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194 results on '"Gutiérrez, R. M."'

1. Neutral Bremsstrahlung emission in xenon unveiled

Author

Henriques, C. A. O., Amedo, P., Teixeira, J. M. R., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Azevedo, C. D. R., Para, A., Martin-Albo, J., Hernandez, A. Saa, Gomez-Cadenas, J. J., Nygren, D. R., Monteiro, C. M. B., Adams, C., Alvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodriguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Carcel, S., Carrion, J. V., Cebrian, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Diaz, G., Diaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutierrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Lopez-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martinez, A., Martinez-Vara, M., Martinez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Munoz, Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Perez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A. B., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Garcia, Y. Rodriguez, Rodriguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simon, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Uson, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

We present evidence of non-excimer-based secondary scintillation in gaseous xenon, obtained using both the NEXT-White TPC and a dedicated setup. Detailed comparison with first-principle calculations allows us to assign this scintillation mechanism to neutral bremsstrahlung (NBrS), a process that has been postulated to exist in xenon that has been largely overlooked. For photon emission below 1000 nm, the NBrS yield increases from about 10$^{-2}$ photon/e$^{-}$ cm$^{-1}$ bar$^{-1}$ at pressure-reduced electric field values of 50 V cm$^{-1}$ bar$^{-1}$ to above 3$\times$10$^{-1}$ photon/e$^{-}$ cm$^{-1}$ bar$^{-1}$ at 500 V cm$^{-1}$ bar$^{-1}$. Above 1.5 kV cm$^{-1}$ bar$^{-1}$, values that are typically employed for electroluminescence, it is estimated that NBrS is present with an intensity around 1 photon/e$^{-}$ cm$^{-1}$ bar$^{-1}$, which is about two orders of magnitude lower than conventional, excimer-based electroluminescence. Despite being fainter than its excimeric counterpart, our calculations reveal that NBrS causes luminous backgrounds that can interfere, in either gas or liquid phase, with the ability to distinguish and/or to precisely measure low primary-scintillation signals (S1). In particular, we show this to be the case in the "buffer" and "veto" regions, where keeping the electric field below the electroluminescence (EL) threshold will not suffice to extinguish secondary scintillation. The electric field in these regions should be chosen carefully to avoid intolerable levels of NBrS emission. Furthermore, we show that this new source of light emission opens up a viable path towards obtaining S2 signals for discrimination purposes in future single-phase liquid TPCs for neutrino and dark matter physics, with estimated yields up to 20-50 photons/e$^{-}$ cm$^{-1}$., Comment: Published in Physical Review X

Published
2022
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2. Ba$^{2+}$ ion trapping by organic submonolayer: towards an ultra-low background neutrinoless double beta decay detector

Author

Herrero-Gómez, P., Calupitan, J. P., Ilyn, M., Berdonces-Layunta, A., Wang, T., de Oteyza, D. G., Corso, M., González-Moreno, R., Rivilla, I., Aparicio, B., Aranburu, A. I., Freixa, Z., Monrabal, F., Cossío, F. P., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Rogero, C., Adams, C., Almazán, H., Alvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Ayet, S., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Bounasser, S., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Denisenko, A. A., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Dickel, T., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Fahs, A., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Foss, F. W., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Ho, J., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Larizgoitia, L., Lebrun, P., Gutierrez, D. Lopez, López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez-Vara, M., McDonald, A. D., Meziani, Z. E., Mistry, K., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Navarro, K., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Oblak, E., Odriozola-Gimeno, M., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Raymond, A., Redwine, A. B., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sorel, M., Stanford, C., Teixeira, J. M. R., Thapa, P., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Vuong, T. T., Webb, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Chemical Physics
Abstract

If neutrinos are their own antiparticles, the otherwise-forbidden nuclear reaction known as neutrinoless double beta decay ($\beta\beta 0\nu$) can occur, with a characteristic lifetime which is expected to be very long, making the suppression of backgrounds a daunting task. It has been shown that detecting (``tagging'') the Ba$^{+2}$ dication produced in the double beta decay ${}^{136}\mathrm{Xe} \rightarrow {}^{136}$Ba$^{+2}+ 2 e + (2 \nu)$ in a high pressure gas experiment, could lead to a virtually background free experiment. To identify these \Bapp, chemical sensors are being explored as a key tool by the NEXT collaboration . Although used in many fields, the application of such chemosensors to the field of particle physics is totally novel and requires experimental demonstration of their suitability in the ultra-dry environment of a xenon gas chamber. Here we use a combination of complementary surface science techniques to unambiguously show that Ba$^{+2}$ ions can be trapped (chelated) in vacuum by an organic molecule, the so-called fluorescent bicolour indicator (FBI) (one of the chemosensors developed by NEXT), immobilized on a surface. We unravel the ion capture mechanism once the molecules are immobilised on Au(111) surface and explain the origin of the emission fluorescence shift associated to the trapping of different ions. Moreover, we prove that chelation also takes place on a technologically relevant substrate, as such, demonstrating the feasibility of using FBI indicators as building blocks of a Ba$^{+2}$ detector.

Published
2022
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3. Measurement of the ${}^{136}$Xe two-neutrino double beta decay half-life via direct background subtraction in NEXT

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Novella, P., Sorel, M., Usón, A., Adams, C., Almazán, H., Álvarez, V., Aparicio, B., Aranburu, A. I., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Ayet, S., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Bounasser, S., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Cossío, F. P., Denisenko, A. A., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Dickel, T., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Fahs, A., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Foss, F. W., Freitas, E. D. C., Freixa, Z., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González, R., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero-Gómez, P., Herrero, V., Ho, J., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Larizgoitia, L., Lebrun, P., Gutierrez, D. Lopez, López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez-Vara, M., McDonald, A. D., Meziani, Z. E., Mistry, K., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Navarro, K., Nygren, D. R., Oblak, E., Odriozola-Gimeno, M., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Raymond, A., Redwine, A. B., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rivilla, I., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogero, C., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Stanford, C., Teixeira, J. M. R., Thapa, P., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Vuong, T. T., Webb, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We report a measurement of the half-life of the ${}^{136}$Xe two-neutrino double beta decay performed with a novel direct background subtraction technique. The analysis relies on the data collected with the NEXT-White detector operated with ${}^{136}$Xe-enriched and ${}^{136}$Xe-depleted xenon, as well as on the topology of double-electron tracks. With a fiducial mass of only 3.5 kg of Xe, a half-life of $2.34^{+0.80}_{-0.46}\textrm{(stat)}^{+0.30}_{-0.17}\textrm{(sys)}\times10^{21}~\textrm{yr}$ is derived from the background-subtracted energy spectrum. The presented technique demonstrates the feasibility of unique background-model-independent neutrinoless double beta decay searches., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, and 1 appendix

Published
2021
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4. The Dynamics of Ions on Phased Radio-frequency Carpets in High Pressure Gases and Application for Barium Tagging in Xenon Gas Time Projection Chambers

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Jones, B. J. P., Raymond, A., Woodruff, K., Byrnes, N., Denisenko, A. A., Foss, F. W., Navarro, K., Nygren, D. R., Vuong, T. T., Adams, C., Almazán, H., Álvarez, V., Aparicio, B., Aranburu, A. I., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Ayet, S., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Bounasser, S., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Cossío, F. P., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Dickel, T., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Fahs, A., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Freixa, Z, Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González, R., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernando~Morata, J. A., Herrero-Gómez, P., Herrero, V., Ho, J., Ifergan, Y., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Gutierrez, D. Lopez, López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez-Vara, M., McDonald, A. D., Meziani, Z. E., Mistry, K., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Oblak, E., Odriozola-Gimeno, M., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A. B., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rivilla, I., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogero, C., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sorel, M., Stanford, C., Teixeira, J. M. R., Thapa, P., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Radio-frequency (RF) carpets with ultra-fine pitches are examined for ion transport in gases at atmospheric pressures and above. We develop new analytic and computational methods for modeling RF ion transport at densities where dynamics are strongly influenced by buffer gas collisions. An analytic description of levitating and sweeping forces from phased arrays is obtained, then thermodynamic and kinetic principles are used to calculate ion loss rates in the presence of collisions. This methodology is validated against detailed microscopic SIMION simulations. We then explore a parameter space of special interest for neutrinoless double beta decay experiments: transport of barium ions in xenon at pressures from 1 to 10 bar. Our computations account for molecular ion formation and pressure dependent mobility as well as finite temperature effects. We discuss the challenges associated with achieving suitable operating conditions, which lie beyond the capabilities of existing devices, using presently available or near-future manufacturing techniques., Comment: 26 pages, 16 figures v2: author list update and pre-journal submission adjustments

Published
2021

5. Boosting background suppression in the NEXT experiment through Richardson-Lucy deconvolution

Author

Simón, A., Ifergan, Y., Redwine, A. B., Weiss-Babai, R., Arazi, L., Adams, C., Almazán, H., Álvarez, V., Aparicio, B., Aranburu, A. I., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Cossío, F. P., Denisenko, A. A., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Foss, F., Freitas, E. D. C., Freixa, Z., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González, R., González-Díaz, D., Gosh, S., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ho, J., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Vara, M., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Meziani, Z. -E., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Newhouse, C., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Oblak, E., Odriozola-Gimeno, M., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rivilla, I., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogero, C., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sorel, M., Stanford, C., Teixeira, J. M. R., Thapa, P., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Vuong, T. T., Webb, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Next-generation neutrinoless double beta decay experiments aim for half-life sensitivities of ~$10^{27}$ yr, requiring suppressing backgrounds to <1 count/tonne/yr. For this, any extra background rejection handle, beyond excellent energy resolution and the use of extremely radiopure materials, is of utmost importance. The NEXT experiment exploits differences in the spatial ionization patterns of double beta decay and single-electron events to discriminate signal from background. While the former display two Bragg peak dense ionization regions at the opposite ends of the track, the latter typically have only one such feature. Thus, comparing the energies at the track extremes provides an additional rejection tool. The unique combination of the topology-based background discrimination and excellent energy resolution (1% FWHM at the Q-value of the decay) is the distinguishing feature of NEXT. Previous studies demonstrated a topological background rejection factor of ~5 when reconstructing electron-positron pairs in the $^{208}$Tl 1.6 MeV double escape peak (with Compton events as background), recorded in the NEXT-White demonstrator at the Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc, with 72% signal efficiency. This was recently improved through the use of a deep convolutional neural network to yield a background rejection factor of ~10 with 65% signal efficiency. Here, we present a new reconstruction method, based on the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm, which allows reversing the blurring induced by electron diffusion and electroluminescence light production in the NEXT TPC. The new method yields highly refined 3D images of reconstructed events, and, as a result, significantly improves the topological background discrimination. When applied to real-data 1.6 MeV $e^-e^+$ pairs, it leads to a background rejection factor of 27 at 57% signal efficiency., Comment: Submitted to JHEP

Published
2021
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6. Demonstration of background rejection using deep convolutional neural networks in the NEXT experiment

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Kekic, M., Adams, C., Woodruff, K., Renner, J., Church, E., Del Tutto, M., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Gomez-Cadenas, J. J., Alvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodriguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Carcel, S., Carrion, J. V., Cebrian, S., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Diaz, G., Diaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutierrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Lopez-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martin-Albo, J., Martinez, A., Martinez-Lema, G., Martinez-Vara, M., McDonald, A. D., Meziani, Z. E., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Perez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A. B., Ripoll, L., Garcia, Y. Rodriguez, Rodriguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simon, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Uson, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used state-of-the-art computer vision tools that are becoming increasingly popular in high energy physics. In this paper, we attempt to understand the potential of CNNs for event classification in the NEXT experiment, which will search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{136}$Xe. To do so, we demonstrate the usage of CNNs for the identification of electron-positron pair production events, which exhibit a topology similar to that of a neutrinoless double-beta decay event. These events were produced in the NEXT-White high-pressure xenon TPC using 2.6-MeV gamma rays from a $^{228}$Th calibration source. We train a network on Monte Carlo-simulated events and show that, by applying on-the-fly data augmentation, the network can be made robust against differences between simulation and data. The use of CNNs offer significant improvement in signal efficiency/background rejection when compared to previous non-CNN-based analyses., Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures; version matches published JHEP version

Published
2020
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7. Dependence of polytetrafluoroethylene reflectance on thickness at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths in air

Author

Ghosh, S., Haefner, J., Martín-Albo, J., Guenette, R., Li, X., Villalpando, A. A. Loya, Burch, C., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martínez, A., Martínez-Vara, M., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an excellent diffuse reflector widely used in light collection systems for particle physics experiments. However, the reflectance of PTFE is a function of its thickness. In this work, we investigate this dependence in air for light of wavelengths 260 nm and 450 nm using two complementary methods. We find that PTFE reflectance for thicknesses from 5 mm to 10 mm ranges from 92.5% to 94.5% at 450 nm, and from 90.0% to 92.0% at 260 nm. We also see that the reflectance of PTFE of a given thickness can vary by as much as 2.7% within the same piece of material. Finally, we show that placing a specular reflector behind the PTFE can recover the loss of reflectance in the visible without introducing a specular component in the reflectance., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures

Published
2020
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8. Sensitivity of the NEXT experiment to Xe-124 double electron capture

Author

Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez-Vara, M., Sorel, M., Adams, C., Alvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A. B., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Double electron capture by proton-rich nuclei is a second-order nuclear process analogous to double beta decay. Despite their similarities, the decay signature is quite different, potentially providing a new channel to measure the hypothesized neutrinoless mode of these decays. The Standard-Model-allowed two-neutrino double electron capture ($2\nu ECEC$) has been predicted for a number of isotopes, but only observed in $^{78}$Kr, $^{130}$Ba and, recently, $^{124}$Xe. The sensitivity to this decay establishes a benchmark for the ultimate experimental goal, namely the potential to discover also the lepton-number-violating neutrinoless version of this process, $0\nu ECEC$. Here we report on the current sensitivity of the NEXT-White detector to $^{124}$Xe $2\nu ECEC$ and on the extrapolation to NEXT-100. Using simulated data for the $2\nu ECEC$ signal and real data from NEXT-White operated with $^{124}$Xe-depleted gas as background, we define an optimal event selection that maximizes the NEXT-White sensitivity. We estimate that, for NEXT-100 operated with xenon gas isotopically enriched with 1 kg of $^{124}$Xe and for a 5-year run, a sensitivity to the $2\nu ECEC$ half-life of $6 \times 10^{22}$ y (at 90% confidence level) or better can be reached., Comment: 23 pages, 13 figures

Published
2020
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9. Sensitivity of a tonne-scale NEXT detector for neutrinoless double beta decay searches

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Denisenko, A. A., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Foss, F., Freitas, E. D. C., Freixa, Z., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González, R., González-Díaz, D., Gosh, S., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ho, J., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Vara, M., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Meziani, Z. E., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Newhouse, C., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Oblak, E., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rivilla, I., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogero, C., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sorel, M., Stanford, C., Teixeira, J. M. R., Thapa, P., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Vuong, T. T., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT) searches for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of Xe-136 using high-pressure xenon gas TPCs with electroluminescent amplification. A scaled-up version of this technology with about 1 tonne of enriched xenon could reach in less than 5 years of operation a sensitivity to the half-life of neutrinoless double-beta decay decay better than 1E27 years, improving the current limits by at least one order of magnitude. This prediction is based on a well-understood background model dominated by radiogenic sources. The detector concept presented here represents a first step on a compelling path towards sensitivity to the parameter space defined by the inverted ordering of neutrino masses, and beyond., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures

Published
2020

10. Mitigation of Backgrounds from Cosmogenic $^{137}$Xe in Xenon Gas Experiments using $^{3}$He Neutron Capture

Author

Rogers, L., Jones, B. J. P., Laing, A., Pingulkar, S., Woodruff, K., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Dingler, R., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A. B., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

\Xe{136} is used as the target medium for many experiments searching for \bbnonu. Despite underground operation, cosmic muons that reach the laboratory can produce spallation neutrons causing activation of detector materials. A potential background that is difficult to veto using muon tagging comes in the form of \Xe{137} created by the capture of neutrons on \Xe{136}. This isotope decays via beta decay with a half-life of 3.8 minutes and a \Qb\ of $\sim$4.16 MeV. This work proposes and explores the concept of adding a small percentage of \He{3} to xenon as a means to capture thermal neutrons and reduce the number of activations in the detector volume. When using this technique we find the contamination from \Xe{137} activation can be reduced to negligible levels in tonne and multi-tonne scale high pressure gas xenon neutrinoless double beta decay experiments running at any depth in an underground laboratory.

Published
2020
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11. Radio Frequency and DC High Voltage Breakdown of High Pressure Helium, Argon, and Xenon

Author

Woodruff, K., Baeza-Rubio, J., Huerta, D., Jones, B. J. P., McDonald, A. D., Norman, L., Nygren, D. R., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N. K., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Denisenko, A. A., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Foss Jr., F. W., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Ghosh, S., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Garcia, Y. Rodriguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Thapa, P., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Motivated by the possibility of guiding daughter ions from double beta decay events to single-ion sensors for barium tagging, the NEXT collaboration is developing a program of R&D to test radio frequency (RF) carpets for ion transport in high pressure xenon gas. This would require carpet functionality in regimes at higher pressures than have been previously reported, implying correspondingly larger electrode voltages than in existing systems. This mode of operation appears plausible for contemporary RF-carpet geometries due to the higher predicted breakdown strength of high pressure xenon relative to low pressure helium, the working medium in most existing RF carpet devices. In this paper we present the first measurements of the high voltage dielectric strength of xenon gas at high pressure and at the relevant RF frequencies for ion transport (in the 10 MHz range), as well as new DC and RF measurements of the dielectric strengths of high pressure argon and helium gases at small gap sizes. We find breakdown voltages that are compatible with stable RF carpet operation given the gas, pressure, voltage, materials and geometry of interest.

Published
2019
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12. Low-diffusion Xe-He gas mixtures for rare-event detection: Electroluminescence Yield

Author

Fernandes, A. F. M., Henriques, C. A. O., Mano, R. D. P., González-Díaz, D., Azevedo, C. D. R., Silva, P. A. O. C., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Freitas, E. D. C., Fernandes, L. M. P., Monteiro, C. M. B., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carríon, J. V., Cebrían, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, J., Díaz, G., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

High pressure xenon Time Projection Chambers (TPC) based on secondary scintillation (electroluminescence) signal amplification are being proposed for rare event detection such as directional dark matter, double electron capture and double beta decay detection. The discrimination of the rare event through the topological signature of primary ionisation trails is a major asset for this type of TPC when compared to single liquid or double-phase TPCs, limited mainly by the high electron diffusion in pure xenon. Helium admixtures with xenon can be an attractive solution to reduce the electron diffusion significantly, improving the discrimination efficiency of these optical TPCs. We have measured the electroluminescence (EL) yield of Xe-He mixtures, in the range of 0 to 30% He and demonstrated the small impact on the EL yield of the addition of helium to pure xenon. For a typical reduced electric field of 2.5 kV/cm/bar in the scintillation region, the EL yield is lowered by ~ 2%, 3%, 6% and 10% for 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% of helium concentration, respectively. This decrease is less than what has been obtained from the most recent simulation framework in the literature. The impact of the addition of helium on EL statistical fluctuations is negligible, within the experimental uncertainties. The present results are an important benchmark for the simulation tools to be applied to future optical TPCs based on Xe-He mixtures.

Published
2019

13. Radiogenic backgrounds in the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Sorel, M., Usón, A., Ferrario, P., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., López, G. Díaz, Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Nygren, D. R., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Natural radioactivity represents one of the main backgrounds in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Within the NEXT physics program, the radioactivity-induced backgrounds are measured with the NEXT-White detector. Data from 37.9 days of low-background operations at the Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc with xenon depleted in $^{136}$Xe are analyzed to derive a total background rate of (0.84$\pm$0.02) mHz above 1000 keV. The comparison of data samples with and without the use of the radon abatement system demonstrates that the contribution of airborne-Rn is negligible. A radiogenic background model is built upon the extensive radiopurity screening campaign conducted by the NEXT Collaboration. A spectral fit to this model yields the specific contributions of $^{60}$Co, $^{40}$K, $^{214}$Bi and $^{208}$Tl to the total background rate, as well as their location in the detector volumes. The results are used to evaluate the impact of the radiogenic backgrounds in the double beta decay analyses, after the application of topological cuts that reduce the total rate to (0.25$\pm$0.01) mHz. Based on the best-fit background model, the NEXT-White median sensitivity to the two-neutrino double beta decay is found to be 3.5$\sigma$ after 1 year of data taking. The background measurement in a Q$_{\beta\beta}\pm$100 keV energy window validates the best-fit background model also for the neutrinoless double beta decay search with NEXT-100. Only one event is found, while the model expectation is (0.75$\pm$0.12) events.

Published
2019
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14. Energy calibration of the NEXT-White detector with 1% resolution near Q$_{\beta\beta}$ of $^{136}$Xe

Author

Renner, J., López, G. Díaz, Ferrario, P., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Kekic, M., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Excellent energy resolution is one of the primary advantages of electroluminescent high pressure xenon TPCs, and searches for rare physics events such as neutrinoless double-beta decay ($\beta\beta0\nu$) require precise energy measurements. Using the NEXT-White detector, developed by the NEXT (Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC) collaboration, we show for the first time that an energy resolution of 1% FWHM can be achieved at 2.6 MeV, establishing the present technology as the one with the best energy resolution of all xenon detectors for $\beta\beta0\nu$ searches., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures; accepted to JHEP

Published
2019
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15. Demonstration of the event identification capabilities of the NEXT-White detector

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Ferrario, P., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., López, G. Díaz, Morata, J. A. Hernando, Kekic, M., Renner, J., Usón, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

In experiments searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay, the possibility of identifying the two emitted electrons is a powerful tool in rejecting background events and therefore improving the overall sensitivity of the experiment. In this paper we present the first measurement of the efficiency of a cut based on the different event signatures of double and single electron tracks, using the data of the NEXT-White detector, the first detector of the NEXT experiment operating underground. Using a \TO\ calibration source to produce signal-like and background-like events with energies near 1.6 MeV, a signal efficiency of $71.6 \pm 1.5_{\textrm{ stat}} \pm 0.3_{\textrm{ sys}} \%$ for a background acceptance of $20.6 \pm 0.4_{\textrm{ stat}} \pm 0.3_{\textrm{ sys}} \%$ is found, in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. An extrapolation to the energy region of the neutrinoless double beta decay by means of Monte Carlo simulations is also carried out, and the results obtained show an improvement in background rejection over those obtained at lower energies., Comment: Accepted by JHEP

Published
2019
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16. Electron Drift and Longitudinal Diffusion in High Pressure Xenon-Helium Gas Mixtures

Author

McDonald, A. D., Woodruff, K., Atoum, B. Al, González-Díaz, D., Jones, B. J. P., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., MuñozVidal, J., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Garcia, Y. Rodriguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We report new measurements of the drift velocity and longitudinal diffusion coefficients of electrons in pure xenon gas and in xenon-helium gas mixtures at 1-9 bar and electric field strengths of 50-300 V/cm. In pure xenon we find excellent agreement with world data at all $E/P$, for both drift velocity and diffusion coefficients. However, a larger value of the longitudinal diffusion coefficient than theoretical predictions is found at low $E/P$ in pure xenon, below the range of reduced fields usually probed by TPC experiments. A similar effect is observed in xenon-helium gas mixtures at somewhat larger $E/P$. Drift velocities in xenon-helium mixtures are found to be theoretically well predicted. Although longitudinal diffusion in xenon-helium mixtures is found to be larger than anticipated, extrapolation based on the measured longitudinal diffusion coefficients suggest that the use of helium additives to reduce transverse diffusion in xenon gas remains a promising prospect.

Published
2019
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17. Study of the loss of Xenon Scintillation in Xenon-Trimethylamine Mixtures

Author

Trindade, A. M. F., Escada, J., Cortez, A. F. V., Borges, F. I. G. M., Santos, F. P., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carríon, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygrenq, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlalid, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

This work investigates the capability of TMA ((CH3)3N) molecules to shift the wavelength of Xe VUV emission (160-188 nm) to a longer, more manageable, wavelength (260-350 nm). Light emitted from a Xe lamp was passed through a gas chamber filled with Xe-TMA mixtures at 800 Torr and detected with a photomultiplier tube. Using bandpass filters in the proper transmission ranges, no reemitted light was observed experimentally. Considering the detection limit of the experimental system, if reemission by TMA molecules occurs, it is below 0.3% of the scintillation absorbed in the 160-188 nm range. An absorption coefficient value for xenon VUV light by TMA of 0.43+/-0.03 cm-1.Torr-1 was also obtained. These results can be especially important for experiments considering TMA as a molecular additive to Xe in large volume optical time projection chambers., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables

Published
2018
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18. Initial results on energy resolution of the NEXT-White detector

Author

Renner, J., Ferrario, P., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Para, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

One of the major goals of the NEXT-White (NEW) detector is to demonstrate the energy resolution that an electroluminescent high pressure xenon TPC can achieve for high energy tracks. For this purpose, energy calibrations with 137Cs and 232Th sources have been carried out as a part of the long run taken with the detector during most of 2017. This paper describes the initial results obtained with those calibrations, showing excellent linearity and an energy resolution that extrapolates to approximately 1% FWHM at Q$_{\beta\beta}$., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for publication in JINST

Published
2018
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19. Electroluminescence TPCs at the thermal diffusion limit

Author

Henriques, C. A. O., Monteiro, C. M. B., González-Díaz, D., Azevedo, C. D. R, Freitas, E. D. C., Mano, R. D. P., Jorge, M. R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Fernandes, L. M. P., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A., Monrabal, F., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The NEXT experiment aims at searching for the hypothetical neutrinoless double-beta decay from the ${}^{136}$Xe isotope using a high-purity xenon TPC. Efficient discrimination of the events through pattern recognition of the topology of primary ionisation tracks is a major requirement for the experiment. However, it is limited by the diffusion of electrons. It is known that the addition of a small fraction of a molecular gas to xenon reduces electron diffusion. On the other hand, the electroluminescence (EL) yield drops and the achievable energy resolution may be compromised. We have studied the effect of adding several molecular gases to xenon (CO${}_{2}$, CH${}_{4}$ and CF${}_{4}$) on the EL yield and energy resolution obtained in a small prototype of driftless gas proportional scintillation counter. We have compared our results on the scintillation characteristics (EL yield and energy resolution) with a microscopic simulation, obtaining the diffusion coefficients in those conditions as well. Accordingly, electron diffusion may be reduced from about 10 mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ for pure xenon down to 2.5 mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ using additive concentrations of about 0.05%, 0.2% and 0.02% for CO${}_{2}$, CH${}_{4}$ and CF${}_{4}$, respectively. Our results show that CF${}_{4}$ admixtures present the highest EL yield in those conditions, but very poor energy resolution as a result of huge fluctuations observed in the EL formation. CH${}_{4}$ presents the best energy resolution despite the EL yield being the lowest. The results obtained with xenon admixtures are extrapolated to the operational conditions of the NEXT-100 TPC. CO${}_{2}$ and CH${}_{4}$ show potential as molecular additives in a large xenon TPC, CH${}_{4}$ showing the best performance and stability to be used in the NEXT-100 TPC, with an extrapolated energy resolution of 0.4% at 2.45 MeV for concentrations below 0.4%., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures

Published
2018
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20. The Next White (NEW) detector

Author

Monrabal, F., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Toledo, J. F., Álvarez, V., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Herrero, V., Laing, A., Martínez, A., Musti, M., Querol, M., Rodríguez, J., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Torrent, J., Webb, R., White, J. T., Adams, C., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Munoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Romo, C., Ripoll, L., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Veloso, J. F. C. A., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Conceived to host 5 kg of xenon at a pressure of 15 bar in the fiducial volume, the NEXT- White (NEW) apparatus is currently the largest high pressure xenon gas TPC using electroluminescent amplification in the world. It is also a 1:2 scale model of the NEXT-100 detector scheduled to start searching for $\beta\beta 0\nu$ decays in 136Xe in 2019. Both detectors measure the energy of the event using a plane of photomultipliers located behind a transparent cathode. They can also reconstruct the trajectories of charged tracks in the dense gas of the TPC with the help of a plane of silicon photomultipliers located behind the anode. A sophisticated gas system, common to both detectors, allows the high gas purity needed to guarantee a long electron lifetime. NEXT-White has been operating since October 2017 at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC), in Spain. This paper describes the detector and associated infrastructures.

Published
2018
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21. Electron drift properties in high pressure gaseous xenon

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Simón, A., Felkai, R., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., González-Díaz, D., Sorel, M., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Gaseous time projection chambers (TPC) are a very attractive detector technology for particle tracking. Characterization of both drift velocity and diffusion is of great importance to correctly assess their tracking capabilities. NEXT-White is a High Pressure Xenon gas TPC with electroluminescent amplification, a 1:2 scale model of the future NEXT-100 detector, which will be dedicated to neutrinoless double beta decay searches. NEXT-White has been operating at Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) since December 2016. The drift parameters have been measured using $^{83m}$Kr for a range of reduced drift fields at two different pressure regimes, namely 7.2 bar and 9.1 bar. The results have been compared with Magboltz simulations. Agreement at the 5% level or better has been found for drift velocity, longitudinal diffusion and transverse diffusion., Comment: 22 pages, 17 figures

Published
2018
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22. Calibration of the NEXT-White detector using $^{83m}\mathrm{Kr}$ decays

Author

Martínez-Lema, G., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Palmeiro, B., Botas, A., Ferrario, P., Monrabal, F., Laing, A., Renner, J., Simón, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlalib, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The NEXT-White (NEW) detector is currently the largest radio-pure high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber with electroluminescent readout in the world. NEXT-White has been operating at Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc (LSC) since October 2016. This paper describes the calibrations performed with $^{83m}\mathrm{Kr}$ decays during a long run taken from March to November 2017 (Run II). Krypton calibrations are used to correct for the finite drift-electron lifetime as well as for the dependence of the measured energy on the event position which is mainly caused by variations in solid angle coverage. After producing calibration maps to correct for both effects we measure an excellent energy resolution for 41.5 keV point-like deposits of (4.553 $\pm$ 0.010 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.324 (sys.)) % FWHM in the full chamber and (3.804 $\pm$ 0.013 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.112 (sys.)) % FWHM in a restricted fiducial volume. Using naive 1/$\sqrt{E}$ scaling, these values translate into resolutions of (0.516 $\pm$ 0.0014 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.0421 (sys.)) % FWHM and (0.4943 $\pm$ 0.0017 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.0146 (sys.)) % FWHM at the $Q_{\beta\beta}$ energy of xenon double beta decay (2458 keV), well within range of our target value of 1%., Comment: 20 pages, 18 figures

Published
2018
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23. Measurement of radon-induced backgrounds in the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Simón, A., Sorel, M., Adams, C., Ferrario, P., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Zuzel, G., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D. R., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The measurement of the internal $^{222}$Rn activity in the NEXT-White detector during the so-called Run-II period with $^{136}$Xe-depleted xenon is discussed in detail, together with its implications for double beta decay searches in NEXT. The activity is measured through the alpha production rate induced in the fiducial volume by $^{222}$Rn and its alpha-emitting progeny. The specific activity is measured to be $(38.1\pm 2.2~\mathrm{(stat.)}\pm 5.9~\mathrm{(syst.)})$~mBq/m$^3$. Radon-induced electrons have also been characterized from the decay of the $^{214}$Bi daughter ions plating out on the cathode of the time projection chamber. From our studies, we conclude that radon-induced backgrounds are sufficiently low to enable a successful NEXT-100 physics program, as the projected rate contribution should not exceed 0.1~counts/yr in the neutrinoless double beta decay sample., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables. Version accepted for publication in JHEP

Published
2018

25. Demonstration of Single Barium Ion Sensitivity for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay using Single Molecule Fluorescence Imaging

Author

McDonald, A. D., Jones, B. J. P., Nygren, D. R., Adams, C., Alvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodrıguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Carcel, S., Carrion, J. V., Cebrian, S., Conde, C. A. N., Dıaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gomez-Cadenas, J. J., Gonzalez-Dıaz, D., Gutierrez, R. M., Guenette, R., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., Lopez-March, N., Losada, M., Martın-Albo, J., Martınez-Lema, G., Martınez, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Munoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Perez, J., Querol, M., Repond, J., Renner, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodrıguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simon, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

A new method to tag the barium daughter in the double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe is reported. Using the technique of single molecule fluorescent imaging (SMFI), individual barium dication (Ba$^{++}$) resolution at a transparent scanning surface has been demonstrated. A single-step photo-bleach confirms the single ion interpretation. Individual ions are localized with super-resolution ($\sim$2~nm), and detected with a statistical significance of 12.9~$\sigma$ over backgrounds. This lays the foundation for a new and potentially background-free neutrinoless double beta decay technology, based on SMFI coupled to high pressure xenon gas time projection chambers., Comment: Accepted by PRL

Published
2017
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26. Helium-Xenon mixtures to improve topological signature in high pressure gas Xenon TPCs

Author

Felkai, R., Monrabal, F., Gonzalez-Díaz, D., Sorel, M., López-March, N., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Romo, C., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Within the framework of xenon-based double beta decay experiments, we propose the possibility to improve the background rejection of an electroluminescent Time Projection Chamber (EL TPC) by reducing the diffusion of the drifting electrons while keeping nearly intact the energy resolution of a pure xenon EL TPC. Based on state-of-the-art microscopic simulations, a substantial addition of helium, around 10 or 15~\%, may reduce drastically the transverse diffusion down to 2.5~mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ from the 10.5~mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ of pure xenon. The longitudinal diffusion remains around 4~mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$. Light production studies have been performed as well. They show that the relative variation in energy resolution introduced by such a change does not exceed a few percent, which leaves the energy resolution practically unchanged. The technical caveats of using photomultipliers close to an helium atmosphere are also discussed in detail., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

Published
2017
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27. Radiopurity assessment of the energy readout for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author

Cebrián, S., Pérez, J., Bandac, I., Labarga, L., Álvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Jones, B. J. P., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, o J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, p J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon Time-Projection Chamber (NEXT) experiment intends to investigate the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe, and therefore requires a severe suppression of potential backgrounds. An extensive material screening and selection process was undertaken to quantify the radioactivity of the materials used in the experiment. Separate energy and tracking readout planes using different sensors allow us to combine the measurement of the topological signature of the event for background discrimination with the energy resolution optimization. The design of radiopure readout planes, in direct contact with the gas detector medium, was especially challenging since the required components typically have activities too large for experiments demanding ultra-low background conditions. After studying the tracking plane, here the radiopurity control of the energy plane is presented, mainly based on gamma-ray spectroscopy using ultra-low background germanium detectors at the Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc (Spain). All the available units of the selected model of photomultiplier have been screened together with most of the components for the bases, enclosures and windows. According to these results for the activity of the relevant radioisotopes, the selected components of the energy plane would give a contribution to the overall background level in the region of interest of at most 2.4 x 10-4 counts keV-1 kg-1 y-1, satisfying the sensitivity requirements of the NEXT experiment., Comment: Final version for publication

Published
2017
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28. Application and performance of an ML-EM algorithm in NEXT

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Simón, A., Lerche, C., Monrabal, F., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The goal of the NEXT experiment is the observation of neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{136}$Xe using a gaseous xenon TPC with electroluminescent amplification and specialized photodetector arrays for calorimetry and tracking. The NEXT Collaboration is exploring a number of reconstruction algorithms to exploit the full potential of the detector. This paper describes one of them: the Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (ML-EM) method, a generic iterative algorithm to find maximum-likelihood estimates of parameters that has been applied to solve many different types of complex inverse problems. In particular, we discuss a bi-dimensional version of the method in which the photosensor signals integrated over time are used to reconstruct a transverse projection of the event. First results show that, when applied to detector simulation data, the algorithm achieves nearly optimal energy resolution (better than 0.5% FWHM at the Q value of $^{136}$Xe) for events distributed over the full active volume of the TPC., Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures

Published
2017
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29. Microscopic simulation of xenon-based optical TPCs in the presence of molecular additives

Author

Azevedo, C. D. R., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Biagi, S. F., Oliveira, C. A. B., Henriques, C. A. O., Escada, J., Monrabal, F., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Borges, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., Lopez-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We introduce a simulation framework for the transport of high and low energy electrons in xenon-based gaseous optical time projection chambers (OTPCs). The simulation relies on elementary cross sections (electron-atom and electron-molecule) and incorporates, in order to compute the gas scintillation, the reaction/quenching rates (atom-atom and atom-molecule) of the first 41 excited states of xenon and the relevant associated excimers, together with their radiative cascade. The results compare positively with observations made in pure xenon and its mixtures with CO$_2$ and CF$_4$ in a range of pressures from 0.1 to 10~bar. This work sheds some light on the elementary processes responsible for the primary and secondary xenon-scintillation mechanisms in the presence of additives, that are of interest to the OTPC technology.

Published
2017
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30. Secondary scintillation yield of Xenon with sub-percent levels of CO2 additive: efficiently reducing electron diffusion in HPXe optical TPCs for rare-event detection

Author

Henriques, C. A. O., Freitas, E. D. C., Azevedo, C. D. R., González-Díaz, D., Mano, R. D. P., Jorge, M. R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Monteiro, C. M. B., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Goldschmidt, A., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We have measured the electroluminescence (EL) yield of Xe-CO2 mixtures, with sub-percent CO2 concentrations. We demonstrate that the EL production is still high in these mixtures, 70% and 35% relative to that produced in pure xenon, for CO2 concentrations around 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively. The contribution of the statistical fluctuations in EL production to the energy resolution increases with increasing CO2 concentration and, for our gas proportional scintillation counter, it is smaller than the contribution of the Fano factor for concentrations below 0.1% CO2. Xe-CO2 mixtures are important alternatives to pure xenon in TPCs based on EL signal amplification with applications in the important field of rare event detection such as directional dark matter, double electron capture and double beta decay detection. The addition of CO2 to pure xenon at the level of 0.05-0.1% can reduce significantly the scale of electron diffusion from 10 mm/sqrt(m) to 2.5 mm/sqrt(m), with high impact on the HPXe TPC discrimination efficiency of the events through pattern recognition of the topology of primary ionisation trails.

Published
2017

32. Background rejection in NEXT using deep neural networks

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Renner, J., Farbin, A., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Botas, A., Ferrario, P., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Borges, F. I. G., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Jones, B., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., White, J., Webb, R., Yahlali, N., and Yepes-Ramírez, H.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We investigate the potential of using deep learning techniques to reject background events in searches for neutrinoless double beta decay with high pressure xenon time projection chambers capable of detailed track reconstruction. The differences in the topological signatures of background and signal events can be learned by deep neural networks via training over many thousands of events. These networks can then be used to classify further events as signal or background, providing an additional background rejection factor at an acceptable loss of efficiency. The networks trained in this study performed better than previous methods developed based on the use of the same topological signatures by a factor of 1.2 to 1.6, and there is potential for further improvement., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures; formatting changes

Published
2016
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33. Sensitivity of NEXT-100 to neutrinoless double beta decay

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Martín-Albo, J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Ferrario, P., Nebot-Guinot, M., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Borges, F. I. G., Cárcel, S., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Novella, P., Nygren, D., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., Yahlali, N., and Yepes-Ramírez, H.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

NEXT-100 is an electroluminescent high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber that will search for the neutrinoless double beta ($\beta \beta 0 \nu$) decay of Xe-136. The detector possesses two features of great value for $\beta \beta 0 \nu$ searches: energy resolution better than 1\% FWHM at the $Q$ value of Xe-136 and track reconstruction for the discrimination of signal and background events. This combination results in excellent sensitivity, as discussed in this paper. Material-screening measurements and a detailed Monte Carlo detector simulation predict a background rate for NEXT-100 of at most $4\times10^{-4}$ counts keV$^{-1}$ kg$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. Accordingly, the detector will reach a sensitivity to the \bbonu-decay half-life of $2.8\times10^{25}$ years (90\% CL) for an exposure of 100 $\mathrm{kg}\cdot\mathrm{year}$, or $6.0\times10^{25}$ years after a run of 3 effective years., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP)

Published
2015
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34. The Silicon photomultiplier as a metasystem with designed electronics as metadevice for a new receiver-emitter in visible light communications

Author

Gutierrez, R. M., Hernandez, A. I., Castaneda, L. F., and Castano, J. F.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

A Silicon Photomultiplier, SiPM, is a metasystem of Avalanche Photodiodes, APDs, which embedded in a specific purpose electronic, becomes a metadevice with unique and useful advanced functionalities to capture, transmit and analyze information with increased efficiency and security. The SiPM is a very small state of the art photo-detector with very high efficiency and sensitivity, with good response to controlled light pulses in the presence of background light without saturation. New results profit of such metadevice to propose a new receiver-emitter system useful for Visible Light Communication, VLC., Comment: SPIE: Metamaterials, Metadevices, and Metasystems 2015 (link: http://spie.org/OPN/conferencedetails/metamaterials-metadevices-metasystems)

Published
2015
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35. First proof of topological signature in the high pressure xenon gas TPC with electroluminescence amplification for the NEXT experiment

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Ferrario, P., Laing, A., López-March, N., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Borges, F. I. G., Cárcel, S., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Irastorza, I. G., Labarga, L., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., Miller, T., Monrabal, F., Monserrate, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D., Para, A., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., Yahlali, N., and Yepes-Ramírez, H.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The NEXT experiment aims to observe the neutrinoless double beta decay of xenon in a high-pressure Xe136 gas TPC using electroluminescence (EL) to amplify the signal from ionization. One of the main advantages of this technology is the possibility to reconstruct the topology of events with energies close to Qbb. This paper presents the first demonstration that the topology provides extra handles to reject background events using data obtained with the NEXT-DEMO prototype. Single electrons resulting from the interactions of Na22 1275 keV gammas and electron-positron pairs produced by conversions of gammas from the Th228 decay chain were used to represent the background and the signal in a double beta decay. These data were used to develop algorithms for the reconstruction of tracks and the identification of the energy deposited at the end-points, providing an extra background rejection factor of 24.3 +- 1.4 (stat.)%, while maintaining an efficiency of 66.7 +- 1% for signal events.

Published
2015

36. Radon and material radiopurity assessment for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author

Cebrián, S., Pérez, J., Bandac, I., Labarga, L., Álvarez, V., Barrado, A. I., Bettini, A., Borges, F. I. G. M., Camargo, M., Cárcel, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Conde, E., Dafni, T., Díaz, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Fernández, M., Ferrario, P., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Irastorza, I. G., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Miller, T., Monrabal, F., Monserrate, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT), intended to investigate the neutrinoless double beta decay using a high-pressure xenon gas TPC filled with Xe enriched in 136Xe at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory in Spain, requires ultra-low background conditions demanding an exhaustive control of material radiopurity and environmental radon levels. An extensive material screening process is underway for several years based mainly on gamma-ray spectroscopy using ultra-low background germanium detectors in Canfranc but also on mass spectrometry techniques like GDMS and ICPMS. Components from shielding, pressure vessel, electroluminescence and high voltage elements and energy and tracking readout planes have been analyzed, helping in the final design of the experiment and in the construction of the background model. The latest measurements carried out will be presented and the implication on NEXT of their results will be discussed. The commissioning of the NEW detector, as a first step towards NEXT, has started in Canfranc; in-situ measurements of airborne radon levels were taken there to optimize the system for radon mitigation and will be shown too., Comment: Proceedings of the Low Radioactivity Techniques 2015 workshop (LRT2015), Seattle, March 2015

Published
2015
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37. Accurate gamma and MeV-electron track reconstruction with an ultra-low diffusion Xenon/TMA TPC at 10 atmospheres

Author

Gonzalez-Diaz, Diego, Alvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G., Camargo, M., Carcel, S., Cebrian, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Diaz, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Goldschmidt, A., Gomez-Cadenas, J. J., Gutierrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Irastorza, I. G., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopez-March, N., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzon, G., Mari, A., Martin-Albo, J., Martinez-Lema, G., Martinez, A., Miller, T., Monrabal, F., Monserrate, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Munoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Perez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Perez, Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodriguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simon, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., Yahlali, N., Azevedo, C., Aznar, F., Calvet, D., Castel, J., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Garcia, J. A., Giomataris, I., Gomez, H., Iguaz, F. J., Lagraba, A., Coguie, A. Le, Mols, J. P., Sahin, O., Rodriguez, A., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Segui, L., Tomas, A., and Veenhof, R.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We report the performance of a 10 atm Xenon/trimethylamine time projection chamber (TPC) for the detection of X-rays (30 keV) and gamma-rays (0.511-1.275 MeV) in conjunction with the accurate tracking of the associated electrons. When operated at such a high pressure and in 1%-admixtures, trimethylamine (TMA) endows Xenon with an extremely low electron diffusion (1.3 +-0.13 mm-sigma (longitudinal), 0.8 +-0.15 mm-sigma (transverse) along 1 m drift) besides forming a convenient Penning-Fluorescent mixture. The TPC, that houses 1.1 kg of gas in its active volume, operated continuously for 100 live-days in charge amplification mode. The readout was performed through the recently introduced microbulk Micromegas technology and the AFTER chip, providing a 3D voxelization of 8mm x 8mm x 1.2mm for approximately 10 cm/MeV-long electron tracks. This work was developed as part of the R&D program of the NEXT collaboration for future detector upgrades in the search of the 0bbnu decay in 136Xe, specifically those based on novel gas mixtures. Therefore we ultimately focus on the calorimetric and topological properties of the reconstructed MeV-electron tracks.

Published
2015
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38. An improved measurement of electron-ion recombination in high-pressure xenon gas

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Serra, L., Sorel, M., Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G., Camargo, M., Cárcel, S., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Díaz, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Irastorza, I. G., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopez-March, N., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., Miller, T., Monrabal, F., Monserrate, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We report on results obtained with the NEXT-DEMO prototype of the NEXT-100 high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber (TPC), exposed to an alpha decay calibration source. Compared to our previous measurements with alpha particles, an upgraded detector and improved analysis techniques have been used. We measure event-by-event correlated fluctuations between ionization and scintillation due to electron-ion recombination in the gas, with correlation coeffcients between -0.80 and -0.56 depending on the drift field conditions. By combining the two signals, we obtain a 2.8 % FWHM energy resolution for 5.49 MeV alpha particles and a measurement of the optical gain of the electroluminescent TPC. The improved energy resolution also allows us to measure the specific activity of the radon in the gas due to natural impurities. Finally, we measure the average ratio of excited to ionized atoms produced in the xenon gas by alpha particles to be $0.561\pm 0.045$, translating into an average energy to produce a primary scintillation photon of $W_{\rm ex}=(39.2\pm 3.2)$ eV., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, 1 table

Published
2014
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39. Radiopurity assessment of the tracking readout for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author

Cebrián, S., Pérez, J., Bandac, I., Labarga, L., Álvarez, V., Barrado, A. I., Bettini, A., Borges, F. I. G. M., Camargo, M., Cárcel, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Conde, E., Dafni, T., Díaz, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Fernández, M., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Irastorza, I. G., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Miller, T., Monrabal, F., Monserrate, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon Time-Projection Chamber (NEXT) is intended to investigate the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe, which requires a severe suppression of potential backgrounds; therefore, an extensive screening and selection process is underway to control the radiopurity levels of the materials to be used in the experimental set-up of NEXT. The detector design combines the measurement of the topological signature of the event for background discrimination with the energy resolution optimization. Separate energy and tracking readout planes are based on different sensors: photomultiplier tubes for calorimetry and silicon multi-pixel photon counters for tracking. The design of a radiopure tracking plane, in direct contact with the gas detector medium, was specially challenging since the needed components like printed circuit boards, connectors, sensors or capacitors have typically, according to available information in databases and in the literature, activities too large for experiments requiring ultra-low background conditions. Here, the radiopurity assessment of tracking readout components based on gamma-ray spectroscopy using ultra-low background germanium detectors at the Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc (Spain) is described. According to the obtained results, radiopure enough printed circuit boards made of kapton and copper, silicon photomultipliers and other required components, fulfilling the requirement of an overall background level in the region of interest of at most 8 10-4 counts keV-1 kg-1 y-1, have been identified.

Published
2014
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40. Results of the material screening program of the NEXT experiment

Author

Dafni, T., Alvarez, V., Bandac, I., Bettini, A., Borges, F. I. G. M., Camargo, M., Carcel, S., Cebrian, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Diaz, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Fernandez, M., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Goldschmidt, A., Gomez, H., Gomez-Cadenas, J. J., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Gutierrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzon, G., Mari, A., Martin-Albo, J., Martinez, A., Martinez-Lema, G., Miller, T., Monrabal, F., Monserrate, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Munoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Perez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Perez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Segui, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simon, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The 'Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT)', intended to investigate neutrinoless double beta decay, requires extremely low background levels. An extensive material screening and selection process to assess the radioactivity of components is underway combining several techniques, including germanium gamma-ray spectrometry performed at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory; recent results of this material screening program are presented here., Comment: Proceedings for a poster contribution at ICHEP 2014, Valencia, Spain

Published
2014

41. Ionization and scintillation of nuclear recoils in gaseous xenon

Author

Renner, J., Gehman, V. M., Goldschmidt, A., Matis, H. S., Miller, T., Nakajima, Y., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Shuman, D., Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G., Cárcel, S., Castel, J., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Dias, T. H. V. T., Díaz, J., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gil, A., Gómez, H., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Moiseenko, A., Monrabal, F., Monserrate, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot-Guinot, M., Palma, R., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Seguí, L., Serra, L., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomás, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R. C., White, J., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Ionization and scintillation produced by nuclear recoils in gaseous xenon at approximately 14 bar have been simultaneously observed in an electroluminescent time projection chamber. Neutrons from radioisotope $\alpha$-Be neutron sources were used to induce xenon nuclear recoils, and the observed recoil spectra were compared to a detailed Monte Carlo employing estimated ionization and scintillation yields for nuclear recoils. The ability to discriminate between electronic and nuclear recoils using the ratio of ionization to primary scintillation is demonstrated. These results encourage further investigation on the use of xenon in the gas phase as a detector medium in dark matter direct detection experiments., Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures

Published
2014
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42. Characterisation of NEXT-DEMO using xenon K$_{\alpha}$ X-rays

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Lorca, D., Martín-Albo, J., Laing, A., Ferrario, P., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G., Camargo, M., Cárcel, S., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Díaz, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez, H., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Irastorza, I. G., Labarga, L., Liubarsky, I., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., Miller, T., Monrabal, F., Monserrate, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Seguí, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The NEXT experiment aims to observe the neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe in a high pressure gas TPC using electroluminescence (EL) to amplify the signal from ionization. Understanding the response of the detector is imperative in achieving a consistent and well understood energy measurement. The abundance of xenon k-shell x-ray emission during data taking has been identified as a multitool for the characterisation of the fundamental parameters of the gas as well as the equalisation of the response of the detector. The NEXT-DEMO prototype is a ~1.5 kg volume TPC filled with natural xenon. It employs an array of 19 PMTs as an energy plane and of 256 SiPMs as a tracking plane with the TPC light tube and SiPM surfaces being coated with tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) which acts as a wavelength shifter for the VUV scintillation light produced by xenon. This paper presents the measurement of the properties of the drift of electrons in the TPC, the effects of the EL production region, and the extraction of position dependent correction constants using K$_{\alpha}$ X-ray deposits. These constants were used to equalise the response of the detector to deposits left by gammas from $^{22}$Na.

Published
2014
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43. Characterization of a medium size Xe/TMA TPC instrumented with microbulk Micromegas, using low-energy $\gamma$-rays

Author

The NEXT collaboration, Alvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G. M., Carcel, S., Castel, J., Cebrian, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Dias, T. H. V. T., Diaz, J., Egorov, M., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Gil, A., Goldschmidt, A., Gomez, H., Gomez-Cadenas, J. J., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Gutierrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzon, G., Mari, A., Martin-Albo, J., Martinez, A., Martinez-Lema, G., Miller, T., Moiseenko, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Munoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Palma, R., Perez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Perez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Segui, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simon, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomas, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Vazquez, D., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Yahlali, N., Aznar, F., Calvet, D., Druillole, F., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Garcia, J. A., Giomataris, I., Gracia, J., Coguie, A. Le, Mols, J. P., Pons, P., and Ruiz, E.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

NEXT-MM is a general-purpose high pressure (10 bar, $\sim25$ l active volume) Xenon-based TPC, read out in charge mode with an 8 cm $\times$8 cm-segmented 700 cm$^2$ plane (1152 ch) of the latest microbulk-Micromegas technology. It has been recently commissioned at University of Zaragoza as part of the R&D of the NEXT $0\nu\beta\beta$ experiment, although the experiment's first stage is currently being built based on a SiPM/PMT-readout concept relying on electroluminescence. Around 2 million events were collected during the last months, stemming from the low energy $\gamma$-rays emitted by a $^{241}$Am source when interacting with the Xenon gas ($\epsilon$ = 26, 30, 59.5 keV). The localized nature of such events above atmospheric pressure, the long drift times, as well as the possibility to determine their production time from the associated $\alpha$ particle in coincidence, allow the extraction of primordial properties of the TPC filling gas, namely the drift velocity, diffusion and attachment coefficients. In this work we focus on the little explored combination of Xe and trimethylamine (TMA) for which, in particular, such properties are largely unknown. This gas mixture offers potential advantages over pure Xenon when aimed at Rare Event Searches, mainly due to its Penning characteristics, wave-length shifting properties and reduced diffusion, and it is being actively investigated by our collaboration. The chamber is currently operated at 2.7 bar, as an intermediate step towards the envisaged 10 bar. We report here its performance as well as a first implementation of the calibration procedures that have allowed the extension of the previously reported energy resolution to the whole readout plane (10.6%FWHM@30keV)., Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures

Published
2013
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44. Description and commissioning of NEXT-MM prototype: first results from operation in a Xenon-Trimethylamine gas mixture

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Álvarez, V., Aznar, F., Borges, F. I. G. M., Calvet, D., Cárcel, S., Castel, J., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Dias, T. H. V. T., Díaz, J., Druillole, F., Egorov, M., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Gil, A., Giomataris, I., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez, H., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Coguie, A. Le, Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Miller, T., Moiseenko, A., Mols, J. P., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Palma, R., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Segui, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomás, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

A technical description of NEXT-MM and its commissioning and first performance is reported. Having an active volume of ~35 cm drift $\times$ 28 cm diameter, it constitutes the largest Micromegas-read TPC operated in Xenon ever constructed, made by a sectorial arrangement of the 4 largest single wafers manufactured with the Microbulk technique to date. It is equipped with a suitably pixelized readout and with a sufficiently large sensitive volume (~23 l) so as to contain long (~20 cm) electron tracks. First results obtained at 1 bar for Xenon and trimethylamine (Xe-(2 %)TMA) mixture are presented. The TPC can accurately reconstruct extended background tracks. An encouraging full-width half-maximum of 11.6 % was obtained for ~29 keV gammas without resorting to any data post-processing., Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures

Published
2013
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45. Present status and future perspectives of the NEXT experiment

Author

The NEXT Collaboration, Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Castel, J., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Dias, T. H. V. T., Díaz, J., Egorov, M., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Gil, A., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez, H., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Miller, T., Moiseenko, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Palma, R., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Segui, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomás, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R. C., White, J., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

NEXT is an experiment dedicated to neutrinoless double beta decay searches in xenon. The detector is a TPC, holding 100 kg of high-pressure xenon enriched in the $^{136}$Xe isotope. It is under construction in the Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc in Spain, and it will begin operations in 2015. The NEXT detector concept provides an energy resolution better than 1% FWHM and a topological signal that can be used to reduce the background. Furthermore, the NEXT technology can be extrapolated to a 1-ton scale experiment., Comment: Submitted to Advances in High Energy Physics, Special Issue

Published
2013

46. Operation and first results of the NEXT-DEMO prototype using a silicon photomultiplier tracking array

Author

The NEXT Collaboration, Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G., Cárcel, S., Castel, J., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Dias, T. H. V. T., Díaz, J., Egorov, M., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Gil, A., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez, H., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez, G., Miller, T., Moiseenko, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Palma, R., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Seguí, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomás, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

NEXT-DEMO is a high-pressure xenon gas TPC which acts as a technological test-bed and demonstrator for the NEXT-100 neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. In its current configuration the apparatus fully implements the NEXT-100 design concept. This is an asymmetric TPC, with an energy plane made of photomultipliers and a tracking plane made of silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) coated with TPB. The detector in this new configuration has been used to reconstruct the characteristic signature of electrons in dense gas. Demonstrating the ability to identify the MIP and "blob" regions. Moreover, the SiPM tracking plane allows for the definition of a large fiducial region in which an excellent energy resolution of 1.82% FWHM at 511 keV has been measured (a value which extrapolates to 0.83% at the xenon Qbetabeta)., Comment: 20 pages, 17 figures. This version: corrected typos, updated acknowledgements. Ready for submission to the Journal of Instrumentation (JINST)

Published
2013
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47. Initial results of NEXT-DEMO, a large-scale prototype of the NEXT-100 experiment

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Castel, J., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Dias, T. H. V. T., Díaz, J., Egorov, M., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Gil, A., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez, H., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Miller, T., Moiseenko, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Palma, R., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Segui, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomás, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Vázquez, D., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R., White, J. T, and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

NEXT-DEMO is a large-scale prototype of the NEXT-100 detector, an electroluminescent time projection chamber that will search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of Xe-136 using 100 to 150 kg of enriched xenon gas. NEXT-DEMO was built to prove the expected performance of NEXT-100, namely, energy resolution better than 1% FWHM at 2.5 MeV and event topological reconstruction. In this paper we describe the prototype and its initial results. A resolution of 1.75% FWHM at 511 keV (which extrapolates to 0.8% FWHM at 2.5 MeV) was obtained at 10 bar pressure using a gamma-ray calibration source. Also, a basic study of the event topology along the longitudinal coordinate is presented, proving that it is possible to identify the distinct dE/dx of electron tracks in high-pressure xenon using an electroluminescence TPC., Comment: 23 pages, 22 figures. Version accepted for publication by the Journal of Instrumentation (JINST)

Published
2012
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48. Near-Intrinsic Energy Resolution for 30 to 662 keV Gamma Rays in a High Pressure Xenon Electroluminescent TPC

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Castel, J., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Dias, T. H. V. T., Díaz, J., Egorov, M., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Gil, A., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez, H., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Miller, T., Moiseenko, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Palma, R., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Segui, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomás, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Vázquez, D., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R., White, J. T, and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We present the design, data and results from the NEXT prototype for Double Beta and Dark Matter (NEXT-DBDM) detector, a high-pressure gaseous natural xenon electroluminescent time projection chamber (TPC) that was built at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. It is a prototype of the planned NEXT-100 $^{136}$Xe neutrino-less double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) experiment with the main objectives of demonstrating near-intrinsic energy resolution at energies up to 662 keV and of optimizing the NEXT-100 detector design and operating parameters. Energy resolutions of $\sim$1% FWHM for 662 keV gamma rays were obtained at 10 and 15 atm and $\sim$5% FWHM for 30 keV fluorescence xenon X-rays. These results demonstrate that 0.5% FWHM resolutions for the 2,459 keV hypothetical neutrino-less double beta decay peak are realizable. This energy resolution is a factor 7 to 20 better than that of the current leading $0\nu\beta\beta$ experiments using liquid xenon and thus represents a significant advancement. We present also first results from a track imaging system consisting of 64 silicon photo-multipliers recently installed in NEXT-DBDM that, along with the excellent energy resolution, demonstrates the key functionalities required for the NEXT-100 $0\nu\beta\beta$ search., Comment: 51 pages, 26 figures

Published
2012

49. In-situ calibration of a PMT inside a scintillation detector by means of primary scintillation detection

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Castel, J., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Dias, T. H. V. T., Díaz, J., Egorov, M., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Gil, A., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez, H., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Miller, T., Moiseenko, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Palma, R., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Segui, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomás, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Vázquez, D., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R. C., White, J. T, and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We have investigated the possibility of calibrating the PMTs of scintillation detectors, using the primary scintillation produced by X-rays to induce single photoelectron response of the PMT. The high-energy tail of this response, can be approximated to an exponential function, under some conditions. In these cases, it is possible to determine the average gain for each PMT biasing voltage from the inverse of the exponent of the exponential fit to the tail, which can be done even if the background and/or noise cover-up most of the distribution. We have compared our results with those obtained by the commonly used single electron response (SER) method, which uses a LED to induce a single photoelectron response of the PMT and determines the peak position of such response, relative to the pedestal peak (the electronic noise peak, which corresponds to 0 photoelectrons). The results of the exponential fit method agree with those obtained by the SER method when the average number of photoelectrons reaching the first dynode per light/scintillation pulse is around 1.0. The SER method has higher precision, while the exponential fit method has the advantage of being useful in situations where the PMT is already in situ, being difficult or even impossible to apply the SER method, e.g. in sealed scintillator/PMT devices., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures

Published
2012

50. Ionization and scintillation response of high-pressure xenon gas to alpha particles

Author

NEXT Collaboration, Álvarez, V., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Cebrián, S., Cervera, A., Conde, C. A. N., Dafni, T., Díaz, J., Egorov, M., Esteve, R., Evtoukhovitch, P., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Gehman, V. M., Gil, A., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez, H., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrera, D. C., Irastorza, I. G., Jinete, M. A., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Liubarsky, I., Lopes, J. A. M., Lorca, D., Losada, M., Luzón, G., Marí, A., Martín-Albo, J., Miller, T., Moiseenko, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, da Luz, H. Natal, Navarro, G., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D., Oliveira, C. A. B., Palma, R., Pérez, J., Aparicio, J. L. Pérez, Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, J., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Segui, L., Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Toledo, J. F., Tomás, A., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Vázquez, D., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T, and Yahlali, N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

High-pressure xenon gas is an attractive detection medium for a variety of applications in fundamental and applied physics. In this paper we study the ionization and scintillation detection properties of xenon gas at 10 bar pressure. For this purpose, we use a source of alpha particles in the NEXT-DEMO time projection chamber, the large scale prototype of the NEXT-100 neutrinoless double beta decay experiment, in three different drift electric field configurations. We measure the ionization electron drift velocity and longitudinal diffusion, and compare our results to expectations based on available electron scattering cross sections on pure xenon. In addition, two types of measurements addressing the connection between the ionization and scintillation yields are performed. On the one hand we observe, for the first time in xenon gas, large event-by-event correlated fluctuations between the ionization and scintillation signals, similar to that already observed in liquid xenon. On the other hand, we study the field dependence of the average scintillation and ionization yields. Both types of measurements may shed light on the mechanism of electron-ion recombination in xenon gas for highly-ionizing particles. Finally, by comparing the response of alpha particles and electrons in NEXT-DEMO, we find no evidence for quenching of the primary scintillation light produced by alpha particles in the xenon gas., Comment: 36 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables. Version accepted for publication in JINST

Published
2012
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