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Conceptual distance refers to the degree of proximity between two concepts within a conceptualization. It is closely related to semantic similarity and relationships, but its measurement strongly depends on the context of the given concepts. DIS-C represents an advancement in the computation of semantic similarity/relationships that is independent of the type of knowledge structure and semantic relations when generating a graph from a knowledge base (ontologies, semantic networks, and hierarchies, among others). This approach determines the semantic similarity between two indirectly connected concepts in an ontology by propagating local distances by applying an algorithm based on the All Pairs Shortest Path (APSP) problem. This process is implemented for each pair of concepts to establish the most effective and efficient paths to connect these concepts. The algorithm identifies the shortest path between concepts, which allows for an inference of the most relevant relationships between them. However, one of the critical issues with this process is computational complexity, combined with the design of APSP algorithms, such as Dijkstra, which is n 3 . This paper studies different alternatives to improve the DIS-C approach by adapting approximation algorithms, focusing on Dijkstra, pruned Dijkstra, and sketch-based methods, to compute the conceptual distance according to the need to scale DIS-C to analyze very large graphs; therefore, reducing the related computational complexity is critical. Tests were performed using different datasets to calculate the conceptual distance when using the original version of DIS-C and when using the influence area of nodes. In situations where time optimization is necessary for generating results, using the original DIS-C model is not the optimal method. Therefore, we propose a simplified version of DIS-C to calculate conceptual distances based on centrality estimation. The obtained results for the simple version of DIS-C indicated that the processing time decreased 2.381 times when compared to the original DIS-C version. Additionally, for both versions of DIS-C (normal and simple), the APSP algorithm decreased the computational cost when using a two-hop coverage-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research uses the computing of conceptual distance to measure information content in Wikipedia categories. The proposed metric, generality, relates information content to conceptual distance by determining the ratio of the information that a concept provides to others compared to the information that it receives. The DIS-C algorithm calculates generality values for each concept, considering each relationship's conceptual distance and distance weight. The findings of this study are compared to current methods in the field and found to be comparable to results obtained using the WordNet corpus. This method offers a new approach to measuring information content applied to any relationship or topology in conceptualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Sun models suggest a radioactive balance, where the concentration of greenhouse gases and the albedo effect are related to the Earth's surface temperature. There is a considerable increment in greenhouse gases due to anthropogenic activities. Climate change correlates with this alteration in the atmosphere and an increase in surface temperature. Efficient forecasting of climate change and its impacts could be helpful to respond to the threat of c.c. and develop sustainably. Many studies have predicted temperature changes in the coming years. The global community has to create a model that can realize good predictions to ensure the best way to deal with this warming. Thus, we propose a finite-time thermodynamic (FTT) approach in the current work. FTT can solve problems such as the faint young Sun paradox. In addition, we use different machine learning models to evaluate our method and compare the experimental prediction and results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]