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This work aimed to evaluate the development of seedlings by cuttings Brazilian peppertree cuttings submitted to different treatments and substrates. For that we used a randomized experimental design in a 2x4 factorial scheme, consisting of the use (3.000 mg.L-1)) or not of IBA associated with different types of substrate: vermiculite (V); carbonized rice husk with vermicompost (CV); carbonized rice husk with vermicompost and sand (CVS); Turfa Fértil® commercial substrate (CS), in four replicates per treatment, each consisting of 10 cuttings. After 90 days, the following variables were evaluated: percentage of rooted cuttings, length of the largest root, number of leaves over 1 cm in length, and dry root weight. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used with p ‹ 0.05 of significance in the data analysis. The use of IBA in rooting Brazilian peppertree cuttings is recommended. CVS is the substrate with the best interactions, and substrates like CS should be avoided.

One of the main barriers to restoration is the arrival of diaspores in degraded areas. However, this process can be hampered in open areas without trees in the landscape. For that, artificial perches are used to attract and provide a landing area for avian seed dispersers, to enhance seed rain. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the distance of artificial perches in relation to a forest fragment on the diversity and composition of seed rain in an agricultural fallow area, including alien invasive plant species. We also aimed to record and characterize the bird species that potentially act as seed dispersers. Thus, we used artificial perches at three different distances from a forest fragment (5, 25, and 50 m). Four seed traps were arranged under the perches at each distance, and four control seed traps were interspersed with these and distanced at 7.5 m. Furthermore, we placed four seed traps inside the forest fragment at 5 m from the edge. We also carried out 80 h of focal observation of the avifauna that used artificial perches. A total of 24 655 seeds were sampled across all treatments. There was a significant difference in seed abundance and richness between artificial perches, control seed traps, and forest seed traps. Seed deposition increased with distance from the forest fragment (50, 25, and 5 m). An ordination procedure indicated the formation of three plant seed communities, with the forest community being most distinct. The invasive exotic species Pittosporum undulatum (Australian cheesewood) was the third most abundant in the seed rain. We observed 24 bird species from 12 families using artificial perches. The Tyrannidae family was the most represented. We showed that artificial perches are efficient structures for attracting birds, increasing the richness and abundance of seed species. Artificial perches at 25 and 50 m were more efficient possibly due to the provision of greater visibility for birds. Therefore, artificial perches are efficient in increasing seed rain in the fallow area but should be used with caution in landscapes with the presence of alien species. These findings contribute to increasing knowledge about overcoming the first barrier to ecological restoration, which is the arrival of diaspores in degraded areas, and showing the importance of birds in this process.

We describe new records of Trichothraupis melanops in five municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The birds were detected in sporadic expeditions in the Serra do Sudeste and Campanha Gaúcha regions by direct visualization and vocal recognition. One of these records, next to the border with Uruguay, is the southernmost known location for the species in Brazil. This record expands the geographic range of the species in Brazil south by 170 km. We believe that these occurrences are seasonal displacements and do not represent a colonization front with resident populations.

Birds, like most animals, are expected to adjust their foraging activity in response to biotic and abiotic variations to optimize energy intake and reduce costs associated with finding and ingesting food. This may lead to temporal variation in the exploitation of food resources, which has been investigated for birds of different feeding guilds but remains poorly understood for frugivorous species. Here, we tested whether the frugivory activity of birds on Schinus terebinthifolia trees varies throughout the day during the austral autumn and winter and whether variation is related to weather conditions. For two consecutive years, we quantified frugivory events for 304 h in 19 individuals of S. terebinthifolia observed across four time periods throughout the day. We found that the number of frugivory events was similar irrespective of the time period, both for the entire assemblage (all species pooled together) and for the most common species analyzed individually. We additionally found that frugivory activity was slightly influenced by temperature and wind. The lack of any effect of daytime period on fruit consumption may relate to the high and prolonged levels of fruit availability in S. terebinthifolia and the short photoperiod of the autumn–winter, which favors frequent feeding throughout the day. Such constant removal of fruits by a diverse assemblage of generalist fruit consumers probably enhances seed dispersal and may have important implications for the population dynamics of this abundant plant. Our results also demonstrate that data on avian frugivory in temperate, open-vegetation environments can be quantified throughout the entire daytime during the cold season without temporal bias, which has important methodological implications for studies on bird–plant interactions.

The main goals of this study were to verify the existence of integumentary seed dormancy in Erythrina crista-galli seeds from mature pods and evaluate the seedling emergence from newly collected seeds in two stages of physiological maturation. Methods of overcoming dormancy were tested by comparing seedling emergence rate, mean emergence time and emergence index, with treatments: TC – control; T1– sanded and soaked in water for 48 h; T2 – sanded and soaked in water for 24 h; T3 – soaked in water without heating at the initial temperature of 60 °C, until reaching room temperature; T4 – only sanded; T5 – immature seeds. The results indicate that: i) newly collected seeds from mature pods do not require treatment to overcome dormancy; ii) immature seeds have germination similar to newly collected mature seeds.

We describe 4 new records of Habenaria dutrae Schltr., a threatened orchid species that is endemic of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The new record, from Pontal da Barra, increases the distribution of H. dutrae by approximately 180 km south and represents the southernmost known location for the species. We also re-evaluate the conservation status of the species including the new records, finding it to be Endangered under criteria B2ab(iii); D.

Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. e uma especie arborea nucleadora e alvo de intensa frugivoria, contribuindo para deposicao de sementes de outras especies. Devido suas sementes permanecerem no banco de sementes do solo, favorece a regeneracao florestal apos disturbios naturais ou antropicos. Com o objetivo de testar diferentes metodos para superacao da dormencia das sementes, foram analisados os seguintes tratamentos: Controle (TC), Escarificacao Quimica (TQ), Escarificacao Mecânica (TM) e Escarificacao Termica (TT). Foram avaliados os parâmetros: Percentual de Germinacao (PG %), Indice de Velocidade de Germinacao (IVG) e Tempo Medio de Germinacao (TMG/dias). Para todos os parâmetros, o TM foi o mais eficaz para promocao da germinacao, pois elevou a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinacao, observando-se maior numero de sementes germinadas em menor espaco de tempo. O TQ adotado foi deleterio, e por isso nao e recomendado. Nao houve diferenca significativa entre TC e TT.

Espinheira-santa ( Monteverdia ilicifolia ) is a native plant of Brazil widely used in folk medicine because it has several therapeutic properties. Regarding the pollination biology and seed dispersal of this species, there is no information available in the literature. In this study, pollinators and dispersers of M. ilicifolia were observed and identified, as well as the behavior of these biological agents during the period of flowering and fruiting. In addition, the frequency of pollinator visits and the efficiency of the seed disperser were recorded. It was verified that in espinheira-santa, pollination is carried out by diptera and by hymenoptera. Among the main groups of pollinators are the flies, being Lucilia eximia , Limnophora sp. and Eristalis sp. the most frequent, and the wasps, in which Brachygastra mellifica , Polistes canadensis , Mischocyttarus sp. and one species of the Tiphiidae family were the most frequent. Eight species of birds consumed diaspores (arils with seeds), acting as dispersers of this species. However, the following birds were more efficient in the dispersion of seeds: Tangara sayaca , Elaenia sp. and Pipraeidea bonariensis . In this sense, M. ilicifolia is a species that has entomophilous pollination and ornithochoric dispersion.

Stichelia pelotensis (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae) is an endemic and threatened butterfly from the Pampa biome in southern Brazil, and has not been recorded in its type locality in the last 56 years. Recently, a population was found in two sites from extreme south Brazil, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul state. These records are an important find given the conservation status of S. pelotensis, since all the information gathered is new and involve the natural history of this species. The information obtained is useful for the management, monitoring and conservation priorities of this species and its associated habitats, since its known distribution is restricted to a narrow area in the Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain inside this threatened biome in southern Brazil. Keywords: Distribution, Pampa, Red list, Symmachiini

Invasive alien species are recognized as the second leading cause of biodiversity loss and species extinction worldwide, with zoochoric dispersion being a key factor for the success of invasive organisms as they can favor the germination of these species. We performed a study in the southern Brazil involving three generalist species with abundant and wide amount of distribution in Latin America, with the objective of evaluating seed ingestion by positive criteria about its germination. We investigated the role of bird digestion on the germination of a native pioneer species, the Brazilian pepper—Schinus terebinthifolia, an invasive alien species in many parts of the world. We compared the germination of this native with those of the invasive Australian cheesewood (Pittosporum undulatum) concurrently. Interestingly, the effect of potentiating germination was more intense in the introduced species than for the native species. Pitangus sulphuratus is an important potential disperser for the germination of P. undulatum seeds, enabling the colonization of new areas in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil.

The objective of this work is to identify environmental and ecosystem services provided by trees from the perception of family farmers in the Serra dos Tapes, southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, addressing the relevance of species for ecosystem sustainability of family farming. Environmental and ecosystem services offered by the tree flora of semi-deciduous submontane forest are presented according to the perception of farmers who use accumulated knowledge for social, cultural and economic reproduction in family farming. Four farmers were selected for their remarkable knowledge related to the agro-ecosystem and the local floristic composition, and they answered semi-structured interviews about 115 native tree species relating them to environmental and ecosystem services. The knowledge of farmers regarding the importance of forest cover for beekeeping, agroforestry system installation, source of biological materials for environmental recovery, conservation of hydric resources and for feeding mammals and birds was evidenced.

As ciências de identificação de plantas passam por uma crise paradigmática. Essa ciência teve seu início com a taxonomia de Lineu, baseada em características morfológicas, e teve a partir de Darwin a evolução como paradigma central. Desde o século XX, a genética e a fisiologia tornaram-se importantes na classificação dos seres vivos, com o uso da genética molecular na comparação de genomas. Mais recentemente, com avanços na biologia molecular e na bioinformática, mapeamentos genéticos e diagnósticos passaram a ser cada vez mais rápidos e precisos, provocando mudanças de nome (espécie) e família de algumas plantas, algumas vezes em poucos anos. Essas mudanças não afetaram populações tradicionais, agricultores familiares e mateiros, que continuam usando alguns caracteres tidos como secundários (estruturas vegetativas) para a sistemática clássica. Tais aspectos dendrológicos não só permitiram identificar as plantas com nomes populares, mas também a reconhecer seus usos, pois serviram de remédio, comida, uso na marcenaria, em construções e energéticos, entre outros. O que se propõe é a valorização desses conhecimentos em articulação com os novos paradigmas científicos, visto que ambos são complementares e contribuem, cada qual com suas peculiaridades, um com maior relevância e o outro com maior precisão, ao entendimento da flora arbórea, suas potencialidades e contribuições para a espécie humana.Palavras-chave: Sistemática vegetal. Conhecimento tradicional. Filogenia.

É relatada uma experiência de construção do conhecimento na avaliação de sustentabilidade de agroecossistemas no território sul do Rio Grande do Sul com a utilização do marco teórico MESMIS - Marco para a Avaliação de Sistemas de Manejo de Recursos Naturais Incorporando Indicadores de Sustentabilidade por meio da aplicação do marco teórico à realidade local. Foi realizado um curso teórico-prático para um grupo multidisciplinar com a aplicação empírica da proposta metodológica de forma participativa com quatro famílias em quatro agroecossistemas. Alguns pontos comuns foram identificados nos agroecossistemas estudados: três apresentam problemas relacionados à água, tema fundamental e transversal às múltiplas dimensões da sustentabilidade, afetando qualidade de vida, saúde, ambiente e viabilidade do agroecossistema. A dependência a insumos externos, principalmente para sistemas de produção de base ecológica e a sucessão na agricultura familiar emergiram como pontos críticos para a sustentabilidade da agricultura familiar na região.

A espinheira-santa (Monteverdia ilicifolia) é uma planta nativa do Brasil amplamente utilizada na medicina popular por possuir várias propriedades terapêuticas. No que diz respeito à biologia da polinização e da dispersão de sementes dessa espécie não há informações disponíveis na literatura. Neste sentido foram observados e identificados polinizadores e dispersores de M. ilicifolia, bem como o comportamento desses agentes biológicos durante o período de floração e frutificação. Além disso, a frequência de visitas dos polinizadores e a eficiência do dispersor de sementes foram registradas. Verificou-se que na espinheira-santa, a polinização é realizada por dípteros e por himenópteros. Entre os principais grupos de polinizadores estão as moscas, sendo Lucilia eximia, Limnophora sp. e Eristalis sp. as mais frequentes e as vespas, nas quais Brachygastra mellifica, Polistes canadensis, Mischocyttarus sp. e uma espécie da família Tiphiidae foram as mais frequentes. Oito espécies de aves consumiram diásporos (arilos com sementes), atuando como dispersores dessa espécie. No entanto, as seguintes aves foram mais eficientes na dispersão das sementes: Tangara sayaca, Elaenia sp. e Pipraeidea bonariensis. Nesse sentido, M. ilicifolia é uma espécie que possui polinização entomófila e dispersão ornitocórica. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-11T02:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Artigo-Pollinators-and-seed-dispersers.pdf: 655119 bytes, checksum: 39e720424d5bd90edba8e30d37cf46c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

O Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF) ou Agrofloresta possibilita aliar agricultura à conservação ambiental. Conhecer as motivações de agricultores em redesenhar unidades produtivas por meio de SAFs contribuirá para embasar políticas públicas, programas e projetos relacionados. Portanto, com a finalidade de compreender a racionalidade que motiva os agricultores a optarem pelo desenvolvimento de SAFs em suas propriedades, foram entrevistadas dez famílias de agricultores com experiência agroflorestal na Serra dos Tapes, no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As entrevistas foram semiestruturadas, com o objetivo de identificar as motivações que levaram as famílias a se dedicarem às agroflorestas e relacionar estas motivações aos conceitos de racionalidade instrumental e substantiva. Concluímos que os SAFs não são a principal fonte de renda agrícola das famílias entrevistadas, reservando ao sistema um papel mais importante no âmbito ecológico, uma vez que a maioria dos agricultores optou pela agrofloresta a fim de restaurar os agroecossistemas degradados, além de produzir alimentos limpos para autoconsumo, porém, o retorno econômico também é esperado. Os agricultores agroflorestais valorizam as boas práticas agrícolas e enxergam na agrofloresta uma alternativa na busca da segurança alimentar e nutricional, geração de renda e conservação dos agroecossistemas. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-20T19:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Artigo-Vozes-Rurais-e021011.pdf: 598400 bytes, checksum: d012c285b1422ac40477888bd4604a69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

A araucária (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze.), conhecida como pinheiro-do-paraná, é uma espécie florestal nativa do Brasil, adaptada às regiões serranas frias e úmidas do sul e do sudeste do país e torna-se vulnerável diante das mudanças climáticas globais. Apresenta grande valor econômico, social e ambiental, pois é uma das espécies nativas com maior incremento e potencial de ganho genético, apresenta excelente qualidade de madeira e ainda produz sementes que podem ser usadas na alimentação humana e animal. Com o objetivo de conhecer a distribuição natural atual e o habitat das populações, percorremos parte das bordas da região de ocorrência da araucária, marcando a posição geográfica e altitude. Com as informações de campo, juntamente com dados secundários do Centro de Informações Ambientais (CRIA), mapeamos a distribuição da araucária no presente e simulamos para as próximas décadas, considerando a projeção de cenários climáticos futuros. Estes estudos são essenciais para a melhor compreensão dos riscos de extinção e das medidas mitigadoras que poderiam ser adotadas para reduzir os impactos das mudanças climáticas globais sobre a espécie, contribuindo, dessa maneira, para a sua conservação. Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-12T10:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PFB11.pdf: 16696222 bytes, checksum: c31cf1e568b3fc8e3dc9eb007dd73a34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11

Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T23:25:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CostaGomesExtensaoRural.pdf: 461822 bytes, checksum: be61a849b16ebf83ed656da0a16f991f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-21