synopsis of species presented here. We record 65 species (71 taxa) of Chamaecrista occurring in the CV, corresponding to 60% of the species registered for the state of Goiás; 49 species at Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (CVNP), 27 and 19 are endemic to the state of Goiás and the studied area respectively. An identification key and distribution maps, as well as comments on morphology and conservation status are presented, together with photograhs of the species in the field.

Taxonomic studies of Tephrosia Pers. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae) in South America have highlighted the need to resolve some nomenclatural issues. Five new synonyms are proposed and a new species is described. Nine lectotypes of accepted names and synonyms, and one neotype, are here designated. An identification key to the taxa occurring in South America is also presented.

Two new legume species, Poecilanthe goiasana G.P.Lewis from Brazil and Poecilanthe boliviana G.P.Lewis from Bolivia, are described and illustrated. Previously seven species of the genus were recorded from Brazil, and one from Bolivia. A summary is given of the current circumscription of the papilionoid legume tribe Brongniartieae Hutch., to which Poecilanthe belongs.

Eriosema is a pantropical genus occurring mostly in savanna vegetation and grasslands of tropical environments, with approximately 150 species and two centers of diversity, one in Africa with about 110 species, and the other in the Neotropics with about 40 species. Considering the large number of Eriosema taxa in Brazil, including five recently described, and the lack of recent study that encompasses all species that occur in the country, a taxonomic synopsis of the Brazilian species of Eriosema was needed and is presented here. Herbaria collections, including type specimens, were consulted and field work was carried out in Brazil. Our study records 35 Eriosema species in Brazil, which concentrates most of the diversity of the genus in the Americas (85%; 35 out of 41 species). Most of this diversity occurs in the Central Brazilian savannas, particularly in the states of Goiás (29 taxa, eight endemic), and Minas Gerais (26 taxa, four endemic). Among all American species in the genus, Eriosema simplicifolium and E. crinitum have the broadest geographical distributions, and occur throughout Brazil and most part of the American continent. They form species complexes and future detailed studies will be necessary in order to understand taxon boundaries and delimitations. An identification key, taxon descriptions, information about type specimens as well as information on the habitat, phenological and geographical records, together with distribution maps, images of representative species in the field and the main morphological characters are provided to assist in the correct identification of this group of savanna plants. We also present 15 lectotypifications, out of which three are second-step.

The Neotropical legume genera Zygia and Marmaroxylon have traditionally been considered closely related and are sometimes treated as congeners. They have been referred to the mimosoid tribe Ingeae based on their possession of flowers with basally fused stamen filaments. However, their systematic status and position have not been analysed in a phylogenetic context. This study provides the first molecular phylogeny of Zygia and Marmaroxylon and closely related mimosoid legume genera, particularly from the tribe Ingeae. DNA sequence data were derived from the nuclear external transcribed spacer (ETS) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and from the chloroplast psbA-trnH and trnL-trnF regions, and were analysed using Bayesian inference. In all, 29 species of Zygia and 7 species of Marmaroxylon were included in the study along with representative species from the closely related genera Abarema, Acacia s.str., Archidendropsis, Calliandra, Chloroleucon, Cojoba, Faidherbia, Havardia, Hydrochorea, Inga, Leucochloron, Macrosamanea, Pithecellobium, Pseudosamanea, Samanea, Senegalia, Vachellia and Zapoteca. The results show that neither Zygia nor Marmaroxylon are monophyletic as presently circumscribed. Furthermore, these two genera are not monophyletic together. None of the nine presently recognized sections of Zygia that contain more than one species are shown to be monophyletic. Two of the monospecific sections of Zygia, sect. Ingopsis (Z. inundata) and sect. Pseudocojoba (Z. sabatieri), were found in a clade together with species of Inga. Marmaroxylon ocumarense and M. magdalenae, previously treated as synonyms (as Zygia), are not conspecific, and are found in a clade with Macrosamanea and in a clade with species of Abarema and Hydrochorea, respectively. Our results also show the Inga alliance to be non-monophyletic. In correspondence with the results presented, all species referred to Marmaroxylon, except for M. ocumarense and M. magdalenae, are here included in Zygia, and Z. inundata is treated in Inga, in which genus it was first described.

A new circumscription of Chamaecrista sect. Chamaecrista ser. Coriaceae is presented based on the results of molecular and morphological analyses. The series is monophyletic upon exclusion of three species that were included within it by Irwin and Barneby. Morphological variation within the series is discussed. Characters previously neglected, such as the detailed morphology of extrafloral nectaries and the position of stamens, are shown to be valuable for taxonomic purposes. The synopsis includes three neotypifications (C. cinerascens, C. mucronata, C. rotundata var. grandistipula), two new synonymizations (C. papillata under C. arrojadoana, and C. rotundata var. grandistipula under C. rotundata var. rotundata), and a new combination (C. arrojadoana). A key for identification of the species, lists of specimens analysed, notes on taxonomy, nomenclature, and geographic distribution of the taxa, as well as illustrations of diagnostic characters are presented. In the new circumscription, the series comprises nineteen species, two of them each further divided into two varieties, to give a total of 21 taxa, distributed mainly in the Brazilian Central Plateau.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-07-04 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The genera Eriosema and Rhynchosia, which comprise approximately 150 and 230 species, respectively, belong to the tribe Phaseoleae and to the subtribe Cajaninae. The pollen morphology of 49 species of Eriosema and 13 of Rhynchosia were studied using scanning electron microscopy to identify diagnostic characteristics that could aid in the taxonomic circumscription of those genera. The pollen grains analysed were obtained from specimens deposited in the BOTU, CEPEC, IPA, HRB, HUEFS, OUPR, P, S, UFC, and UFRJ herbaria. The species studied demonstrated that the pollen grains dispersed in monads, are isopolar or heteropolar, triporate or tricolporate, angulaperturate; with the endo-aperture membrane generally psilate and the exine largely reticulate heterobrocate, except for R. claussenii which is microreticulate. We discuss these diverse characteristics, including the ornamentation of the endo-aperture membrane and the margins of the apertures and reticula, to obtain information that possibly could be used to differentiate between the two genera. Although this proved not to be possible using pollen, because many characters overlap between the two genera, nevertheless some species display unique, taxonomically useful, characters, such as R. platyphylla which has an apocolpium in the shape of a 'Y', E. bauchiense with a verrucate exine ornamentation, and E. benthamianum with fossulate lumina. Additionally, two pollen types were identified in Eriosema, one group of species with 3-porate pollen grains and the other composed of species with 3-colporate grains. Univ Estado Bahia, Programa Posgrad Biodiversidade Vegetal PPGBVeg, Dept Educ, Campus 8, Paulo Afonso, Brazil Univ Estado Bahia, Dept Ciencias Humanas, Campus 6, Caetite, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Bot, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Royal Bot Gardens, Comparat Plant & Fungal Biol Dept, London, England Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Bot, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

While a number of studies have suggested that temperate plants typically have larger genome sizes (GS) than tropical ones, recent analyses have not convincingly confirmed this. We have selected the widely distributed Caesalpinia Group (Leguminosae) to test this hypothesis. We used flow cytometry to estimate the amount of DNA in the haploid genome (C-values) of 40 species of the Caesalpinia Group, aiming to explore the relationship between GS and latitude as well as a range of climatic variables. These comparisons were made using Phylogenetic Comparative Methods (PCM) in a spatio-temporal context. 2C-values varied 7.73-fold, ranging from 0.92 pg (in Cenostigma bracteosum) to 7.11 pg (in Pomaria lactea). By analyzing the data within a statistical framework that took into account phylogenetic relationships, we observed a positive correlation between GS and latitude as well as additional correlations with various temperature variables. While the genetic mechanism(s) underpinning the increase or decrease of genome size in a latitudinal gradient is unclear, we hypothesize that after the origin of the group (c. 55.9 Mya), fragmentation of the Succulent Biome led to the formation of small populations (island-like) which were subject to genetic drift. This in turn led to drastic and rapid changes in the repetitive DNA fractions of the genome correlated with temperature variables. Thus, we suggest that the environment has played a role in contributing to the diversity of genome sizes reported here for the Caesalpinia Group.

The extent to which phylogenetic biome conservatism vs biome shifting determines global patterns of biodiversity remains poorly understood. To address this question, we investigated the biogeography and trajectories of biome and growth form evolution across the Caesalpinia Group (Leguminosae), a clade of 225 species of trees, shrubs and lianas distributed across the Rainforest, Succulent, Temperate and Savanna Biomes. We focused especially on the little-known Succulent Biome, an assemblage of succulent-rich, grass-poor, seasonally dry tropical vegetation distributed disjunctly across the Neotropics, Africa, Arabia and Madagascar. We reconstructed a time-calibrated phylogeny, assembled species occurrence data and assigned species to areas, biomes and growth forms. These data are used to estimate the frequency of transcontinental disjunctions, biome shifts and evolutionary transitions between growth forms and test for phylogenetic biome conservatism and correlated evolution of growth forms and biome shifts. We uncovered a pattern of strong phylogenetic Succulent Biome conservatism. We showed that transcontinental disjunctions confined within the Succulent Biome are frequent and that biome shifts to the Savanna, Rainforest and Temperate Biomes are infrequent and closely associated with shifts in plant growth forms. Our results suggest that the Succulent Biome comprises an ecologically constrained evolutionary arena spanning large geographical disjunctions across the tropics.

AimPhenotypes which evolved for dispersal over ecological timescales may lead to significant macroevolutionary consequences, such as infrequent long-distance dispersal and diversification in novel biomes. We aimed to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of Pterocarpus (Leguminosae/ Fabaceae) to assess whether seed dispersal phenotypes and biome switching explain the current biogeographical patterns of this group.LocationPantropicalTaxonThe Pterocarpus clade, particularly Pterocarpus (Leguminosae/Fabaceae)MethodsWe sequenced ~300 nuclear loci captured using Angiosperms-353, a genomic ‘bait set’ for flowering plants, from which we generated a time-calibrated phylogenomic tree. To corroborate this, we also generated a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree from data-mined Sanger-sequencing data. We then collated distribution data and fruit dispersal morphology traits to compare trait-dependent and trait-independent biogeographical models, allowing us to assess whether dispersal traits influenced the spatio-temporal evolution of Pterocarpus. Finally, using the results of these model tests, we estimated the ancestral ranges and biomes of Pterocarpus species to better understand their biogeographical history, and assessed the degree and direction of biome switching over the course of Pterocarpus’ diversification history.ResultsWe recovered well-supported phylogenetic relationships within Pterocarpus, within which there were two subclades – one Neotropical and the other Palaeotropical. Our divergence date estimates suggested that Pterocarpus largely diversified from around 12 Ma, during the Miocene.Trait-dependent biogeographical models were rejected for both range and biome evolution within Pterocarpus, but models parameterising dispersal were supported. Pterocarpus’ ancestral node shared a range across the new-world and old-world tropics, followed by divergence into two clades, one palaeotropical and one neotropical. Biome switching occurred most frequently into rainforest and grassland.Main conclusionsOverall, our analyses suggest that Pterocarpus underwent infrequent cross-continental dispersal and establishment into novel biomes. While this was minimally impacted by fruit dispersal syndromes, biome switching precipitated by long-distance dispersal and environmental change have played an important role in diversification within Pterocarpus since the Miocene.

— Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) is a speciose genus widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. During taxonomic studies of Senna sect. Chamaefistula ser. Bacillares, a new endemic and endangered species from the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, Brazil was discovered. The new species, Senna bahiensis, is compared with its morphologically similar species Senna gardneri, including x-ray analysis comparison of their leaflet venation patterns. The use of high resolution x-ray digital images provided the decisive information, being a promising technique to be used in systematic studies.

Taxonomic names are critical to the communication of biodiversity—they link data together whether it be distribution data, traits or phylogeny. Large taxonomic groups, such as many plant families, are globally distributed as is the taxonomic expertise of the family. A growing knowledge base requires collaboration to develop an up-to-date checklist as a research foundation. The legume (Fabaceae) community has a strong history of collaboration including the International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS), which curated the names but ILDIS is no longer up to date. In 2020, under the umbrella of the Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG), a group of taxonomists began updating the legume taxonomy as part of a larger collaboration around a legume data portal. Currently the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) is the most up-to-date reference and was used as the starting point for the project. The workflow begins with over 80 volunteer taxonomic experts updating the checklist in their specialty area. These lists are manually collated, centrally creating a consensus taxonomy with synonyms. Any taxonomic conflicts are adjudicated within the group. The checklist then undergoes a comprehensive nomenclature assessment at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and becomes part of the WCVP. This checklist was submitted to the Catalogue of Life Checklist Bank and is integrated as the preferred legume checklist in the GBIF taxonomic backbone. After one round of taxonomic curation, 38% of the legume names in GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), which were previously unmatched to WCVP, are now connected to GBIF names, therefore also improving the occurrence records of those species. The GBIF taxonomic backbone contains names found on herbarium specimens and in the literature, which are not currently part of the legume expert community checklist or WCVP. This list of unresolved names will be forwarded to the legume community for curation, thereby developing a cycle of data improvement. It is anticipated that after a few rounds of expert curation, the WCVP and GBIF taxonomies will converge. At each cycle, a snapshot of GBIF occurrences is taken and the improvement of the occurrences is quantified to measure the value of the expert taxonomic work. The current checklist is also available via Catalogue of Life and soon via the World Flora Online to support research. In this talk, we describe the workflow and impact of the expert curated legume taxonomy.

Premise of the study: Targeted enrichment methods facilitate sequencing of hundreds of nuclear loci to enhance phylogenetic resolution and elucidate why some parts of the Tree of Life are difficult (if not impossible) to resolve. The mimosoid legumes are a prominent pantropical clade of c. 3300 species of woody angiosperms for which previous phylogenies have shown extensive lack of resolution, especially among the species-rich and taxonomically challenging ingoids.Methods: We generate transcriptomes to select low-copy nuclear genes, enrich the sevia hybrid capture for representative species of most mimosoid genera and analyse the resulting data using de novo assembly and various phylogenomic tools for species tree inference. We also evaluate gene tree support and conflict for key internodes and use phylogenetic network analysis to investigate phylogenetic signal across the ingoids. Key results: Our selection of 964 nuclear genes greatly improves phylogenetic resolution across the mimosoid phylogeny and shows that the ingoid clade can be resolved into several well-supported clades. However, nearly all loci show lack of phylogenetic signal for some of the deeper internodes within the ingoids. Conclusions: Lack of resolution in the ingoid clade is most likely the result of hyper-fast diversification, potentially causing a hard polytomy of six or seven lineages. The gene set for targeted sequencing presented here offers great potential to further enhance the phylogeny of mimosoids and the wider Caesalpinioideae with denser tax on sampling, to provide a framework for taxonomic reclassification, and to study the ingoid radiation.

Parkia R.Br. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade) is a pantropical genus with approximately 35 recognized species in three taxonomic sections (Parkia, Platyparkia and Sphaeroparkia), distributed widely in tropical forests and savannas in South and Central America, Africa-Madagascar and the Indo-Pacific region. In this study, phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference), ancestral area and habitat estimations were performed using chloroplast (matK, trnL, psbA-trnH and rps16-trnQ) and nuclear (ITS/18S/26S) DNA sequences for the purpose of testing the monophyly of Parkia and inferring the geographic origin of the genus and times of divergence of the various lineages. This enabled investigation of factors that may have influenced its diversification in both hemispheres. Our results support the monophyly of the genus. A fossil-calibrated Bayesian analysis dated the Parkia crown node to the Miocene (at c. 18.85 Ma). Biogeographic analysis reconstructed an origin in the lowlands rainforests (terra firme) in Amazonia with subsequent radiation in the Neotropical region from the Miocene onwards, with dispersion events as far as Central America, and the Atlantic Forest and the cerrado of Brazil. A single dispersion from the Neotropics to the Paleotropics is hypothesised, with subsequent smaller radiations in Africa-Madagascar and the Indo-Pacific (crown ages 3.79 and 5.15 Ma respectively). Factors that may have influenced the radiation and speciation of Parkia include the elevation of the Andes (especially in the Miocene), and more recently the closing of the Panama gap in Neotropics, the climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene influenced the diversification of species on both continents. The elevation of the Sunda Shelf in Indo-Pacific region during the last glacial maximum (LGM) appears to be the main driving force for speciation in that region. In Africa, the low number of species may be related to extinction processes.

Cytogenomic characterization of Erythrostemon hughesii reveals a heterogeneity of repeats in its subtelomeric heterochromatin. Comparative analyses with other Caesalpinia group species reveal a significant reduction in the abundance of Ty3-gypsy/Chromovirus Tekay retrotransposons during its evolution. In numerically stable karyotypes, repetitive DNA variability is one of the main causes of genome and chromosome variation and evolution. Species from the Caesalpinia group (Leguminosae) are karyotypically characterized by 2n = 24, with small chromosomes and highly variable CMA+ heterochromatin banding patterns that correlate with environmental variables. Erythrostemon hughesii differs from other species of the group examined to date for having subtelomeric CMA+ bands; this contrasts with most species in the group which have proximal bands. Here we analyse the repeatome of E. hughesii using genome skimming and chromosomal mapping approaches to characterize the identity of the most abundant repetitive elements and their physical location. The repetitive fraction of E. hughesii comprises 28.73% of the genome. The most abundant elements were retrotransposons (RT) with long terminal repeats (LTR-RT; 9.76%) and satellite DNAs (7.83%). Within the LTR-RTs, the most abundant lineages were: Ty1/copia-Ale (1%), Ty3/gypsy CRM (0.88%) and Ty3/gypsy Athila (0.75%). Using fluorescent in situ hybridization four satellite DNAs and several LTR-RT elements were shown to be present in most subtelomeric CMA+ bands. These results highlight how the repeatome in E. hughesii, a species from Oaxaca state in Mexico, is clearly distinct from Northeast Brazilian species of the Caesalpinia group, mainly due to its high diversity of repeats in its subtelomeric heterochromatic bands and low amount of LTR-RT Ty3/gypsy-Tekay elements. Comparative sequence analysis of Tekay elements from different species is congruent with a clade-specific origin of this LTR-RT after the divergence of the Caesalpinia group. We hypothesize that repeat-rich heterochromatin may play a role in leading to faster genomic divergence between individuals, increasing speciation and diversification.

Unprecedented changes in the Earth's biota are prompting urgent efforts to describe and conserve plant diversity. For centuries, botanical monographs — comprehensive systematic treatments of a family or genus — have been the gold standard for disseminating scientific information to accelerate research. The lack of a monograph compounds the risk that undiscovered species become extinct before they can be studied and conserved. Progress towards estimating the Tree of Life and digital information resources now bring even the most ambitious monographs within reach. Here, we recommend best practices to complete monographs urgently, especially for tropical plant groups under imminent threat or with expected socioeconomic benefits. We also highlight the renewed relevance and potential impact of monographies for the understanding, sustainable use, and conservation of biodiversity. Fil: Grace, Olwen M.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Reino Unido Fil: Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Reino Unido Fil: Lucas, Eve J.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Reino Unido Fil: Vorontsova, Maria S.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Reino Unido Fil: Lewis, Gwilym P.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Reino Unido Fil: Walker, Barnaby E.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Reino Unido Fil: Lohmann, Lúcia G.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Knapp, Sandra. Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Wilkie, Peter. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Sarkinen, Tiina. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Darbyshire, Iain. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Lughadha, Eimear Nic. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Monro, Alexandre. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Woudstra, Yannick. Universidad de Copenhagen; Dinamarca. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Demissew, Sebsebe. Addis Ababa University; Etiopía Fil: Muasya, A. Muthama. University Of Cape Town; Sudáfrica Fil: Díaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Baker, William J.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Reino Unido Fil: Antonelli, Alexandre. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. University Goteborg; Suecia

The pantropical Caesalpinia group includes 225 species in 27 monophyletic genera, and the group has undergone recent phylogenetic, taxonomic and biogeographic revisions. Previous works have reported a diverse pattern of heterochromatin distribution related to ecological niche/geographic distribution, and variation in genome size also correlated with environmental variables. In order to investigate the relationship between cytogenetic and ecological traits using the Caesalpinia group as a model, new cytomolecular data (chromosome number and morphology, CMA/DAPI staining and number and position of 5S and 35S rDNA sites) for 14 species in six genera were generated. These data were analysed by phylogenetic comparative methods. All species studied have 2n = 24 (16 M/SM + 8A), and most of them just have one pair of 5S rDNA sites and two to five pairs of 35S rDNA sites. Three heterochromatic patterns were observed on the chromosomes: (i) proximal CMA+/DAPI− bands, (ii) proximal CMA0/DAPI− bands and (iii) proximal CMA0/DAPI0 bands. The “Coulteria + Tara” and “Arquita + Balsamocarpon + Erythrostemon + Pomaria” clades (except for E. gilliesii, E. hughesii and E. mexicanus) independently showed CMA0/DAPI− bands associated with larger genomes and geographic distributions at higher latitudes. We statistically demonstrate that heterochromatin (CMA/DAPI intensity along the chromosome), genome size and latitude are autocorrelated in the Caesalpinia group. On the other hand, we found a non-significant correlation between genome size and amount of heterochromatin. We argue that environmental factors associated with different latitude may have played a role in contributing to the diversification of the heterochromatin in Caesalpinia group.

Societal Impact Statement There is increasing awareness that plants and fungi, as natural solutions, can play an important role in tackling ongoing global environmental challenges. We illustrate how understanding current and projected threats to plants and fungi is necessary to manage and mitigate risks, while building awareness of gaps and bias in current assessment coverage is essential to adequately prioritize conservation efforts. We highlight the state of the art in conservation science and point to current methods of assessment and future studies needed to mitigate species extinction. Summary Plant and fungal biodiversity underpin life on earth and merit careful stewardship in an increasingly uncertain environment. However, gaps and biases in documented extinction risks to plant and fungal species impede effective management. Formal extinction risk assessments help avoid extinctions, through engagement, financial, or legal mechanisms, but most plant and fungal species lack assessments. Available global assessments cover c. 30% of plant species (ThreatSearch). Red List coverage overrepresents woody perennials and useful plants, but underrepresents single‐country endemics. Fungal assessments overrepresent well‐known species and are too few to infer global status or trends. Proportions of assessed vascular plant species considered threatened vary between global assessment datasets: 37% (ThreatSearch), and 44% (International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species). Our predictions, correcting for several quantifiable biases, suggest that 39% of all vascular plant species are threatened with extinction. However, other biases remain unquantified, and may affect our estimate. Preliminary trend data show plants moving toward extinction. Quantitative estimates based on plant extinction risk assessments may understate likely biodiversity loss: they do not fully capture the impacts of climate change, slow‐acting threats, or clustering of extinction risk, which could amplify loss of evolutionary potential. The importance of extinction risk estimation to support existing and emerging conservation initiatives is likely to grow as threats to biodiversity intensify. This necessitates urgent and strategic expansion of efforts toward comprehensive and ongoing assessment of plant and fungal extinction risk.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:36:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The subtribe Cajaninae of papilionoid legumes has a pantropical distribution and comprises approximately 490 species. These species have diversified throughout dry environments where there are high temperatures and strong light. The subtribe stands out because all its representatives have vesicular glands. In addition, bulbous-based and capitate trichomes are important secretory structures present in all genera of the Cajaninae. We analyzed the ultrastructure and histochemistry of these glandular trichome types in leaflets of the three species of the subtribe. Using transmission electron microscopy and histochemical analyses, we link the glandular secretions to subcellular structures. We here report for the first time the type of exudate and ultrastructure of the glands of subtribe Cajaninae. Terpenoids and phenolics were confirmed by histochemistry tests, and we observed that the organelles responsible for biosynthesis of oils are the most representative in these glands. Each glandular trichome showed particular ultrastructural features compatible with the compounds produced. We suggest that these glandular trichomes, with their respective exudates, act in defense against herbivory and against possible damage by ultraviolet radiation. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Bot, Dept Bot,Inst Biociencias, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Dept Biol Vegetal, Programa Posgrad Biol Vegetal, BR-13083862 Campinas, SP, Brazil Royal Bot Gardens, Comparat Plant & Fungal Biol Dept, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Smithsonian Inst, NMNH, Dept Bot, US Natl Herbarium US, MRC 166,10th & Constitut Ave, Washington, DC 20560 USA Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geosci & Nat Resource Management, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Bot, Dept Bot,Inst Biociencias, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/13386-0 CNPq: 457911/2013-1 CNPq: 400567/2016-4 CNPq: 304396/2015-0 CNPq: 140598/2015-4