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Hox transcription factors play crucial roles in organizing developmental patterning across metazoa, but how these factors trigger regional morphogenesis has largely remained a mystery. In the developing gut, Hox genes help demarcate identities of intestinal subregions early in embryogenesis, which ultimately leads to their specialization in both form and function. Although the midgut forms villi, the hindgut develops sulci that resolve into heterogeneous outgrowths. Combining mechanical measurements of the embryonic chick intestine and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that the posterior Hox gene HOXD13 regulates biophysical phenomena that shape the hindgut lumen. We further show that HOXD13 acts through the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway to thicken, stiffen, and promote isotropic growth of the subepithelial mesenchyme—together, these features lead to hindgut-specific surface buckling. TGF-β, in turn, promotes collagen deposition to affect mesenchymal geometry and growth. We thus identify a cascade of events downstream of positional identity that direct posterior intestinal morphogenesis. [Display omitted] • Mechanical properties define epithelial buckling in the developing chick intestine • HOXD13 promotes hindgut mechanics through increased mesenchymal TGF-β signaling • Hindgut and ectopic midgut HOXD13- expressing smooth muscle upregulates INHBA • Mesenchymal TGF-β activation tunes mechanics via extracellular matrix remodeling Gill et al. mechanistically link HOXD13 expression to morphogenesis of the chick hindgut epithelium. HOXD13 activity within smooth muscle induces INHBA expression, which causes adjacent mesenchymal cells to remodel extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to TGF-β upregulation, thus promoting the biomechanical parameters that define the hindgut morphological trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is a giant herbivore classified as an endangered wildlife species by the International Union for Conservation of Threatened Species. This study aims to investigate and compare the core gut microbiota of captive Asian elephants from three different locations in Yunnan Province, China, to explore the impact of environmental and husbandry factors on microbial diversity. Methods: We collected fecal samples from 29 captive Asian elephants from three locations and performed full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbial diversity was assessed using alpha diversity (Chao1 and Shannon indexes) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis and Euclidean distance metrics). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was used to visualize microbial variation among groups. Results: Alpha diversity analysis showed that the microbial diversity in the Yexianggu group was higher than that in the other groups. Bray-Curtis and Euclidean metrics revealed significant differences among the microbial communities. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, which are key cellulose-degrading bacteria, were the dominant phyla in all groups. Synergistaceae was the most abundant family in the Menghai group, while Lachnospiraceae and Pirellulaceae were more abundant in the Yexianggu and Yuantongshan groups, respectively. Genus p-1008-a5-gut-group was more abundant in Yexianggu, and Prevotella was predominant in Menghai. Discussion: These results indicate that habitat and husbandry practices significantly influence the gut microbiota of captive Asian elephants. The identification of bacterial species such as Lactobacillus fermentum, Clostridium neonatale, Enterococcus mundtii, Klebsiella huaxiensis, Corynebacterium nasicanis, and Streptococcus equinus highlights the potential role of specific microbes in maintaining host-microbial interactions. Promoting microbial diversity through improved captive conditions could enhance the health of these endangered animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent discoveries have established the pivotal role of IL-9-secreting immune cells in a wide spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, little is known about how IL-9 contributes to the etiology of inflammatory bone loss in PMO. We observed that IL-9 has a pathological impact on inflammatory bone loss in ovariectomized (Ovx) mice. Our in vivo temporal kinetics analysis revealed that estrogen deprivation enhanced the production of IL-9 from Th cells (majorly Th9 and Th17). Both our ex vivo and in vivo studies corroborated these findings in Ovx mice, as estrogen diminishes the potential of Th9 cells to produce IL-9. Mechanistically, Th9 cells in an IL-9-dependent manner enhance osteoclastogenesis and thus could establish themselves as a novel osteoclastogenic Th cell subset. Therapeutically neutralizing/blocking IL-9 improves bone health by inhibiting the differentiation and function of osteoclasts, Th9, and Th17 cells along with maintaining gut integrity in Ovx mice. Post-menopausal osteoporotic patients have increased IL-9-secreting Th9 cells, which may suggest a potential role for IL-9 in the development of osteoporosis. Collectively, our study identifies IL-9-secreting Th9 cells as a driver of bone loss with attendant modulation of gut-immune-bone axis, which implies IL-9-targeted immunotherapies as a potential strategy for the management and treatment of inflammatory bone loss observed in PMO. Lay Summary: Our research identifies interleukin-9 (IL-9) as a key driver of bone loss in PMO. By promoting osteoclast formation and suppressing bone formation, IL-9 significantly contributes to the disease's progression. Our findings in both animal models and human patients suggest that targeting IL-9 could provide a novel therapeutic approach to combat bone loss in postmenopausal women. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent findings highlight the significant impact of intestinal fungi on the complex makeup of the gut microbiota and human health, challenging past oversights. However, a lack of thorough systematic and quantitative analyses remains. This study aims to address this gap by thoroughly examining the current research on gut fungi. Through analyzing developments and unique features in this area, our goal is to foster a deeper understanding and identify future research pathways. Methods: We performed an extensive bibliometric analysis on documents from 2000 to 2023, sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Utilizing advanced visualization tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Bibliometrix R, we meticulously examined and illustrated the data in scientific landscapes and networks. Results: A total of 1434 papers were analyzed, revealing a substantial increase in publication volume over the past two decades, particularly in 2020. Contributions came from 67 countries, 2178 institutions, and 8,479 authors. China led in publication output with 468 articles, followed by the University of California with 84 articles, and ZHANG F as the most prolific author with 17 articles. Emerging research areas such as “Fungal-Bacteria Interactions,” “Gut Fungus and Gut-Brain Axis,” and “Gut Fungus and Immunity” are expected to attract growing interest in the future. Conclusion: This extensive bibliometric analysis offers a current overview of scholarly efforts concerning intestinal fungi, highlighting the predominant landscape in this field. These insights can assist scholars in identifying appropriate publication avenues, forming collaborative relationships, and enhancing understanding of key themes and emerging areas, thereby stimulating future research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of enteric fevers, is low in high-income countries but persistent in low- and middle-income countries, resulting in 65,400-187,700 deaths yearly. Drug resistance, including in the United States, exacerbates this issue. Evidence indicates that innate lymphocytes (INLs), such as natural killer (NK) cells, and unconventional T lymphocytes (e.g., Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and T-cell receptor gamma delta (TCR-γδ) cells) can impact the intestinal epithelial barrier, the primary site of exposure to S. Typhi. Moreover, INL production of IFN-γ is central in controlling S. Typhi infection. However, the impact of epithelial cells (EC) on the secretion of IFN-γ by INLs and the relationship between these events and epigenetic changes remains unknown. Epigenetic modifications in host cells are fundamental for their differentiation and function, including IFN-γ production. Herein, using a human organoid-derived polarized intestinal epithelial cell monolayer, we investigated the role of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 epigenetic marks in intestinal immunity, focusing on the function of EC, NK, MAIT, and TCR-γδ cells in response to S. Typhi. This study builds on our previous findings that MAIT subsets exhibiting specific IFN-γ pattern signatures were associated with protection against typhoid fever and that S. Typhi infection regulates changes in chromatin marks that depend on individual cell subsets. Here, we show that cultures exposed to S. Typhi without EC exhibit a significant increase in NK and MAIT cells, and, to a lesser extent, TCR-γδ cells, expressing IFN-γ and H3K4me3 but not H3K27me3 marks, contrasting with cultures where EC is present. The influence of EC on INL H3K4me3 marks might be indirectly mediated through the modulation of IL-18 secretion via the Histone Deacetylase 6 gene during S. Typhi infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability and quality of food resources can alter the intensity of competition and predation pressure within communities. Understanding species capacity to respond to global change‐driven shifts in resource distribution is therefore crucial for biodiversity conservation. Small mammal communities are often structured by competition for food resources, but understanding and monitoring these processes are currently hindered by lack of functional dietary trait information in these hard‐to‐sample systems. In this study, we collected a comprehensive suite of gastrointestinal (GI) measurements from 26 small mammal species (including some never reported), compared them with more traditional craniodental traits in predicting dietary guild, and used them in a novel way to understand how diet structures 22 small mammal communities across the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. As predicted, we found GI traits to be effective dietary trait proxies; they were equally or more accurate than craniodental proportions in predicting the dietary guild of individual species. Furthermore, at the community level, we found that both the mean and functional dispersion of GI length were positively correlated with latitude and measures of temperature seasonality. Our results indicate that small mammal communities in more seasonal environments are filtered to include species with longer GI tracts (on average) as well as those that can partition food resources more finely, as expected based on the lower productivity of these regions. Conversely, communities in less seasonal environments display functional redundancy from the addition of species with short to intermediate GI lengths. Proportions of the GI tract represent novel dietary traits that can illuminate community assembly processes across regional environmental gradients and in the face of changing timing and availability of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: According to the gut–kidney axis theory, gut microbiota (GM) has bidirectional crosstalk with the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, empirical results have been inconsistent, and the causal associations remain unclear. This study was aimed at exploring the causal relationship between GM and DKD as well as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR). Materials and Methods: Two‐sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis was performed with inverse‐variance weighting as the primary method, together with four additional modes (MR–Egger regression, simple mode, weighted mode, and weighted median). We utilised summary‐level genome‐wide association study statistics from public databases for this MR analysis. Genetic associations with DKD were downloaded from the IEU Open GWAS project or CKDGen consortium, and associations with GM (196 taxa from five levels) were downloaded from the MiBioGen repository. Results: In forward MR analysis, we identified 13 taxa associated with DKD, most of which were duplicated in Type 2 diabetes with renal complications but not in Type 1 diabetes. We observed a causal association between genetic signature contributing to the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae UCG003 and that for both DKD and GFR. Similarly, host genetic signature defining the abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG014 was found to be simultaneously associated with DKD and UACR. In reverse MR analysis, the abundance of 14 other GM taxa was affected by DKD, including the phylum Proteobacteria, which remained significant after false discovery rate correction. Sensitivity analyses revealed no evidence of outliers, heterogeneity, or horizontal pleiotropy. Conclusion: Our findings provide compelling causal genetic evidence for the bidirectional crosstalk between specific GM taxa and DKD development, contributing valuable insights for a comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanisms of DKD and highlighting the possibility of prevention and management of DKD by targeting GM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Sarcopenia, as a disease characterized by progressive decline of quality, strength, and function of muscles, has posed an increasingly significant threat to the health of middle‐aged and elderly individuals in recent years. With the continuous deepening of studies, the concept of gut–muscle axis has attracted widespread attention worldwide, and the occurrence and development of sarcopenia are believed to be closely related to the composition and functional alterations of gut microbiota. In this review, combined with existing literatures and clinical reports, we have summarized the role and impacts of gut microbiota on the muscle, the relevance between gut microbiota and sarcopenia, potential mechanisms of gut microbiota in the modulation of sarcopenia, potential methods to alleviate sarcopenia by modulating gut microbiota, and relevant advances and perspectives, thus contributing to adding more novel knowledge to this research direction and providing certain reference for future related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the quality of chicken meat and the quality of chicks are influenced by the level of breast muscle glycogen reserves. In order to study the role of digestive metabolism in establishing this muscular phenotype, we compared two divergent chicken lines for the ultimate pH (pHu) of the breast meat, a proxy for glycogen reserves. Males aged 4 weeks had twice the breast muscle glycogen content in the pHu- line (low pHu) than in the pHu + line (high pHu). The increase in glycogen reserves (pHu-) was associated with a higher relative weight of the proventriculus and gizzard, as well as better apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen and calcium. The diversity of the cecal microbiota was comparable, but three bacterial genera (Lachnospira, Lachnospiraceae UCG-010, Caproiciproducens) varied between the lines. The differences observed could lead to down-regulation of carbon fixation in prokaryotes and of the citrate cycle in the pHu + line. RNA-seq analysis of the jejunum, the major site of nutrient absorption, revealed 149 genes differentially expressed (DE) between the lines, including several genes linked to immunity, hormonal response and circadian rhythms that are less expressed in pHu + animals. Others involved in cell migration and proliferation, and more generally tissue morphogenesis, also differed between the lines. Among the DE genes, several co-localized with Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) controlling pHu and selection signatures identified in the divergent lines, such as the gene coding for ghrelin, a hormone regulating appetite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut is a vital organ that is central to the absorption and metabolic processing of orally administered drugs. While there have been many models developed with the goal of studying the absorption of drugs in the gut, these models fail to adequately recapitulate the diverse, complex gastrointestinal microenvironment. The recent emergence of microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technologies has provided a novel means of modeling the gut, yielding radical new insights into the structure of the gut and the mechanisms through which it shapes disease, with key implications for biomedical developmental efforts. Such organ-on-a-chip technologies have been demonstrated to exhibit greater cost-effectiveness, fewer ethical concerns, and a better ability to address inter-species differences in traditional animal models in the context of drug development. The present review offers an overview of recent developments in the reconstruction of gut structure and function in vitro using microfluidic gut-on-a-chip (GOC) systems, together with a discussion of the potential applications of these platforms in the context of drug development and the challenges and future prospects associated with this technology. This paper outlines the characteristics of the different cell types most frequently used to construct microfluidic gut-on-a-chip models and the microfluidic devices employed for the study of drug absorption. And the applications of gut-related multichip coupling and disease modelling in the context of drug development is systematically reviewed. With the detailed summarization of microfluidic chip-based gut models and discussion of the prospective directions for practical application, this review will provide insights to the innovative design and application of microfluidic gut-on-a-chip for drug development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the intestinal microbiota, a complex community vital to human health, is shaped by microbial competition and host-driven selective pressures. Among these microbes, Bifidobacterium plays a crucial role in early gut colonization during neonatal stages, where Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) predominates and is particularly prevalent in healthy breastfed infants. Objectives: as we embark on a new era in nutrition of the pediatric population, this study seeks to examine the existing understanding regarding B. infantis, encompassing both preclinical insights and clinical evidence. Methods: through a narrative disceptation of the current literature, we focus on its genetic capacity to break down various substances that support its survival and dominance in the intestine. Results: using "omics" technologies, researchers have identified beneficial mechanisms of B. infantis, including the production of short-chain fatty acids, serine protease inhibitors, and polysaccharides. While B. infantis declines with age and in various diseases, it remains a widely used probiotic with documented benefits for infant and child health in numerous studies. Conclusions: the current scientific evidence underscores the importance for ongoing research and clinical trials for a deeper understanding of B. infantis's role in promoting long-term health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, a global shift in lifestyle and the ubiquitous consumption of junk foods have led to dysbiosis and other metabolic disorders significantly impacting human health. Recent studies performed on traditional foods have shown several health benefits and have gained the attention of the scientific community towards ethnic foods. In this regard, the consumption of ethnic foods with symbiotic properties is increasing gradually across the globe. Kefir is one such ethnic food with excellent functional properties. It is a unique traditional fermented drink comprised of kefir grains and probiotic microbes. Kefir grains are a gelatinous consortium of casein, milk solids coupled with yeasts, and lactobacilli-rich microbiota embedded in a poly-saccharide matrix. These components act as starters, initiating fermentation when introduced into fresh milk. This beverage bestows a myriad of symbiotic benefits, encompassing improved gut health and preventing several metabolic and other diseases through various biological mechanisms. Despite its millennia-long history, it has recently gained prominence due to emerging biotechnological and nutraceutical applications and researchers' burgeoning fascination. In this comprehensive review, we endeavour to provide a meticulous elucidation of the most recent advancements concerning kefir, encompassing its production and processing methodologies for both dairy and water kefir. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate mechanisms underlying its functional properties and the health benefits of kefir as a functional fermented beverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales are major causes of hospital-acquired infections and there are increasing concerns about their role in community-acquired infections. Objective: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) and Carbapenemase-producing-Carbapenemresistant-Enterobacterales (CP-CRE) and associated factors in community settings in Gulele sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 261 healthy individuals. Stool samples were collected and processed using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phenotypic ESBL and carbapenemase tests were performed. Antibiotic resistance genes were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: The colonization rate of ESBL-PE and CP-CRE were 31.4% (82/261, 95% CI: 25.91–37.48) and 0.8% (2/261, 95% CI: 0.13–3.1), respectively by phenotypic method. Molecular detection of genes for ESBL-PE was 27.9% (73/261, 95% CI:22.7–33.9), and for CP-CRE was 0.8% (2/261, 95% CI: 0.13–3.1). The most prevalent genes were blaTEM [76.7% (56/73)] and blaCTX-M [45.2% (33/73)]. Previous antibiotic use (AOR:2.04, 95%CI: 1.35–4.41, P:0.041) and age between 42 and 53 years old (AOR:3.00, 95%CI:1.12–7.48, P:0.019) were significantly associated with ESBL-PE colonization. Conclusion: Intestinal colonization by ESBL-PE harboring the associated antibiotic resistance genes was substantially high but with low CP-CRE. Continued surveillance of community-level carriage of antimicrobial resistance Enterobacterales is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic diversity of the gut microbiota has a central role in host health. Here, we created pangenomes for 728 human gut prokaryotic species, quadrupling the genes of strain-specific genomes. Each of these species has a core set of a thousand genes, differing even between closely related species, and an accessory set of genes unique to the different strains. Functional analysis shows high strain variability associates with sporulation, whereas low variability is linked with antibiotic resistance. We further map the antibiotic resistome across the human gut population and find 237 cases of extreme resistance even to last-resort antibiotics, with a predominance among Enterobacteriaceae. Lastly, the presence of specific genes in the microbiota relates to host age and sex. Our study underscores the genetic complexity of the human gut microbiota, emphasizing its significant implications for host health. The pangenomes and antibiotic resistance map constitute a valuable resource for further research. [Display omitted] • Pangenomes showcase the extensive genetic diversity of the human gut microbiota • High strain-level variability associates with species' capacity to sporulate • Extreme antibiotic resistance is widespread in the healthy, non-hospitalized population • The presence of specific microbial genes relates to host age and sex Shoer et al. showcase the extensive genetic diversity of the human gut microbiota and its implications for the host. They find high strain-level variability associates with species' capacity to sporulate, while low variability associates with carrying antibiotic resistance genes. Their insights into microbial evolution open avenues for targeted microbiota interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of enteric fevers, is low in high-income countries but persistent in low- and middle-income countries, resulting in 65,400-187,700 deaths yearly. Drug resistance, including in the United States, exacerbates this issue. Evidence indicates that innate lymphocytes (INLs), such as natural killer (NK) cells, and unconventional T lymphocytes (e.g., Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and T-cell receptor gamma delta (TCR-γδ) cells) can impact the intestinal epithelial barrier, the primary site of exposure to S. Typhi. Moreover, INL production of IFN-γ is central in controlling S. Typhi infection. However, the impact of epithelial cells (EC) on the secretion of IFN-γ by INLs and the relationship between these events and epigenetic changes remains unknown. Epigenetic modifications in host cells are fundamental for their differentiation and function, including IFN-γ production. Herein, using a human organoid-derived polarized intestinal epithelial cell monolayer, we investigated the role of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 epigenetic marks in intestinal immunity, focusing on the function of EC, NK, MAIT, and TCR-γδ cells in response to S. Typhi. This study builds on our previous findings that MAIT subsets exhibiting specific IFN-γ pattern signatures were associated with protection against typhoid fever and that S. Typhi infection regulates changes in chromatin marks that depend on individual cell subsets. Here, we show that cultures exposed to S. Typhi without EC exhibit a significant increase in NK and MAIT cells, and, to a lesser extent, TCR-γδ cells, expressing IFN-γ and H3K4me3 but not H3K27me3 marks, contrasting with cultures where EC is present. The influence of EC on INL H3K4me3 marks might be indirectly mediated through the modulation of IL-18 secretion via the Histone Deacetylase 6 gene during S. Typhi infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 infects via the respiratory tract, but COVID-19 includes an array of non-respiratory symptoms, among them gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations such as vomiting and diarrhea. Here we investigated the GI pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infections in rhesus macaques and humans. Macaques experienced mild infection with USA-WA1/2020 and shed viral RNA in the respiratory tract and stool, including subgenomic RNA indicative of replication in the GI tract. Intestinal immune cell populations were disturbed, with significantly fewer proliferating (Ki67+) jejunal B cells in SARSCoV-2-infected macaques than uninfected ones. Modest translocation of bacteria/bacterial antigen was observed across the colonic epithelium, with a corresponding significant increase in plasma soluble CD14 (sCD14) that may be induced by LPS. Human plasma demonstrated significant decreases in interleukin (IL)-6 and sCD14 upon recovery from COVID-19, suggesting resolution of inflammation and response to translocated bacteria. sCD14 significantly positively correlated with zonulin, an indicator of gut barrier integrity, and IL-6. These results demonstrate that GI perturbations such as microbial translocation can occur in even mild SARS-CoV-2 infections and may contribute to the COVID-19 inflammatory state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic and heterogeneous large intestine disease, characterized by chronic mucosa and submucosa inflammation. Alteration of the intestinal microbiome in UC may be responsible for modifications in metabolite production. Aim: To investigate the microbiota status and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) metabolite levels in patients with UC according to clinical and endoscopic activity. Methods: As part of a grant project AP14871959 from September 2022 to October 2023, 31 patients with UC and 15 healthy volunteers over 18 years at the Clinic of NCJSC "KMU" were assessed for blood TMAO level and metagenomic sequencing of fecal microbiome. Results: A significant depletion of the main representatives of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella; and an increase in the relative abundance of the genera Actinomyces, Klebsiella, Limosilactobacillus, Streptococcus, Escherichia-Shigella were detected in patients with UC. The number of p_Actinobacteria (g_Collinsella) and p_Eubacterium (g_Xylanophilum) representatives with genes encoding TMA-trimethylamine conversion is significantly reduced in UC patients. TMAO levels were significantly lower in UC patients than in healthy individuals (0.233 µmol/L, p = 0.004). TMAO decreased with disease severity and significantly differed between patients with different activities (p = 0.034). Conclusions: The composition of the intestinal microbiome changes and the level of TMAO decreases in patients with UC at different activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We attempt to determine the effect of the dietary switch from a native to non‐native prey on the gut microbiota in the predaceous ladybird Harmonia axyridis larvae and adults and examine how the dietary effect may vary across generations. We fed H. axyridis with different diets, native aphid Megoura japonica (Matsumura) versus non‐native mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley), for 5 generations and sequenced microbes in the gut of the 3rd instar larvae and adults of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th generations. In addition, we identified microbes in M. japonica and P. solenopsis. The 2 prey species differed in microbial community as measured by abundances of prevalent microbial genera and diversity. In H. axyridis, abundances of some prevalent microbial genera differed between the 2 diets in the 1st and 3rd generations, but the difference disappeared in the 5th generation; this tendency is more obvious in adults than in larvae. Overall, gut microbial assemblages became gradually cohesive over generations. Microbial diversity differed between diets in the 1st and 3rd generations but became similar in the 5th generation. Major prevalent gut microbial genera are predicted to be associated with metabolic functions of H. axyridis and associated genera are more abundant for consuming the mealybug than the aphid. Our findings from this study suggest that the gut microbiota in H. axyridis is flexible in response to the dietary switch, but tends toward homogeneity in microbial composition over generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chewing duration can affect food particle size, gastric processing, and postprandial glycemia, but these effects have not been investigated with exercise. This study examined how the chewing duration of a food bar impacts glycemic and metabolic responses, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, psychological affect, and performance during endurance running. Methods: This randomized, unblinded, crossover study had 15 males (35.2 ± 7.4 years, VO2peak: 56.1 ± 5.2 ml/kg/min) attend three laboratory visits. Visit 1 required a VO2peak test, 10 min familiarization run at 60% VO2peak, and familiarization time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test (10 min at 90% VO2peak, followed by TTE at 100% VO2peak). Visits 2 and 3 consisted of a 60 min run at 60% VO2peak, followed by TTE testing. Participants were fed 45 g of a bar (180 kcal, 4 g fat, 33 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 1 g fiber) in 9 g servings 30 min before running, and 27 g of bar in 9 g servings at three timepoints during the 60 min run. Participants consumed the servings in 20 (20CHEW) or 40 (40CHEW) masticatory cycles, at 1 chew/second. Outcomes included blood glucose, substrate use, GI symptoms, perceived exertion (RPE), overall feeling, and TTE. Results: Post-prandial blood glucose, GI symptoms, and RPE increased over time, but there were no significant between-condition or condition-by-time effects. TTE showed no significant between-condition effect (20CHEW: 288 ± 133 s; 40CHEW: 335 ± 299 s; p = 0.240). Overall feeling demonstrated a time-by-condition effect (p = 0.006), suggesting possible better maintenance over time with 40CHEW. Conclusion: Cumulatively, the results suggest that extended chewing minimally impacts physiology, perceptions, and performance during 60 min moderate-intensity running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Path to a good mood lies through the gut." This statement seems to imply that it has long been believed that the gut is connected with the brain. Research has shown that eating food activates the reward system and releases dopamine (DA), establishing a link between the peripheral and central nervous system. At the same time, researchers also trust that the gut is involved in the onset of many diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal dysfunction is considered a prevalent symptom. Reports suggest that PD starts from the gut and reaches the brain via the vagus nerve. Recent studies have revealed an intriguing interaction between the gut and brain, which links gut dysbiosis to the etiology of PD. This review aims to explore the mechanistic pathway how reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the gut affects the makeup and operation of the dopamine circuitry in the brain. Our primary concern is ROS generation in the gut, which disrupts the gut microbiome (GM), causing α-synuclein accumulation and inflammation. This trio contributes to the loss of DA neurons in the brain, resulting in PD development. This review also compiles pre-clinical and clinical studies on antioxidants, demonstrating that antioxidants reduce ROS and increase DA levels. Collectively, the study highlights the necessity of comprehending the gut–brain axis for unraveling the riddles of PD pathogenesis and considering new therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The alteration of the microbiota in the mouth and gut could potentially play a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, and conversely, these diseases may have an influence on the composition of the gut microbiota. Acromegaly disease can potentially affect physiological processes in the mouth and gut. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between acromegaly and the oral and gut microbiota, as data on this topic are scarce. Methods: This was a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Our study included individuals diagnosed with acromegaly (who were treated and followed up, and also as an another group of patients with newly diagnosed acromegaly) and healthy participants. All three groups were assessed and compared based on age, sex, serum IGF-1, body mass index BMI as well as their stool and oral microbiota We collected demographic information from the patients, collected fecal and oral samples, performed DNA isolation followed by 16 S rRNA sequencing, and then performed bioinformatic analysis. We also analyzed the oral and fecal samples with respect to medical and surgical treatment and disease control status, specific treatments received for acromegaly, presence of comorbidities, hypopituitarism status, presence of intestinal polyps. Results: One hundred and three patients with acromegaly, 15 newly diagnosed patients with acromegaly without comorbidities and 34 healthy controls were included in the study. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was significantly lower in patients with acromegaly who received treatment (medical and/or surgical) than in healthy controls. In addition, a significant difference was found in the fecal and oral microbiota of patients with acromegaly with disease control compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in the fecal and oral microbiota of patients with acromegaly without disease control. Nevertheless, it was not possible to establish a clear relationship between disease control status, the presence of intestinal polyps, the presence of type 2 diabetes and the composition of the oral and gut microbiota in acromegalic patients who had received different forms of treatment. Conclusion: Patients with acromegaly show distinct gut microbiota profiles, and it is evident that factors beyond the GH/IGF-1 axis play a role in shaping the gut microbiota of individuals with acromegaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health is an increasing topic of focus since more than 500 million people in the world suffer from depression and anxiety. In this multifactorial disorder, parameters such as inflammation, the state of the microbiota and, therefore, the patient's nutrition are receiving more attention. In addition, food products are the source of many essential ingredients involved in the regulation of mental processes, including amino acids, neurotransmitters, vitamins, and others. For this reason, this narrative review was carried out with the aim of analyzing the role of nutrition in depression and anxiety disorders. To reach the review aim, a critical review was conducted utilizing both primary sources, such as scientific publications and secondary sources, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages, and databases. The search was conducted in PsychINFO, MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, and CinAhl. The results show a direct relationship between what we eat and the state of our nervous system. The gut–brain axis is a complex system in which the intestinal microbiota communicates directly with our nervous system and provides it with neurotransmitters for its proper functioning. An imbalance in our microbiota due to poor nutrition will cause an inflammatory response that, if sustained over time and together with other factors, can lead to disorders such as anxiety and depression. Changes in the functions of the microbiota–gut–brain axis have been linked to several mental disorders. It is believed that the modulation of the microbiome composition may be an effective strategy for a new treatment of these disorders. Modifications in nutritional behaviors and the use of ergogenic components are presented as important non-pharmacological interventions in anxiety and depression prevention and treatment. It is desirable that the choice of nutritional and probiotic treatment in individual patients be based on the results of appropriate biochemical and microbiological tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal tuft cells are rare cells that regulate diverse functions. They harbor chemosensory receptors and signal to the mucosal immune system in response to external stimuli, though their full function and structure remain unclear. Named for their apical "tuft" of long actin-rich microvilli, tuft cells facilitate chemoreception and other physiological responses. In enterocytes, microvilli are stabilized by intermicrovillar adhesion complexes (IMACs) composed of several proteins, including cadherin-related family member-2 (CDHR2) and cadherin-related family member-5 (CDHR5), Myosin 7b, and Usher syndrome type 1 C (USH1C). We hypothesized that IMACs would be enriched in tuft cells to regulate microvillar organization. Immunostaining of murine intestinal tissue revealed that CDHR2 and CDHR5 colocalize with the tuft cell markers, DCLK1, phospho-EGFR, advillin, and cytokeratin 18. CDHR2 was dispersed throughout murine tuft cells, while CDHR5 was concentrated on the apical surface. USH1C and Myosin 7b were present in tuft cells, but at lower levels. Human single-cell RNA sequencing revealed robust CDHR2 and CDHR5 expression in tuft cells in the small intestine and colon. Immunostaining of human intestinal tissue confirmed CDHR2 and CDHR5 localization to the apical surface of tuft cells. Our findings demonstrate that protocadherins are key components of murine and human intestinal tuft cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In recent decades, there has been significant advancement in scholarly research focused on detecting pollutants in marine environments and assessing the potential risks associated with seafood, particularly marine fish. The advancement has been predominantly influenced by the detection of microplastics, which have the ability to permeate food webs via both direct and indirect pathways. Microplastic pollution poses a substantial health risk to organisms at all levels of the food chain, including humans, who are top consumers. Despite the global concern, there is a lack of extensive research on microplastics in fish in Indonesia. The reliance of coastal communities in Indonesia on marine resources raises concerns regarding the potential impact of microplastic contamination. This study sought to assess the extent of microplastic pollutants in commercially caught marine fish from Jakarta Bay, a densely populated and industrialized coastal area accommodating more than 35 million inhabitants. METHODS: The study was conducted at five nearby fresh seafood markets in the northern part of Jakarta, where marine fish specimens were collected between December 2023 and January 2024. In total, 160 samples were gathered, with 20 individuals representing each of the eight diverse marine fish species. The approved protocol for extracting microplastics, which incorporates biological digestion, density separation, and microplastic identification, was strictly followed, although some adaptations were made as the process unfolded. Preventative actions were enacted in order to decrease the risk of microplastic cross-contamination. FINDINGS: It was determined through analysis that 93.75 percent (150 out of 160) of the fish studied contained microplastics, which were detected in samples obtained from both the gut and gill samples. On average, each fish had 3.65 ± 2.34 particles per individual, or approximately 0.12 ± 0.21 particles per gram. Microplastics were found in 81.25 percent of gut samples and 79.38 percent of gill samples. The abundance of microplastics in gut (1.79 ± 1.19 particles per individual) was slightly lower than in gills (1.86 ± 1.30 particles per individual). The variance in microplastic content between the two organs did not reach statistical significance. Fish with carnivorous feeding habits demonstrated a higher average microplastic content when contrasted with those utilizing omnivorous and planktivorous feeding strategies. Fish living in the benthopelagic region tended to have slightly more microplastic particles than those in benthic coastal water and pelagic coastal water. Most of the microplastics detected in commercial marine fish were in the size range of 2000-5000 micrometers, with the majority being in the form of fragments and fibers. The study also pinpointed seven specific polymer classifications, which consist of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon, polyester, polybutadiene, and polyethylene terephthalate. CONCLUSION: The escalating levels of microplastics in the environment present a substantial threat to food security, marine ecosystems, and human health. It is imperative to develop a standardized risk assessment mechanism utilizing advanced tools and methodologies to quantify the levels of microplastics in the environment and living organisms as the study moves forward. It is imperative that both capture fisheries and aquaculture undergo thorough assessments of risks and hazards. This study underscores the significance of monitoring plastic waste in the Greater Jakarta area and its adjacent coastlines. Further study is essential to evaluate the magnitude of plastic pollution in fish tissues that are consumed by humans, and to assess the potential consequences for food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipids in the domestic biodegradable waste (DBW) pose a challenge to resource regeneration, and few studies have examined the evolution of lipid profiles during the process of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) bioconversion. This study aimed to explore the dynamic features of lipid fraction and their associated responses of microbial community succession in residue during a full-scale BSFL bioconversion. Data showed that the lipid content decreased by 95%, while the seed germination index increased by 20% through the synergistic effects of BSFL and microbiota. The results of spectral and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that free fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids were given first priority in degrading in larval and microbial coexistence systems, resulting in the relative accumulation of sterols. The lipid content was the prime environmental factor (71.1%, P = 0.002, Redundancy Analysis) that promoted the succession of the bacterial community. The diversity and structure of the bacterial community varied at different stages of the bioprocess, where BSFL induced Corynebacterium, Marinobacter, and Brevibacterium. EC: 4.2.1.17 (Enoyl-CoA hydratase) and EC: 1.1.1.35 (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) were the key lipid metabolic enzymes, promoting the degradation and transformation of materials and lipids. The synergistic effect of BSFL and microbiota promotes lipid metabolisms in DBW, which is conducive to the sustainable utilization of BSFL biotechnology to convert wastes into high-value resources. Highlights: The lipid content was reduced by 95% by a combination of larvae and microbiota. MCFAs were more rapidly degraded than LCFAs and sterols during BSFL bioconversion. Lipid content is the key driver of microbial community during BSFL bioconversion. BSFL enhance fatty acid β oxidation and biosynthesis of microbiota in the DBW. Corynebacterium, Marinobacter, and Brevibacterium are key taxa in lipid degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four SU(5)N=1$SU(5) \nobreakspace N=1$ supersymmetric models which exhibit S3$S_3$ and/or ZN$Z_N$ symmetries are studied, that are finite to two or all loops, and their corresponding mass matrices. The first is an all‐loop finite model based on an S3×Z3×Z2$S_3\times Z_3\times Z_2$ flavor symmetry, which leads to phenomenologically nonviable mass matrices. The remaining models, based on cyclic symmetries, show various mass textures, some of which are phenomenologically promising. For the two‐loop finite models, the parametric solutions to the finiteness conditions determine completely some of the Yukawa couplings, and lead to a restricted range of values for other ones at the GUT scale, with a considerable reduction in the number of free parameters. One particular solution of the two‐loop models shows an enhanced symmetry, leading to an all‐loop finite model, which has a significant parameter reduction and could in principle reproduce the observed quark masses and mixing pattern. In this case the finiteness conditions determine the absolute value of all the Yukawa couplings at the unification scale. Finally, the minimum number of phases in the mass matrices and their position are determined, a task not previously done in Finite Unified Theories, which contributes towards the reduction of parameters and a better understanding of the Yukawa couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in human health, and recent research has highlighted its potential impact on ocular health through the gut–eye axis. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, has been implicated in various ocular diseases. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using relevant keywords in major electronic databases, prioritizing recent peer-reviewed articles published in English. Results: The gut microbiota influences ocular health through immune modulation, maintenance of the blood–retinal barrier, and production of beneficial metabolites. Dysbiosis can disrupt these mechanisms, contributing to ocular inflammation, tissue damage, and disease progression in conditions such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye disease, and glaucoma. Therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiome through probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation shows promise in preclinical and preliminary human studies. Conclusions: The gut–eye axis represents a dynamic and complex interplay between the gut microbiome and ocular health. Targeting the gut microbiome through innovative therapeutic strategies holds potential for improving the prevention and management of various ocular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human gut is inhabited by approximately 100 trillion of microflora, and there exists a reciprocal relationship between human health and the gut microbiota. The major reasons for the dysbiosis in the population of gut microbiota are attributed to changes in lifestyle, medication, and the intake of junk foods. In addition, the proportion of beneficial bacteria in the intestine decreases gradually with age and causes physiological disturbances, malfunctions of the immune system, and several metabolic disorders. Thus, finding safe solutions to improve the diversity of microflora is a big challenge. With an increase in health consciousness among the population, the demand for healthy and nutraceutical food products is growing gradually. Recent research has proved that consumption of probiotics promotes gut health and prevents from several metabolic and other diseases. Hence, in this present review, we will discuss the various probiotic bacteria present in ethnic foods. The importance of these probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal, respiratory, cancer, and metabolic disorders will be elucidated. In addition, we will highlight the importance of the development of new-generation probiotics to cater the needs of the current market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Design Results Conclusions Trial Registration This systematic review aims to synthesise existing literature to examine the relationship between natural food chemical components and reported symptoms.A systematic literature review was completed. Databases CINAHL (Ebscohost), Medline (Ovid), Scopus, Informit Health and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant articles. The population included human studies of adults (≥17 years) and excluded those with IgE‐mediate food allergies. Studies examining food chemical components or ‘food chemical elimination diets’ and symptoms were included. Data was synthesised based on clinical conditions and specific food chemical components examined. The risk of bias was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics ‘Quality Criteria Checklist: Primary Research’.Of the 1659 articles retrieved, 21 met inclusion criteria. This included eight randomised controlled trials, four non‐randomised controlled trials, four cohort studies with placebo‐controlled challenge, one prospective cohort study, three cross sectional cohort studies, one case–controlled study. Available studies support the role of a low‐histamine diet for symptoms in chronic urticaria and low‐salicylate diet for reducing sino‐nasal symptoms in aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease and chronic rhinosinusitis and/or asthma. While further evidence is needed to verify the role of glutamate in respiratory, pain, asthma and gastrointestinal symptoms.Food chemical elimination diets may improve condition‐specific symptoms across the adult cohorts outlined within this review, with the strongest evidence to support the role of a low‐histamine diet for management of symptoms in chronic urticaria and a low‐salicylate diet in aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease and/or asthma. Further well‐designed trials are needed to elucidate the effect of specific natural food chemical components on symptoms.Systematic review number: CRD42022322511. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontitis results from host-microbe dysbiosis and the resultant dysregulated immunoinflammatory response. Importantly, it closely links to numerous systemic comorbidities, and perplexingly contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Currently, there are limited studies on the distal consequences of periodontitis via oral-gut axis in pregnant women. This study investigated the integrative microbiome-metabolome profiles through multi-omics approaches in first-trimester pregnant women and explored the translational potentials. Methods: We collected samples of subgingival plaques, saliva, sera and stool from 54 Chinese pregnant women at the first trimester, including 31 maternal periodontitis (Perio) subjects and 23 Non-Perio controls. By integrating 16S rRNA sequencing, untargeted metabolomics and clinical traits, we explored the oral-gut microbial and metabolic connection resulting from periodontitis among early pregnant women. Results: We demonstrated a novel bacterial distinguisher Coprococcus from feces of periodontitis subjects in association with subgingival periodontopathogens, being different from other fecal genera in Lachnospiraceae family. The ratio of fecal Coprococcus to Lachnoclostridium could discriminate between Perio and Non-Perio groups as the ratio of subgingival Porphyromonas to Rothia did. Furthermore, there were differentially abundant fecal metabolic features pivotally enriched in periodontitis subjects like L-urobilin and kynurenic acid. We revealed a periodontitis-oriented integrative network cluster, which was centered with fecal Coprococcus and L-urobilin as well as serum triglyceride. Conclusions: The current findings about the notable influence of periodontitis on fecal microbiota and metabolites in first-trimester pregnant women via oral-gut axis signify the importance and translational implications of preconceptional oral/periodontal healthcare for enhancing maternal wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perineuronal nets (PNN) are highly specialized structures of the extracellular matrix around specific groups of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). They play functions related to optimizing physiological processes and protection neurons against harmful stimuli. Traditionally, their existence was only described in the CNS. However, there was no description of the presence and composition of PNN in the enteric nervous system (ENS) until now. Thus, our aim was to demonstrate the presence and characterize the components of the PNN in the enteric nervous system. Samples of intestinal tissue from mice and humans were analyzed by RT‐PCR and immunofluorescence assays. We used a marker (Wisteria floribunda agglutinin) considered as standard for detecting the presence of PNN in the CNS and antibodies for labeling members of the four main PNN‐related protein families in the CNS. Our results demonstrated the presence of components of PNN in the ENS of both species; however its molecular composition is species‐specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut, urine, and vaginal microbiomes play significant roles in the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs). Analysis of these microbiota has shown distinct associations with urinary tract infections. Encouraging data indicate that rUTIs may be responsive to microbiome treatments such as fecal microbiota transplantation, expanding potential treatments beyond antibiotics, hydration, and behavioral interventions. If successful, these nonantibiotic therapies have the potential to increase time between rUTI episodes and reduce the prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms. In this review, we discuss the role of the 3 microbiomes in the pathogenesis of rUTI and utilization of live biotherapeutic products as therapy for rUTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut is an intricate and diverse organ system for investigating visceral pattern generation. The gut made an early evolutionary breakthrough. There is evidence that the molecular mechanisms governing the development of gastrointestinal patterns are species-specific. Some have suggested using marine drugs to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The study, which used an integrated network pharmacology approach, aimed to find out how well fucoidan worked and what Fucus vesiculosus might be doing to help prevent digestive problems. Researchers gathered information on how potential bioactive components of brown seaweed and their associated targets interact with the disease gene targets of gastrointestinal disorders. We studied the signaling pathways linked to F. vesiculosus in the context of gut health treatments using a KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway) and GO (Gene ontology) enrichment analysis. We built and studied the protein–protein interaction (PPI) and compound-target networks using Cytoscape. PPI network analysis yielded a total of 44 important targets, including BCL2, ESR1, and STAT3. The KEGG enrichment analysis revealed a strong correlation between the signaling pathways used in the treatment and the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. We docked significant genes with TNF, STAT3, BCL2, and ALB. Fucoxanthin and fucoidan possess beneficial properties for improving gut health by treating gastric-intestinal issues. This study showed that by controlling several targets and many pathways with multiple components, F. vesiculosus exhibited preventive effects against gastrointestinal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gut function and transit change following the initiation of ETI, measured using MRI. • Small bowel transit and small bowel response to food improves after starting ETI. • After 18 months of ETI use, colonic volume reduces. • First imaging study to find changes in gut physiology following ETI initiation. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in cystic fibrosis (CF) are common and disruptive. The effect of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators on the GI tract is not fully understood. The aim was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine if elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) changed GI function and transit. This was an 18 month prospective, longitudinal, observational study. We enrolled 24 people with CF aged 12 years or older to undergo MRI scans before starting ETI and 3, 6, and 18 months after starting ETI. The primary outcome measure was change in oro-caecal transit time (OCTT) at 6 and 18 months. Secondary outcome measures included change in small bowel water content (SBWC), change in the reduction in small bowel water content following a meal (DeltaSBWC) and change in total colonic volume (TCV). A total of 21 participants completed MRI scans at 6 months and 11 completed at 18 months. After 18 months of ETI, median OCTT significantly reduced, from >360 min [IQR 240->360] to 240 min [IQR 180–300] (p = 0.02, Wilcoxon signed-rank). Both SBWC and DeltaSBWC increased after starting ETI. TCV reduced significantly after 18 months (p = 0.005, Friedman). Our findings suggest an improvement in small bowel transit, small bowel response to food and a reduction in colonic volume after starting ETI. These effects may relate to CFTR activation in the small bowel. To our knowledge this is the first study to show a physiological change in GI transit and function in response to CFTR modulator use through imaging studies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The murine model is invaluable for studying intricate interactions among gut microbes; hosts; and diseases. However; the impact of genetic variations in the murine microbiome; especially in disease contexts such as Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) infection; still needs to be explored. Kp; an opportunistic global pathogen; is becoming increasingly prevalent in regions like Asia; especially China. This study explored the role of the gut microbiota during Kp infection using mouse model; including wild-type and rpoS mutants of Kp138; KpC4; and KpE4 from human; maize; and ditch water; respectively. Under stress conditions; RpoS reconfigures global gene expression in bacteria; shifting the cells from active growth to survival mode. Our study examined notable differences in microbiome composition; finding that Lactobacillus and Klebsiella (particularly in WKp138) were the most abundant genera in mice guts at the genus level in all wild-type treated mice. In contrast; Firmicutes were predominant in the healthy control mice. Furthermore; Clostridium was the dominant genus in all mutants; mainly in ∆KpC4; and was absent in wild-type treated mice. Differential abundance analysis identified that these candidate taxa potentially influence disease progression and pathogen virulence. Functional prediction analysis showed that most bacterial groups were functionally involved in biosynthesis; precursor metabolites; degradation; energy generation; and metabolic cluster formation. These findings challenge the conventional understanding and highlight the need for nuanced interpretations in murine studies. Additionally; this study sheds light on microbiome–immune interactions in K. pneumoniae infection and proposes new potential therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiome is intricately linked to the development of psoriasis, serving as both a potential cause and consequence of the psoriatic process. In recent years, there has been growing interest among psoriasis researchers in exploring how psoriasis treatments affect the skin and gut microbiome. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of modern treatment approaches on the microbiome has yet to be conducted. In this systematic review, we analyze studies investigating alterations in the skin and gut microbiome resulting from psoriasis treatment, aiming to understand how current therapies influence the role of the microbiome in psoriasis development. The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for eligible studies from the inception dates until July 5, 2023. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were carried out by three overlapping pairs of reviewers, resolving any disagreements through consensus. Our analysis of various treatments, including biologics, conventional medications, phototherapy, and probiotics, reveals significant shifts in microbial diversity and abundance. Importantly, favorable treatment outcomes are associated with microbiota alterations that approach those observed in healthy individuals. While the studies reviewed exhibit varying degrees of bias, underscoring the need for further research, this review supports the potential of microbiome modulation as both a preventive and therapeutic strategy for psoriasis patients. The findings underscore the importance of personalized therapeutic approaches, recognizing the profound impact of treatment on the microbiome. They also highlight the promise of probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions in psoriasis management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. AGE can cause an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of the gut microbiome in Korean children hospitalized for infectious AGE at a university hospital. A total of 23 stool samples from patients aged 5 months to 11 years with AGE were analyzed. Thirteen convalescent stool samples were collected 1 month after discharge. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the five viruses and 16 bacteria-specific AGE pathogens (PowerChek Multiplex Real time PCR Kit, Seoul, Korea), and 16s rRNA sequencing (Illumina MiSeq Sequencing system, Illumina, USA) were performed. According to the results of multiplex PCR for causative pathogens, the microbiome taxonomic profile (MTP) of the gut microbiome in three groups of AGE, norovirus AGE (n = 11), Campylobacter AGE (n = 7) and Salmonella AGE (n = 5) was compared. The phylum Actinobacteria was significantly more abundant in the norovirus AGE (P = 0.011), whereas the phylum Proteobacteria was significantly more abundant in Salmonella AGE (P = 0.012). Alpha diversity, which indicates species richness and diversity, showed no statistical differences. However, beta diversity, representing the similarity in MTP between norovirus, Campylobacter , and Salmonella AGE, was significantly different (P = 0.007). In convalescence, compared with their corresponding AGE samples, the phylum Firmicutes; and the lower taxa Christensenellaceae (P = 0.0152) and Lachnospiraceae (P = 0.0327) were significantly increased. In pediatric AGE, the type of infectious agent can affect the diversity and dominance of gut microbiota in pediatric patients. Furthermore, healthy gut bacteria increased during the period of 1 month after infection, allowing a return to a healthy state without causing long-term dysbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose of the Review: To review what intestinal permeability is and how it is measured, and to summarise the current evidence linking altered intestinal permeability with the development of hypertension. Recent Findings: Increased gastrointestinal permeability, directly measured in vivo, has been demonstrated in experimental and genetic animal models of hypertension. This is consistent with the passage of microbial substances to the systemic circulation and the activation of inflammatory pathways. Evidence for increased gut permeability in human hypertension has been reliant of a handful of blood biomarkers, with no studies directly measuring gut permeability in hypertensive cohorts. There is emerging literature that some of these putative biomarkers may not accurately reflect permeability of the gastrointestinal tract. Summary: Data from animal models of hypertension support they have increased gut permeability; however, there is a dearth of conclusive evidence in humans. Future studies are needed that directly measure intestinal permeability in people with hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The most common heat treatment in the poultry feed production industry is pelleting. The purpose of pelleting is to condense smaller feed particles into larger particles in order to increase economic profit by increasing feed consumption and as a result growth performance. From the point of view of feed processing science, as the particle size decreases, the efficiency of mixing and homogenisation of feed improves, and as a result, the efficiency and quality of produced pellets increases. From the point of view of nutrition science, the smaller the feed particles, the greater their contact surface and due to the greater contact of substrates with digestive enzymes, the digestibility of nutrients ameliorates. The presence of heat, moisture and mechanical pressure during pelleting creates chemical and physical changes that may cause alterations in the feed components, growth and health of the bird. The quality of steam and the retention time in the conditioner are important indicators affecting the quality of the produced pellets. The quality of steam is related to the parameters of temperature and humidity inside the conditioner. In addition, increasing the retention time in the conditioner may enhance starch gelatinisation and protein denaturation. Various studies in the field of investigating the effects of conditioning temperature (Ctem) and time (Cti) on the pellet quality and broilers health have provided different results. Therefore, this review will discuss the studies that have been done on the effects of these factors on the pellet quality, broilers performance, gut development and health and nutrient digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) accounts for 20% of all gastrointestinal bleeds. LGBI originates in the colon, rectum, and anus, mainly in patients who are receiving antiaggregant or anticoagulant treatment. The major causes are diverticular disease, colitis, hemorrhoids, and angiodysplasia. The literature studies underline that Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) are effective in reducing the risk of thromboembolic events but are associated with a higher risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB), particularly lower hemorrhoid bleeding. (2) Methods: The aim of our review is to revise the risk of hemorrhoid bleeding, pathophysiology, and management in patients taking DOACs in light of the most modern evidence. (3) Conclusions: central to the management of hemorrhoid bleeding in patients receiving DOAC therapy is the consideration of a tailored approach that respects the delicate equilibrium between the need for thromboembolic prophylaxis and the potential for bleeding complications. Cessation of anticoagulation, if clinically feasible, constitutes a fundamental cornerstone in the control of hemorrhage. This pause in therapy aims to mitigate the exacerbation of bleeding risk while offering a window for the implementation of local measures to manage hemorrhoid bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Both the quality of chicken meat and the quality of chicks are influenced by the level of breast muscle glycogen reserves. In order to study the role of digestive metabolism in establishing this muscular phenotype, we compared two divergent chicken lines for the ultimate pH (pHu) of the breast meat, a proxy for glycogen reserves. Males aged 4 weeks had twice the breast muscle glycogen content in the pHu- line (low pHu) than in the pHu + line (high pHu). The increase in glycogen reserves (pHu-) was associated with a higher relative weight of the proventriculus and gizzard, as well as better apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen and calcium. The diversity of the cecal microbiota was comparable, but three bacterial genera (Lachnospira, Lachnospiraceae UCG-010, Caproiciproducens) varied between the lines. The differences observed could lead to down-regulation of carbon fixation in prokaryotes and of the citrate cycle in the pHu + line. RNA-seq analysis of the jejunum, the major site of nutrient absorption, revealed 149 genes differentially expressed (DE) between the lines, including several genes linked to immunity, hormonal response and circadian rhythms that are less expressed in pHu + animals. Others involved in cell migration and proliferation, and more generally tissue morphogenesis, also differed between the lines. Among the DE genes, several co-localized with Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) controlling pHu and selection signatures identified in the divergent lines, such as the gene coding for ghrelin, a hormone regulating appetite.

Abstract In recent decades, a global shift in lifestyle and the ubiquitous consumption of junk foods have led to dysbiosis and other metabolic disorders significantly impacting human health. Recent studies performed on traditional foods have shown several health benefits and have gained the attention of the scientific community towards ethnic foods. In this regard, the consumption of ethnic foods with symbiotic properties is increasing gradually across the globe. Kefir is one such ethnic food with excellent functional properties. It is a unique traditional fermented drink comprised of kefir grains and probiotic microbes. Kefir grains are a gelatinous consortium of casein, milk solids coupled with yeasts, and lactobacilli-rich microbiota embedded in a poly-saccharide matrix. These components act as starters, initiating fermentation when introduced into fresh milk. This beverage bestows a myriad of symbiotic benefits, encompassing improved gut health and preventing several metabolic and other diseases through various biological mechanisms. Despite its millennia-long history, it has recently gained prominence due to emerging biotechnological and nutraceutical applications and researchers’ burgeoning fascination. In this comprehensive review, we endeavour to provide a meticulous elucidation of the most recent advancements concerning kefir, encompassing its production and processing methodologies for both dairy and water kefir. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate mechanisms underlying its functional properties and the health benefits of kefir as a functional fermented beverage.

Abstract Background Globally, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales are major causes of hospital-acquired infections and there are increasing concerns about their role in community-acquired infections. Objective We aimed to investigate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) and Carbapenemase-producing-Carbapenemresistant-Enterobacterales (CP-CRE) and associated factors in community settings in Gulele sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 261 healthy individuals. Stool samples were collected and processed using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phenotypic ESBL and carbapenemase tests were performed. Antibiotic resistance genes were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results The colonization rate of ESBL-PE and CP-CRE were 31.4% (82/261, 95% CI: 25.91–37.48) and 0.8% (2/261, 95% CI: 0.13–3.1), respectively by phenotypic method. Molecular detection of genes for ESBL-PE was 27.9% (73/261, 95% CI:22.7–33.9), and for CP-CRE was 0.8% (2/261, 95% CI: 0.13–3.1). The most prevalent genes were blaTEM [76.7% (56/73)] and blaCTX-M [45.2% (33/73)]. Previous antibiotic use (AOR:2.04, 95%CI: 1.35–4.41, P:0.041) and age between 42 and 53 years old (AOR:3.00, 95%CI:1.12–7.48, P:0.019) were significantly associated with ESBL-PE colonization. Conclusion Intestinal colonization by ESBL-PE harboring the associated antibiotic resistance genes was substantially high but with low CP-CRE. Continued surveillance of community-level carriage of antimicrobial resistance Enterobacterales is warranted.

Abstract The human gut is inhabited by approximately 100 trillion of microflora, and there exists a reciprocal relationship between human health and the gut microbiota. The major reasons for the dysbiosis in the population of gut microbiota are attributed to changes in lifestyle, medication, and the intake of junk foods. In addition, the proportion of beneficial bacteria in the intestine decreases gradually with age and causes physiological disturbances, malfunctions of the immune system, and several metabolic disorders. Thus, finding safe solutions to improve the diversity of microflora is a big challenge. With an increase in health consciousness among the population, the demand for healthy and nutraceutical food products is growing gradually. Recent research has proved that consumption of probiotics promotes gut health and prevents from several metabolic and other diseases. Hence, in this present review, we will discuss the various probiotic bacteria present in ethnic foods. The importance of these probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal, respiratory, cancer, and metabolic disorders will be elucidated. In addition, we will highlight the importance of the development of new-generation probiotics to cater the needs of the current market.

Background: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. AGE can cause an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of the gut microbiome in Korean children hospitalized for infectious AGE at a university hospital. Methods: A total of 23 stool samples from patients aged 5 months to 11 years with AGE were analyzed. Thirteen convalescent stool samples were collected 1 month after discharge. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the five viruses and 16 bacteria-specific AGE pathogens (PowerChek Multiplex Real time PCR Kit, Seoul, Korea), and 16s rRNA sequencing (Illumina MiSeq Sequencing system, Illumina, USA) were performed. Results: According to the results of multiplex PCR for causative pathogens, the microbiome taxonomic profile (MTP) of the gut microbiome in three groups of AGE, norovirus AGE (n = 11), Campylobacter AGE (n = 7) and Salmonella AGE (n = 5) was compared. The phylum Actinobacteria was significantly more abundant in the norovirus AGE (P = 0.011), whereas the phylum Proteobacteria was significantly more abundant in Salmonella AGE (P = 0.012). Alpha diversity, which indicates species richness and diversity, showed no statistical differences. However, beta diversity, representing the similarity in MTP between norovirus, Campylobacter, and Salmonella AGE, was significantly different (P = 0.007). In convalescence, compared with their corresponding AGE samples, the phylum Firmicutes; and the lower taxa Christensenellaceae (P = 0.0152) and Lachnospiraceae (P = 0.0327) were significantly increased. Conclusions: In pediatric AGE, the type of infectious agent can affect the diversity and dominance of gut microbiota in pediatric patients. Furthermore, healthy gut bacteria increased during the period of 1 month after infection, allowing a return to a healthy state without causing long-term dysbiosis.

Abstract Background Periodontitis results from host-microbe dysbiosis and the resultant dysregulated immunoinflammatory response. Importantly, it closely links to numerous systemic comorbidities, and perplexingly contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Currently, there are limited studies on the distal consequences of periodontitis via oral-gut axis in pregnant women. This study investigated the integrative microbiome-metabolome profiles through multi-omics approaches in first-trimester pregnant women and explored the translational potentials. Methods We collected samples of subgingival plaques, saliva, sera and stool from 54 Chinese pregnant women at the first trimester, including 31 maternal periodontitis (Perio) subjects and 23 Non-Perio controls. By integrating 16S rRNA sequencing, untargeted metabolomics and clinical traits, we explored the oral-gut microbial and metabolic connection resulting from periodontitis among early pregnant women. Results We demonstrated a novel bacterial distinguisher Coprococcus from feces of periodontitis subjects in association with subgingival periodontopathogens, being different from other fecal genera in Lachnospiraceae family. The ratio of fecal Coprococcus to Lachnoclostridium could discriminate between Perio and Non-Perio groups as the ratio of subgingival Porphyromonas to Rothia did. Furthermore, there were differentially abundant fecal metabolic features pivotally enriched in periodontitis subjects like L-urobilin and kynurenic acid. We revealed a periodontitis-oriented integrative network cluster, which was centered with fecal Coprococcus and L-urobilin as well as serum triglyceride. Conclusions The current findings about the notable influence of periodontitis on fecal microbiota and metabolites in first-trimester pregnant women via oral-gut axis signify the importance and translational implications of preconceptional oral/periodontal healthcare for enhancing maternal wellbeing.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection is associated with significant gut damage, similar to that observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This pathology includes loss of epithelial integrity, microbial translocation, dysbiosis, and resultant chronic immune activation. Additionally, the levels of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) are dramatically attenuated. Data on the therapeutic use of anti-α4β7 antibodies has shown promise in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Recent evidence has suggested that the microbiome and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites it generates may be critical for anti-α4β7 efficacy and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Materials and Methods: To determine whether the microbiome contributes to gut homeostasis after anti-α4β7 antibody administered to SIV-infected rhesus macaques, faecal SCFA concentrations were determined, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed, plasma viral loads were determined, plasma retinoids were measured longitudinally, and gut retinoid synthesis/response gene expression was quantified. Results: Our results suggest that anti-α4β7 antibody facilitates the return of retinoid metabolism to baseline levels after SIV infection. Furthermore, faecal SCFAs were shown to be associated with retinoid synthesis gene expression and rebound viral loads after therapy interruption. Conclusions: Taken together, these data demonstrate the therapeutic advantages of anti-α4β7 antibody administration during HIV/SIV infection and that the efficacy of anti-α4β7 antibody may depend on microbiome composition and SCFA generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract SUMOylation, a post-translational modification involving the covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to target substrates, plays a pivotal role at the intersection of gut health and disease, influencing various aspects of intestinal physiology and pathology. This review provides a comprehensive examination of SUMOylation’s diverse roles within the gut microenvironment. We examine its critical roles in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity, regulating immune responses, and mediating host-microbe interactions, thereby highlighting the complex molecular mechanisms that underpin gut homeostasis. Furthermore, we explore the impact of SUMOylation dysregulation in various intestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer, highlighting its implications as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. By integrating current research findings, this review offers valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between SUMOylation and gut health, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring intestinal equilibrium and combating associated pathologies.

Abstract Background Alongside microbiota development, the evolution of the resistome is crucial in understanding the early-life acquisition and persistence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs). Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive view of the evolution and dynamics of the neonatal resistome from 7 days to 4 months of age using a high-throughput qPCR platform. Methods In the initial phase, a massive screening of 384 ARGs using a high-throughput qPCR in pooled healthy mother-infant pairs feces from the MAMI cohort was carried out to identify the most abundant and prevalent ARGs in infants and in mothers. This pre-analysis allowed for later targeted profiling in a large number of infants in a longitudinal manner during the first 4 months of life. 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon sequencing was performed to asses microbial composition longitudinally. Potential factors influencing the microbiota and ARGs in this period were also considered, such as mode of birth and breastfeeding type. Results Following the massive screening, the top 45 abundant ARGs and mobile genetic elements were identified and studied in 72 infants during their first months of life (7 days, 1, 2, and 4 months). These genes were associated with resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and tetracyclines, among others, as well as integrons, and other mobile genetic elements. Changes in both ARG composition and quantity were observed during the first 4 months of life: most ARGs abundance increased over time, but mobile genetic elements decreased significantly. Further exploration of modulating factors highlighted the effect on ARG composition of specific microbial genus, and the impact of mode of birth at 7 days and 4 months. The influence of infant formula feeding was observed at 4-month-old infants, who exhibited a distinctive resistome composition. Conclusions This study illustrates the ARG evolution and dynamics in the infant gut by use of a targeted, high-throughput, quantitative PCR-based method. An increase in antibiotic resistance over the first months of life were observed with a fundamental role of delivery mode in shaping resistance profiles. Further, we highlighted the influence of feeding methods on the resistome development. These findings offer pivotal insights into dynamics of and factors influencing early-life resistome, with potential avenues for intervention strategies.