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Abstract Introduction Neurofeedback based on functional magnetic resonance imaging allows for learning voluntary control over one's own brain activity, aiming to enhance cognition and clinical symptoms. We previously reported improved sustained attention temporarily by training healthy participants to up‐regulate the differential activity of the sustained attention network minus the default mode network (DMN). However, the long‐term brain and behavioral effects of this training have not yet been studied. In general, despite their relevance, long‐term learning effects of neurofeedback training remain under‐explored. Methods Here, we complement our previously reported results by evaluating the neurofeedback training effects on functional networks involved in sustained attention and by assessing behavioral and brain measures before, after, and 2 months after training. The behavioral measures include task as well as questionnaire scores, and the brain measures include activity and connectivity during self‐regulation runs without feedback (i.e., transfer runs) and during resting‐state runs from 15 healthy individuals. Results Neurally, we found that participants maintained their ability to control the differential activity during follow‐up sessions. Further, exploratory analyses showed that the training increased the functional connectivity between the DMN and the occipital gyrus, which was maintained during follow‐up transfer runs but not during follow‐up resting‐state runs. Behaviorally, we found that enhanced sustained attention right after training returned to baseline level during follow‐up. Conclusion The discrepancy between lasting regulation‐related brain changes but transient behavioral and resting‐state effects raises the question of how neural changes induced by neurofeedback training translate to potential behavioral improvements. Since neurofeedback directly targets brain measures to indirectly improve behavior in the long term, a better understanding of the brain–behavior associations during and after neurofeedback training is needed to develop its full potential as a promising scientific and clinical tool.

Structured abstract: Background: Cerebral Small Vessels Disease (CSVD) is categorized in different forms, the most common being the sporadic form and a genetic variant – Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Amongst the most frequent clinical manifestations are the neuropsychological changes of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional nature, whose features are still under debate. Objective: This exploratory study aimed to compare the neuropsychological profile of a sporadic CSVD sample and a CADASIL sample with an age, education, and gender matched control group, between the ages of 30–65 YO (total sample mean age=51.16; SD=4.31). Methods: 20 patients with sporadic CSVD, 20 patients with CADASIL and 20 matched controls completed a neuropsychological assessment battery. Global cognitive state, processing speed, working memory, attention, executive dysfunction, episodic memory, social cognition, impulsivity, apathy, alexithymia, depression, and anxiety were measured. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) volume were quantified and measured as lesion burden. Results: The cognitive differences found between the clinical groups combined (after confirming no differences between the two clinical groups) and matched controls were restricted to speed processing scores (d = 0.32 95 % CI [.12‐.47]). The socio-emotional and behavioral profile revealed significantly higher levels of depression (d = 0.21, 95 % CI [.16‐.33]). and anxiety (d = 0.25 95 % CI [.19‐.32]) in CADASIL and sporadic CSVD groups, and the same for the alexithymia score (d = 0.533 95 % CI [.32‐.65]) were the clinical groups revealed impoverished emotional processing compared to controls. WMH only significantly correlated with the cognitive changes and age. Conclusions: In our study, CADASIL and sporadic cSVD patients combined, present multiple emotional-behavioral symptoms - alexithymia, anxiety, depression, and in a lower extent apathy and impulsivity – suggesting for the presence of emotion dysregulation behaviors, present independently of age and of the presence of cognitive deficits. Despite of the small sample size that could underpower some findings, this exploratory research supported that these symptoms may have a significant impact in disease monitoring, progression, and prognosis, requiring further investigation regarding their neurophysiological substrates.

Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) is a unique monogenic autoinflammatory disease caused by autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations in the CECR1 gene which presents as childhood-onset small- and medium-vessel vasculitis. Previously, many of these patients were misdiagnosed and thought to have clinical features of systemic polyarteritis nodosum, which negatively influenced its outcome, since TNF inhibitors seem to have efficacy on the vasculitic phenotype of DADA2. We present a case of a 28-year-old woman with a lifelong unknown syndrome and unique clinical manifestations recently recognized as DADA2. The first manifestation, at 3 months of age, was an episode of facial paralysis during which renovascular hypertension was diagnosed. Later, she developed episodes of prolonged fever, polyarthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, gastrointestinal bleeding, and intracerebral hemorrhage. This inflammatory state ultimately led to the development of amyloid A amyloidosis and renal insufficiency.

Abstract Recently, several genome-wide association studies identified PHACTR1 as key locus for five diverse vascular disorders: coronary artery disease, migraine, fibromuscular dysplasia, cervical artery dissection and hypertension. Although these represent significant risk factors or comorbidities for ischemic stroke, PHACTR1 role in brain small vessel ischemic disease and ischemic stroke most important survival mechanism, such as the recruitment of brain collateral arteries like posterior communicating arteries (PcomAs), remains unknown. Therefore, we applied exome and genome sequencing in a multi-ethnic cohort of 180 early-onset independent familial and apparently sporadic brain small vessel ischemic disease and CADASIL-like Caucasian patients from US, Portugal, Finland, Serbia and Turkey and in 2 C57BL/6J stroke mouse models (bilateral common carotid artery stenosis [BCCAS] and middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO]), characterized by different degrees of PcomAs patency. We report 3 very rare coding variants in the small vessel ischemic disease-CADASIL-like cohort (p.Glu198Gln, p.Arg204Gly, p.Val251Leu) and a stop-gain mutation (p.Gln273*) in one MCAO mouse. These coding variants do not cluster in PHACTR1 known pathogenic domains and are not likely to play a critical role in small vessel ischemic disease or brain collateral circulation. We also exclude the possibility that copy number variants (CNVs) or a variant enrichment in Phactr1 may be associated with PcomA recruitment in BCCAS mice or linked to diverse vascular traits (cerebral blood flow pre-surgery, PcomA size, leptomeningeal microcollateral length and junction density during brain hypoperfusion) in C57BL/6J mice, respectively. Genetic variability in PHACTR1 is not likely to be a common susceptibility factor influencing small vessel ischemic disease in patients and PcomA recruitment in C57BL/6J mice. Nonetheless, rare variants in PHACTR1 RPEL domains may influence the stroke outcome and are worth investigating in a larger cohort of small vessel ischemic disease patients, different ischemic stroke subtypes and with functional studies.

Introduction: Since the publication of endovascular treatment trials and European Stroke Guidelines, Portugal has re-organized stroke healthcare. The nine centers performing endovascular treatment are not equally distributed within the country, which may lead to differential access to endovascular treatment. Our main aim was to perform a descriptive analysis of the main treatment metrics regarding endovascular treatment in mainland Portugal and its administrative districts. Material and Methods: A retrospective national multicentric cohort study was conducted, including all ischemic stroke patients treated with endovascular treatment in mainland Portugal over two years (July 2015 to June 2017). All endovascular treatment centers contributed to an anonymized database. Demographic, stroke-related and procedure-related variables were collected. Crude endovascular treatment rates were calculated per 100 000 inhabitants for mainland Portugal, and each district and endovascular treatment standardized ratios (indirect age-sex standardization) were also calculated. Patient time metrics were computed as the median time between stroke onset, first-door, and puncture. Results: A total of 1625 endovascular treatment procedures were registered. The endovascular treatment rate was 8.27/100 000 inhabitants/year. We found regional heterogeneity in endovascular treatment rates (1.58 to 16.53/100 000/year), with higher rates in districts closer to endovascular treatment centers. When analyzed by district, the median time from stroke onset to puncture ranged from 212 to 432 minutes, reflecting regional heterogeneity. Conclusion: The overall national rate of EVT in the first two years after the organization of EVT-capable centers is one of the highest among European countries, however, significant regional disparities were documented. Moreover, stroke-onset-to-first-door times and in-hospital procedural times in the EVT centers were comparable to those reported in the randomized controlled trials performed in high-volume tertiary hospitals.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface responsible for maintaining the central nervous system homeostasis. Its unique characteristics allow protecting the brain from unwanted compounds, but its impairment is involved in a vast number of pathological conditions. Disruption of the BBB and increase in its permeability are key in the development of several neurological diseases and have been extensively studied in stroke. Ischemic stroke is the most prevalent type of stroke and is characterized by a myriad of pathological events triggered by an arterial occlusion that can eventually lead to fatal outcomes such as hemorrhagic transformation (HT). BBB permeability seems to follow a multiphasic pattern throughout the different stroke stages that have been associated with distinct biological substrates. In the hyperacute stage, sudden hypoxia damages the BBB, leading to cytotoxic edema and increased permeability; in the acute stage, the neuroinflammatory response aggravates the BBB injury, leading to higher permeability and a consequent risk of HT that can be motivated by reperfusion therapy; in the subacute stage (1–3 weeks), repair mechanisms take place, especially neoangiogenesis. Immature vessels show leaky BBB, but this permeability has been associated with improved clinical recovery. In the chronic stage (>6 weeks), an increase of BBB restoration factors leads the barrier to start decreasing its permeability. Nonetheless, permeability will persist to some degree several weeks after injury. Understanding the mechanisms behind BBB dysregulation and HT pathophysiology could potentially help guide acute stroke care decisions and the development of new therapeutic targets; however, effective translation into clinical practice is still lacking. In this review, we will address the different pathological and physiological repair mechanisms involved in BBB permeability through the different stages of ischemic stroke and their role in the development of HT and stroke recovery.

Measurements of functional connectivity support the hypothesis that the brain is composed of distinct networks with anatomically separated nodes but common functionality. A few studies have suggested that intellectual performance may be associated with greater functional connectivity in the fronto-parietal network and enhanced global efficiency. In this fMRI study, we performed an exploratory analysis of the relationship between the brain's functional connectivity and intelligence scores derived from the Portuguese language version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) in a sample of 29 people, born and raised in Brazil. We examined functional connectivity between 82 regions, including graph theoretic properties of the overall network. Some previous findings were extended to the Portuguese-speaking population, specifically the presence of small-world organization of the brain and relationships of intelligence with connectivity of frontal, pre-central, parietal, occipital, fusiform and supramarginal gyrus and caudate nucleus. Verbal comprehension was associated with global network efficiency, a new finding.

Saline soils pose significant challenges to global agricultural productivity, hindering crop growth and efficiency. Despite various mitigation strategies, the issue persists, underscoring the need for innovative and sustainable solutions. One promising approach involves leveraging microorganisms and their plant interactions to reclaim saline soils and bolster crop yields. This review highlights pioneering and recent advancements in utilizing multi-traits Trichoderma and Bacillus species as potent promoters of plant growth and health. It examines the multifaceted impacts of saline stress on plants and microbes, elucidating their physiological and molecular responses. Additionally, it delves into the role of ACC deaminase in mitigating plant ethylene levels by Trichoderma and Bacillus species. Although there are several studies on Trichoderma-Bacillus, much remains to be understood about their synergistic relationships and their potential as auxiliaries in the phytoremediation of saline soils, which is why this work addresses these challenges.

Kallmann syndrome is defined as the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia caused by abnormal migration of olfactory axons and neurons producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone. It is a nonlife-threatening disease with relatively good treatment. However, the effects of the condition persist throughout the affected individuals’ lifetimes, leading to significant economic and social consequences. A man presented with eunuchoid body proportions complains about the size of his penis, absence of hair throughout the body, micropenis, and small testicles. Associated findings included hyposmia and a high-pitched voice. The patient experiences psychosexual impacts as a result of this illness. The patient could not undergo treatment to alleviate his genital size concern due to financial constraints as the treatment was not covered by government insurance.

In recent years, the adoption of sustainable pest management strategies has increased interest in the utilization of biopesticides, with a focus on harnessing beneficial microorganisms. Among these, lipopeptides, such as surfactins, iturins, and fengycins produced by the genus Bacillus, have gained significant attention due to their multifaceted biocontrol mechanisms and wide-ranging inhibitory effects. This review aims to address the regulation, biosynthesis, and production of three main lipopeptide families secreted by the genus Bacillus, as well as the identification and quantification analysis used to date, through the omic tools approach. The three families have been identified as key contributors to the biocontrol abilities of these bacteria, with their broad-spectrum activity making them valuable tools in integrated pest management approaches that aim to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides use while maintaining crop health and productivity.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a significant cereal globally, widely used in human and animal food. Furthermore, it has a strong influence on genotype-by-environment interactions, being considered a highly adaptable crop. This study aimed to estimate the parameters of adaptability and stability for 17 barley genotypes, compared with two controls (BRS 180 and BRS 195) grown under irrigation in the Cerrado. The experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2020, from May to September, in two different experimental areas of Embrapa in the Federal District, Brazil. Five traits were evaluated: 1. Esti mated grain yield (kg ha−1); 2. CL1—commercial classification of first grains (>2.5 mm) (%); 3. TGW—1000-grain weight (g); 4. plant height (cm); 5. cycle—days after emergence to earing (days). The data obtained were analyzed for normality and homogeneity of variance, subjected to individual and joint analysis of variance, with means compared by Tukey’s test at 5% significance and the adaptability and stability parameters estimated for the genotypes. The coefficients of environmental variation (CV%) were generally low, indicating good experimental precision. The PFC 2006053 and PFC 2006054 genotypes have broad adaptability and high stability for most traits and outperformed the controls and the overall experiment average.

The growing human population increasingly demands more food, which is tied to the concept of food security [...]

Abstract Background Next-generation sequencing has had a significant impact on genetic disease diagnosis, but the interpretation of the vast amount of genomic data it generates can be challenging. To address this, the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology have established guidelines for standardized variant interpretation. In this manuscript, we present the updated Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Standards for Constitutional Sequence Variants Classification, incorporating modifications from leading genetics societies and the ClinGen initiative. Results First, we standardized the scientific publications, documents, and other reliable sources for this document to ensure an evidence-based approach. Next, we defined the databases that would provide variant information for the classification process, established the terminology for molecular findings, set standards for disease-gene associations, and determined the nomenclature for classification criteria. Subsequently, we defined the general rules for variant classification and the Bayesian statistical reasoning principles to enhance this process. We also defined bioinformatics standards for automated classification. Our workgroup adhered to gene-specific rules and workflows curated by the ClinGen Variant Curation Expert Panels whenever available. Additionally, a distinct set of specifications for criteria modulation was created for cancer genes, recognizing their unique characteristics. Conclusions The development of an internal consensus and standards for constitutional sequence variant classification, specifically adapted to the Brazilian population, further contributes to the continuous refinement of variant classification practices. The aim of these efforts from the workgroup is to enhance the reliability and uniformity of variant classification.

Phytoremediation is a sustainable technique that employs plants to reinforce polluted environments such as agroecosystems. In recent years, new strategies involving the plant microbiome as an adjuvant in remediation processes have been reported. By leveraging this microbial assistance to remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals such As, Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cr, plants can sequester, degrade, or stabilize contaminants more efficiently. Remarkably, some plant species are known for their hyper-accumulative traits in synergy with their microbial partners and can successfully mitigate heavy metal pollutants. This sustainable biotechnology based on plant–microbe associations not only aids in environmental cleanup but also enhances biodiversity, improves soil structure, and promotes plant growth and health, making it a promising solution for addressing agro-pollution challenges worldwide. The current review article emphasizes the potential of synergistic plant–microbe interactions in developing practical and sustainable solutions for heavy metal remediation in agricultural systems, which are essential for food security.

It is essential to hunt for new technologies that promote sustainable practices for agroecosystems; thus, the bioprospecting of beneficial microorganisms complementing with mutation induction techniques to improve their genomic, metabolic, and functional traits is a promising strategy for the development of sustainable microbial inoculants. Bacillus cabrialesii subsp. cabrialesii strain TE3T, a previously recognized plant growth-promoting and biological control agent, was subjected to UV mutation induction to improve these agro-biotechnological traits. Dilutions were made which were spread on Petri dishes and placed under a 20 W UV lamp at 10-min intervals for 60 min. After the UV-induced mutation of this strain, 27 bacterial colonies showed morphological differences compared to the wild-type strain; however, only a strain named TE3T-UV25 showed an improvement in 53.6% of the biocontrol against Bipolaris sorokiniana vs. the wild-type strain, by competition of nutrient and space (only detected in the mutant strain), as well as diffusible metabolites. Furthermore, the ability to promote wheat growth was evaluated by carrying out experiments under specific greenhouse conditions, considering un-inoculated, strain TE3T, and strain TE3T-UV25 treatments. Thus, after 120 days, biometric traits in seedlings were quantified and statistical analyses were performed, which showed that strain TE3T-UV25 maintained its ability to promote wheat growth in comparison with the wild-type strain. On the other hand, using bioinformatics tools such as ANI, GGDC, and TYGS, the Overall Genome Relatedness Index (OGRI) and phylogenomic relationship of mutant strain TE3T-UV25 were performed, confirming that it changed its taxonomic affiliation from B. cabrialesii subsp. cabrialesii to Bacillus subtilis. In addition, genome analysis showed that the mutant, wild-type, and B. subtilis strains shared 3654 orthologous genes; however, a higher number of shared genes (3954) was found between the TE3T-UV25 mutant strain and B. subtilis 168, while the mutant strain shared 3703 genes with the wild-type strain. Genome mining was carried out using the AntiSMASH v7.0 web server and showed that mutant and wild-type strains shared six biosynthetic gene clusters associated with biocontrol but additionally, pulcherriminic acid cluster only was detected in the genome of the mutant strain and Rhizocticin A was exclusively detected in the genome of the wild-type strain. Finally, using the PlaBase tool, differences in the number of genes (17) associated with beneficial functions in agroecosystems were detected in the genome of the mutant vs. wild-type strain, such as biofertilization, bioremediation, colonizing plant system, competitive exclusion, phytohormone, plant immune response stimulation, putative functions, stress control, and biocontrol. Thus, the UV-induced mutation was a successful strategy to improve the bioactivity of B. cabrialesii subsp. cabrialesii TE3T related to the agro-biotecnology applications. The obtained mutant strain, B. subtilis TE3T-UV25, is a promising strain to be further studied as an active ingredient for the bioformulation of bacterial inoculants to migrate sustainable agriculture.

Fungal pathogens are the main causal agents of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. To prevent this problem and avoid the use of harmful chemical fungicides, safer and greener alternatives have been sought. One of these alternatives is the use of plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). In this study, we evaluated in vitro four well-known PGPB strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens UM270, Bacillus toyonensis COPE52, Bacillus sp. E25, and Bacillus thuringiensis CR71) for their biocontrol potential against nineteen postharvest fungal pathogens. In vivo assays were also performed, and bacterial cells were inoculated on harvested strawberries and grapes with the pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium brachygibbosum to evaluate loss of firmness and disease incidence. Our results show that the four strains antagonized fungi in direct and indirect confrontation assays. Stronger antagonism was observed by the action of diffusible metabolites (DMs) compared to volatile organic compound (VOC) activity. All PGPB significantly improved the fruit firmness and reduced disease incidence caused by the fungal pathogens tested. However, strain UM270 showed excellent biocontrol activity, reducing the disease incidence of Fusarium brachygibbosum, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria alternata on strawberry fruits by 60%, 55%, and 65%, respectively. Diffusible antifungals and VOCs such as 2,4-diacetyl phloroglucinol, siderophores, auxins, fengycins, and N, N-dimethyl-hexadecyl amine, among others, might be responsible for the beneficial activities observed. These results suggest excellent biocontrol activities to inhibit postharvest pathogenic fungi and improve harvested fruit quality.

Trichoderma uses different molecules to establish communication during its interactions with other organisms, such as effector proteins. Effectors modulate plant physiology to colonize plant roots or improve Trichoderma's mycoparasitic capacity. In the soil, these fungi can establish relationships with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs), thus affecting their overall benefits on the plant or its fungal prey, and possibly, the role of effector proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the induction of Trichoderma atroviride gene expression coding for effector proteins during the interaction with different PGPBs, Arabidopsis or the phytopathogen Fusarium brachygibbosum, and to determine whether PGPBs potentiates the beneficial effects of T. atroviride. During the interaction with F. brachygibbosum and PGPBs, the effector coding genes epl1, tatrx2 and tacfem1 increased their expression, especially during the consortia with the bacteria. During the interaction of T. atroviride with the plant and PGPBs, the expression of epl1 and tatrx2 increased, mainly with the consortium formed with Pseudomonas fluorescens UM270, Bacillus velezensis AF12, or B. halotolerans AF23. Additionally, the consortium formed by T. atroviride and R. badensis SER3 stimulated A. thaliana PR1:GUS and LOX2:GUS for SA- and JA-mediated defence responses. Finally, the consortium of T. atroviride with SER3 was better at inhibiting pathogen growth, but the consortium of T. atroviride with UM270 was better at promoting Arabidopsis growth. These results showed that the biocontrol capacity and plant growth-promoting traits of Trichoderma spp. can be potentiated by PGPBs by stimulating its effector functions.

Abstract The precise selection of suppliers to fulfill production requirements is a fundamental component of all manufacturing and process industries. Due to the increasing consumption levels, green supplier selection (GSS) has been one of the most important issues for environmental preservation and sustainable growth. The present work aims to develop a technique based on Fermatean hesitant fuzzy rough set (FHFRS), a robust fusion of Fermatean fuzzy set, hesitant fuzzy set, and rough set for GSS in the process industry. On the basis of the operational rules of FHFRS, a list of innovative Fermatean hesitant fuzzy rough weighted averaging operators has been established. Further, several intriguing features of the proposed operators are highlighted. To cope with the ambiguity and incompleteness of real-world decision-making (DM) challenges, a DM algorithm has been developed. To illustrate the applicability of the methodology, a numerical example for the chemical processing industry is presented to determine the optimum supplier. The empirical findings suggest that the model has a significant application of scalability for GSS in the process industry. Finally, the improved FHFR-VIKOR and TOPSIS approaches are employed to validate the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that the suggested DM approach is practicable, accessible, and beneficial for addressing uncertainty in DM problems.

T-spherical fuzzy sets (T-SPFSs) have gained popularity because of their ability to account for uncertainty more effectively and spanning a larger domain. The sum of the t-th power of membership grades in T-SPFSs is close to a unit interval, allowing for greater uncertainty. As a result, this set outperforms traditional fuzzy structures. The "multi-criteria decision-making" (MCDM) approach is a widely used technique that requires the use of some aggregation tools, and various such aggregation operators (AOs) have been developed over the years to achieve this purpose. The purpose of this paper is to propose some new operational laws and AOs for use in a T-spherical fuzzy environment. In this regard, we presented some new neutral or fair operational rules that combine the concept of proportional distribution to provide a neutral or fair solution to the membership, abstinence, and non-membership of T-spherical fuzzy numbers (T-SPFNs). Based on the obtained operational rules, we presented the "T-spherical fuzzy fairly weighted average operator" and the "T-spherical fuzzy fairly ordered weighted averaging operator". Compared to earlier methodologies, the proposed AOs provide more generalised, reliable, and accurate information. In addition, under T-SPFSs, an MCDM approach is developed employing suggested AOs with several decision-makers (DMs) and partial weight details. Finally, to demonstrate the applicability of the innovative technique, we give an actual case study of "food waste treatment technology" (FWTT) selection under T-SPFSs scenarios. A comparison with an existing model has also been undertaken to confirm the validity and robustness of the acquired results.

A contemporary fuzzy technique is employed in the current study to generalize some established and recent findings. For researchers, fixed point (FP) procedures are highly advantageous and appealing mechanisms. Discovering fuzzy fixed points of fuzzy mappings (FM) meeting Nadler's type contraction in complete fuzzy metric space (FMS) and?iri? type contraction in complete metric spaces (MS) is the core objective of this research. The outcomes are backed up by example and applications that highlight these findings. There are also preceding conclusions that are given as corollaries from the relevant literature. In this mode, numerous consequences exist in the significant literature are extended and combined by our findings.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the existence of fuzzy fixed points of fuzzy mappings meeting the criteria of some generalized contractions of Nadler's type in the framework of complete b-metric spaces. From the pertinent literature, there are additional previous observations that are provided as corollaries. Our study expands and incorporates several implications that are apparent in this mode and are addressed in considerable literature.

To create various kinds of inequalities, the idea of convexity is essential. Convexity and integral inequality hence have a significant link. This study's goals are to introduce a new class of generalized convex fuzzy-interval-valued functions (convex 𝘍𝘐𝘝𝘍s) which are known as (p,J)-convex 𝘍𝘐𝘝𝘍s and to establish Jensen, Schur and Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for (p,J)-convex 𝘍𝘐𝘝𝘍s using fuzzy order relation. The Kulisch-Miranker order relation, which is based on interval space, is used to define this fuzzy order relation level-wise. Additionally, we have demonstrated that, as special examples, our conclusions encompass a sizable class of both new and well-known inequalities for (p,J)-convex 𝘍𝘐𝘝𝘍s. We offer helpful examples that demonstrate the theory created in this study's application. These findings and various methods might point the way in new directions for modeling, interval-valued functions and fuzzy optimization issues.

Neutrosophic soft set theory is one of the most developed interdisciplinary research areas, with multiple applications in various fields such as computational intelligence, applied mathematics, social networks, and decision science. In this research article, we introduce the powerful framework of single-valued neutrosophic soft competition graphs by integrating the powerful technique of single-valued neutrosophic soft set with competition graph. For dealing with different levels of competitive relationships among objects in the presence of parametrization, the novel concepts are defined which include single-valued neutrosophic soft k-competition graphs and p-competition single-valued neutrosophic soft graphs. Several energetic consequences are presented to obtain strong edges of the above-referred graphs. The significance of these novel concepts is investigated through application in professional competition and also an algorithm is developed to address this decision-making problem.

Manufacturing plants generate toxic waste that can be harmful to workers, the population and the atmosphere. Solid waste disposal location selection (SWDLS) for manufacturing plants is one of the fastest growing challenges in many countries. The weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) is a unique combination of the weighted sum model and the weighted product model. The purpose of this research paper is to introduce a WASPAS method with a 2-tuple linguistic Fermatean fuzzy (2TLFF) set for the SWDLS problem by using the Hamacher aggregation operators. As it is based on simple and sound mathematics, being quite comprehensive in nature, it can be successfully applied to any decision-making problem. First, we briefly introduce the definition, operational laws and some aggregation operators of 2-tuple linguistic Fermatean fuzzy numbers. Thereafter, we extend the WASPAS model to the 2TLFF environment to build the 2TLFF-WASPAS model. Then, the calculation steps for the proposed WASPAS model are presented in a simplified form. Our proposed method, which is more reasonable and scientific in terms of considering the subjectivity of the decision maker's behaviors and the dominance of each alternative over others. Finally, a numerical example for SWDLS is proposed to illustrate the new method, and some comparisons are also conducted to further illustrate the advantages of the new method. The analysis shows that the results of the proposed method are stable and consistent with the results of some existing methods.

In recent years, numerous scholars have investigated the relationship between symmetry and generalized convexity. Due to this close relationship, generalized convexity and symmetry have become new areas of study in the field of inequalities. With the help of fuzzy up and down relation, the class of up and down λ-convex fuzzy-number valued mappings is introduced in this study; and weighted Hermite-Hadamard type fuzzy inclusions are demonstrated for these functions. The product of two up and down λ-convex fuzzy-number valued mappings also has Hermite-Hadamard type fuzzy inclusions, which is another development. Additionally, by imposing some mild restrictions on up and down λ-convex (λ-concave) fuzzy number valued mappings, we have introduced two new significant classes of fuzzy number valued up and down λ-convexity (λ-concavity), referred to as lower up and down λ-convex (lower up and down λ-concave) and upper up and down λ-convex (λ-concave) fuzzy number valued mappings. Using these definitions, we have amassed many classical and novel exceptional cases that implement the key findings. Our proven results expand and generalize several previous findings in the literature body. Additionally, we offer appropriate examples to corroborate our theoretical findings.

In the literature, extensions of common fuzzy sets have been proposed one after another. The recent addition is spherical fuzzy sets theory, which is based on three independent membership parameters established on a unit sphere with a restriction linked to their squared summation. This article uses the new extension that presents bigger domains for each parameter for production design. A systematic approach for determining customer demands or requirements, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) converts them into the final production to fulfill these demands in a decision-making environment. In order to prevent information loss during the decision-making process, it offers a useful technique to describe the linguistic analysis in terms of 2-tuples. This research introduces a novel decision-making method utilizing the 2-tuple linguistic T-spherical fuzzy numbers (2TLT-SFNs) in order to select the best alternative to manufacturing a linear delta robot. Taking into account the interaction between the attributes, we develop the 2TLT-SF Hamacher (2TLT-SFH) operators by using innovative operational rules. These operators include the 2TLT-SFH weighted average (2TLT-SFHWA) operator, 2TLT-SFH ordered weighted average (2TLT-SFHOWA) operator, 2TLT-SFH hybrid average (2TLT-SFHHA) operator, 2TLT-SFH weighted geometric (2TLT-SFHWG) operator, 2TLT-SFH ordered weighted geometric (2TLT-SFHOWG) operator, and 2TLT-SFH hybrid geometric (2TLT-SFHHG) operator. In addition, we discuss the properties of 2TLT-SFH operators such as idempotency, boundedness, and monotonicity. We develop a novel approach according to the CODAS (Combinative Distance-based Assessment) model in order to deal with the problems of the 2TLT-SF multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) environment. Finally, to validate the feasibility of the given strategy, we employ a quantitative example to select the best alternative to manufacture a linear delta robot. The suggested information-based decision-making methodology which is more extensively adaptable than existing techniques prevents the risk of data loss and makes rational decisions.

This article elaborates the enormous theory of MULTIMOORA (multi-objective optimization ratio analysis plus full multiplicative form) method to build up a new outranking approach for the innovative extension of fuzzy set theory, namely, 2-tuple linguistic Fermatean fuzzy sets (2TLFFSs). The main objective of the proposed work is to expand and present the components of MULTIMOORA method in 2-tuple linguistic Fermatean fuzzy framework. The resulted technique is named as 2-tuple linguistic Fermatean fuzzy MULTIMOORA method. This technique is designed to tackle the unclear information using 2-tuple linguistic Fermatean fuzzy numbers (2TLFFNs). The proposed model is intrinsically superior to deal with one-dimensional linguistic data. The 2TLFF-MULTIMOORA method takes into account standard relative correlations. Also, it handles the rank inversion problem when changing the rank of alternatives by adding one or more alternatives. The algorithm designed for the proposed methodology is elaborated with a numerical example (to opt for the most favorable city for the selection of quality of life). The accuracy and precision of the proposed strategy is determined by narrating a comparative study. Finally, the advantages of the developed technique over existing methods are discussed briefly.

Abstract The classical theory of rough set was established by Pawlak, which mainly focusses on the approximation of sets characterized by a single equivalence relation over the universe. However, most of the current single granulation structure models cannot meet the user demand or the target of solving problems. Multigranulation rough sets approach can better deal with the problems, where data might be spread over various locations. In this article, we present the idea of soft preference and soft dominance relation for the development of soft dominance rough set in an incomplete information system. Subsequently, several important structural properties and results of the proposed model are carefully analyzed. After employing soft dominance based rough set approach to it for any times, we can only get six different sets at most in an incomplete information system. That is to say, every rough set in a universe can be approximated by only six sets, where the lower and upper approximations of each set in the six sets are still lying among these six sets. The relationships among these six sets are established. Based on soft dominance relation, we introduce logical disjunction/conjunction soft dominance optimistic/pessimistic multigranulation decision theoretic rough approximations in an incomplete information. Meanwhile, to measure the uncertainty of soft dominance optimistic/pessimistic multigranulation decision theoretic rough approximation and some of their interesting properties are examined. Thereafter, a novel multi attribute with multi decision making problem approach based on logical disjunction/conjunction soft dominance optimistic/pessimistic multigranulation decision theoretic rough sets approach are developed to solve the selection of medicine to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The basic principle and the detailed steps of the decision making model (algorithms) are presented in detail. To demonstrate the applicability and potentiality of the proposed model, we present a practical example of a medical diagnosis is given to validate the practicality of the technique.

Comparar as prevalências das internações e óbitos por Leishmaniose entre as regiões brasileiras no período de 2010 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, quantitativo, de base documental. As variáveis utilizadas foram: sociodemográficas (sexo, faixa etária e etnia) e clínicas (número de internações e média de permanência, taxa de mortalidade, caráter, regime de atendimento e custos das internações). Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS), pelo Departamento de informática do SUS (DATASUS). No período avaliado, foram registradas 32.320 internações por Leishmaniose no Brasil. A Leishmaniose visceral compondo a maior parte das internações 25.761 (79.70%). No entanto, os maiores números de internações ocorreram nas regiões Nordeste (42.82%) e Sudeste (19.91%) pela Leishmaniose visceral, Sudeste (37.29%) e Nordeste (33.42%) na Leishmaniose Cutânea e Sudeste (42.82%) e Nordeste (22.94%) pela Leishmaniose mucocutânea. Houve predomínio no sexo masculino e cor/raça parda. Observou-se um total de 1.193 óbitos. O maior número de óbitos ocorreu nos pacientes internados por Leishmaniose visceral (1.086/91.03%). As Leishmanioses e, consequentemente as internações e óbitos em decorrência dessa patologia, ocasiona considerável impacto no sistema público de saúde do Brasil, gerando altos custos para o país. Dessa forma, são necessárias medidas governamentais, com objetivo de estimular ações de promoção de saúde prevenção de doenças.

Milpa is an agroecological production system based on the polyculture of plant species, with corn featuring as a central component. Traditionally, the milpa system does not require the application of chemicals, and so pest attacks and poor growth in poor soils can have adverse effects on its production. Therefore, the application of bioinoculants could be a strategy for improving crop growth and health; however, the effect of external inoculant agents on the endemic microbiota associated with corn has not been extensively studied. Here, the objective of this work was to fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem with the PGPR Pseudomonas fluorescens UM270, evaluating its impact on the diversity of the rhizosphere (rhizobiome) and root endophytic (root endobiome) microbiomes of maize plants. The endobiome of maize roots was evaluated by 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequencing, and the rhizobiome was assessed by metagenomic sequencing upon inoculation with the strain UM270. The results showed that UM270 inoculation of the rhizosphere of P. fluorescens UM270 did not increase alpha diversity in either the monoculture or milpa, but it did alter the endophytic microbiome of maize plant roots by stimulating the presence of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the genera Burkholderia and Pseudomonas (in a monoculture), whereas, in the milpa system, the PGPR stimulated greater endophytic diversity and the presence of genera such as Burkholderia, Variovorax, and N-fixing rhizobia genera, including Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Bradyrhizobium. No clear association was found between fungal diversity and the presence of strain UM270, but beneficial fungi, such as Rizophagus irregularis and Exophiala pisciphila, were detected in the Milpa system. In addition, network analysis revealed unique interactions with species such as Stenotrophomonas sp., Burkholderia xenovorans, and Sphingobium yanoikuyae, which could potentially play beneficial roles in the plant. Finally, the UM270 strain does not seem to have a strong impact on the microbial diversity of the rhizosphere, but it does have a strong impact on some functions, such as trehalose synthesis, ammonium assimilation, and polyamine metabolism. The inoculation of UM270 biofertilizer in maize plants modifies the rhizo- and endophytic microbiomes with a high potential for stimulating plant growth and health in agroecological crop models.

Background: Research on beneficial mechanisms by plant-associated microbiomes, such as plant growth stimulation and protection from plant pathogens, has gained considerable attention over the past decades; however, the mechanisms used by plants to recruit their microbiome is largely unknown. Aim of Review: Here, we review the latest studies that have begun to reveal plant strategies in selectively recruiting beneficial microbiomes, and how they manage to exclude potential pathogens.Key Scientific concepts of Review: We examine how plants attract beneficial microbiota from the main areas of interaction, such as the rhizosphere, endosphere, and phyllosphere, and demonstrate that such process occurs by producing root exudates, and recognizing molecules produced by the beneficial microbiota or distinguishing pathogens using specific receptors, or by triggering signals that support plant-microbiome homeostasis. Second, we analyzed the main environmental or biotic factors that modulate the structure and successional dynamics of microbial communities. Finally, we review how the associated microbiome is capable of engaging with other synergistic microbes, hence providing an additional element of selection. Collectively, this study reveals the importance of understanding the complex network of plant interactions, which will improve the understanding of bioinoculant application in agriculture, based on a microbiome that interacts efficiently with plant organs under different environmental conditions.

Abstract In this study, we use the fuzzy order relation to show some novel variants of Hermite–Hadamard inequalities for pre-invex fuzzy-interval-valued mappings (F-I∙V-Ms), which we term fuzzy-interval Hermite–Hadamard inequalities and fuzzy-interval Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequalities. This fuzzy order relation is defined as the level of the fuzzy-interval space by the Kulisch–Miranker order relation. There are also some new exceptional instances mentioned. The theory proposed in this research is shown with practical examples that demonstrate its usefulness. This paper's approaches and methodologies might serve as a springboard for future study in this field.