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The family Cynodontidae is composed of freshwater fishes inhabiting drainages east of the Andes in South America. Its fossil record is mostly represented by isolated teeth that are difficult to identify. Here we describe fossil cranial remains of the extant species Hydrolycus scomberoides as well as isolated teeth that were identified as Hydrolycus and cf. Rhaphiodon in sediments of the late Pliocene Ware Formation in the Guajira Peninsula, west of the Andes. Novel, phylogenetically informative characters were found including the number of symphysial teeth, the plane of insertion of the leading teeth onto the dentary, the presence of accessory posterior dentigerous patches, and depressions and outline of the dentary. We performed a phylogenetic analysis combining morphological and molecular characters including both extant and extinct specimens, producing a well-resolved topology that recovers a novel sister-group relationship between the genera Hydrolycus and Cynodon, while the genus Rhaphiodon falls to the base of this clade. This contradicts earlier studies recovering Hydrolycus and Rhaphiodon as sister taxa. The phylogenetic position of Hydrolycus wallacei was found to be unstable. The occurrence of H. scomberoides in the late Pliocene of Guajira is a puzzle that could be explained by different mechanisms, including a persistent drainage connection across the Andes during the late Pliocene, and/or the result of severe drying and subsequent extinction.

A new species of the rubbernose pleco genus Chaetostoma is described from the Maicuru and Seiko Rivers, a northern tributary of the lower Amazon River and a tributary of the lower Xingu River, respectively, both in Para´ State, Brazil. The new species is diagnosed from all congeners, except members of the Chaetostoma anale species group, by having an enlarged second unbranched anal-fin ray with posterior paired dermal flaps. Additionally, the new species is distinguished from its only other currently recognized congeners from rivers draining the Guiana Shield (C. jegui and C. vasquezi) by having a smaller opercle and a supraoccipital excrescence undeveloped, comprising a simple skin area present in juveniles and absent in adults. A revised multi-locus phylogeny for the species of Chaetostoma is presented, and the Chaetostoma anale species group is discussed and rearranged.

Chaetostoma chimu sp. nov. is described from 119 specimens collected in the Andean foothills of the Orinoco River in Colombia. The new species can be distinguished from congeners by a combination of characters, including shape of cheek odontodes, presence of a supraoccipital excrescence, sexual dimorphism characters and colour pattern. In addition, this species can be distinguished from the sympatric and geographically close congeners of the Orinoco that have curved cheek odontodes (i.e., Chaetostoma anale, Chaetostoma formosae and Chaetostoma joropo), by presenting a generally larger orbital diameter and interorbital distance, details of sexual dimorphism and colour pattern. The type locality of specimens collected by Kjell von Sneidern in the mid-twentieth century in the Colombian Amazon is also clarified. Chaetostoma alternifasciatum and Chaetostoma vagum are proposed as junior synonyms of C. anale. An identification key for the species of Chaetostoma from cis-Andean drainages in Colombia is provided. The new species is herein categorized as Vulnerable (Vu) B1a (i, iii), following the IUCN criteria.

A standardized terminology for the anatomy of pectoral- and dorsal-fin spines in the order Siluriformes is proposed based on an extensive literature review and direct examination of representatives of the order. The adult anatomy of the spines is described in detail. Terminology of various spine parts are reviewed and standardized, each term provided with a synonymic list organizing previous usage. Most of the structures treated have been recorded and named in the literature, but some are herein named for the first time. A quantitative approach is proposed for orienting decisions on name usage, aiming at minimizing differences between the terminology proposed and the vast amount of pre-existing literature, herein called the cost function. It is expected that this system will aid efforts in organizing the chaotic anatomical nomenclature of the appendicular skeleton in Siluriformes, and provide a solid basis for advances in comparative anatomy and nomenclature. The proposed terminology system has potential application on a number of fields that utilize information from catfish spines, ranging from taxonomy to phylogenetic systematics to paleontology and archaeology.

Freshwater fossil fish faunas have been long used to infer past drainage connections, as they are bounded by physical freshwater barriers. Here we study a middle Miocene (15.0-–15.5 Ma) freshwater fish fossil fauna (Makaraipao) from the Castilletes Formation in northern Colombia, nowadays west of the Andes. We record the presence of lungfishes (Lepidosiren), pacus (Mylossoma and Piaractus), armored catfishes (Callichthyidae), and red-tail catfishes (Phractocephalus). Extant members of all those groups (except the Callichthyidae, due to lack of taxonomic resolution) are found in Amazonian faunas east of the Andes and are absent from faunas west of the Andes, indicating that the riverine systems of the Guajira Peninsula were connected to Amazonia during the middle Miocene. The similarity of La Venta (west of the Andes) and Rio Acre (east of the Andes) fish faunas during the late Miocene further indicates that the northern Andean uplift was not a complete barrier at least until ∼ 11 Myr ago. However, there is a continental-wide structuring of the Miocene fish faunas that is also found in the extant faunas, suggesting that other factors such as ecological conditions, in addition to the uplift of the Andes, have shaped the biogeographic evolution of South American fish faunas.

A new species of Eigenmannia is described from the Rio Parana (the Grande, Paranapanema and Tiete basins). This new species is distinguished from all congeners by colouration pattern, position of the mouth, relative depth of posterodorsal expansion on infraorbitals 1 + 2, number of teeth, osteological features, number of rows of scales above lateral line (LL) and morphometric data. Comments on the widened cephalic lateral-line canals of Sternopygidae and a dichotomous key to the species of Eigenmannia from the Rio Parana Basin are provided.

Fossil vertebrates have been used in the literature as a source of information on past paleogeographic settings in the Neotropics, although fishes in special have been less studied despite availability in collections and in the field. Appendicular fossil remains are one of the most common occurrences of fossil catfishes and tend to be locally abundant in well-known faunas of Cenozoic age in South America; however, the comparative anatomy of these anatomical complexes has been poorly studied, with a complex and confusing anatomical terminology where each published reference ignores previous terms provided and thus creates a number of different synonyms for the same osteological feature. It was carried out a thorough literature review along with direct examination of extant representatives of the order Siluriformes in order to provide a standardized anatomical terminology for the dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines in the order. Three continental vertebrate faunas have been found in northern Colombia, in an area that is currently separated from the Amazon-Orinoco drainages by the Andes of the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia and the Merida Andes in Venezuela. Fossil freshwater fishes from the middle Miocene Castilletes formation are herein described along with their bearing on different topics ranging from taxonomy and comparative anatomy to paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions; this fossil assemblage conforms to previous models of paleodrainage connections between cis- and trans-Andean areas in the literature. Two faunas of Pliocene age from the Sincelejo and Ware formations were studied using a similar approach to that of the fossil assemblage of the Castilletes formation. The assemblages of Pliocene age imply the persistence of a hydric connection between drainages now separated by the Andes, that is, they extend towards the present the same pattern recovered in the assemblage of middle Miocene age and are against the classical tectonic models of the northern Andes that suggest a loss in drainage connectivity about 11-13 Ma. A set of quantitative methods for inferring the time of separation between two biogeographic areas using data from divergence time estimation are herein proposed and discussed as promising methods for statistical estimation in biogeography. Although primarily designed with vicariant patterns in mind, these methods are extensible enough as to be applicable to any kind of event occurring in geologic time that leaves traces in divergence time estimation studies. The different methods mostly suggest a separation interval of 2-5.8 Ma, consistent with the information from the fossil assemblages that imply a connection persisting to about the same interval, therefore, the fossil faunas of the Sincelejo and Ware formations would be the last evidence of drainage connections across the Andes. Within this temporal framework, a number of biodiversity patterns such as faunal composition, endemism rates and spatial patterns, and the timing of generation of biodiversity at regional to continental scale should be reassessed in light of the results herein provided. Os vertebrados fósseis têm sido utilizados na literatura como fonte de informação sobre cenários paleogeográficos passados no neotrópico, embora os peixes em especial tenham sido menos estudados, apesar da disponibilidade em coleções e no campo. Restos fósseis apendiculares são uma das ocorrências mais comuns de bagres fósseis e tendem a ser abundantes localmente em faunas conhecidas de idade Cenozoico na América do Sul; no entanto, a anatomia comparada desses complexos anatômicos tem sido pouco estudada, com uma terminologia anatômica complexa e confusa, em que cada referência publicada ignora os termos anteriores propostos e, assim, cria vários sinônimos diferentes para a mesma característica osteológica. Foi realizada uma revisão completa da literatura, juntamente com o revisão de viventes da ordem Siluriformes, a fim de fornecer uma terminologia anatômica padronizada para os espinhos das nadadeiras dorsal e peitoral. Três faunas continentais de vertebrados foram encontradas no norte da Colômbia, numa área atualmente separada das drenagens da Amazônia-Orinoco pelos Andes da Cordillera Oriental na Colômbia e nos Andes de Merida na Venezuela. Os peixes fósseis de água doce da formação do meio do mioceno Castilletes são aqui descritos, juntamente com sua relevância em diferentes tópicos, desde taxonomia e anatomia comparada até reconstruções paleogeográficas e paleoambientais; essa assambleia fóssil está em conformidade com os modelos anteriores de conexões de paleodrenagens entre áreas cis- e trans-andinas na literatura. Duas faunas da idade do Plioceno das formações Sincelejo e Ware foram estudadas usando uma abordagem semelhante à da assembléia fóssil da formação Castilletes. As assembléias da idade do Plioceno implicam a presença de uma conexão hídrica entre as drenagens agora separadas pelos Andes, ou seja, elas estendem mais próximo do presente o mesmo padrão recuperado na assembléia de idade Mioceno médio e são contrarias aos modelos tectônicos clássicos dos Andes do norte que sugerem uma perda na conectividade de drenagem de 11 até 13 Ma. Um conjunto de métodos quantitativos para inferir o tempo de separação entre duas áreas biogeográficas usando dados da estimativa do tempo de divergência é aqui proposto e discutido como métodos promissores para estimativa estatística em biogeografia. Embora tenham sido projetados principalmente com padrões vicariantes em mente, esses métodos são extensíveis o suficiente para serem aplicáveis a qualquer tipo de evento que ocorra no tempo geológico deixando vestígios nos estudos de estimativa do tempo de divergência. Os diferentes métodos geralmente inferem um intervalo de separação de 2 a 5.8 Ma, consistente com as informações das assembléias fósseis que implicam uma conexão persistente para aproximadamente o mesmo intervalo; portanto, as faunas fósseis das formações Sincelejo e Ware seriam a última evidência conexões de drenagem nos Andes. Dentro dessa estrutura temporal, vários padrões de biodiversidade, como composição da fauna, taxas de endemismo e padrões espaciais, e o momento da geração da biodiversidade em escala regional para continental devem ser reavaliados à luz dos resultados aqui fornecidos.

The gross brain morphology and the peripheral olfactory organ of Microglanis garavelloi are described throughout development, and the relationship of these organs to the general behaviour of the species is discussed. During the development, the main brain subdivisions undergo a series of morphological changes keeping a relatively constant volume increase. However, we observed different growth rates in the brains of males and females when these were compared. During the maturation process, a series of hormonal events result in the development of some secondary sexual traits in the brain of male specimens, like faster growth rate of brain areas linked to motor control, olfactory and visual responses. The number of olfactory-organ lamellae increases continuously in both males and females, during their maturation period. These results suggest that changes may be caused by cognitive demands that this species is exposed to throughout its lifespan. The gross morphological arrangement of the central nervous system indicates shared patterns with other members of the family Pseudopimelodidae.

A nomenclature for the family Sphyraenidae is constructed using genus-group and species-group names from both extant and extinct taxa. The Sphyraenidae is found to contain only two genera: The monotypic †Parasphyraena, and Sphyraena. “Sphyraena” amici and “Sphyraena” viennensis are retained in the genus Sphyraena pending a reassessment of their relationships. Although currently allocated out of the Sphyraenidae, the genus †Hypsodon is found to present a problematic status with respect to other fossil genera such as †Pachyrhizodus. Sphyraena intermedia Pastore is found to be a primary homonym of †Sphyraena intermedia Bassani and therefore deemed unavailable and invalid. The ambiguities of collective, otolith-based names are discussed in the context of Sphyraena hansfuchsi, the only species of the family based on otoliths. Fifty-three valid species of Sphyraena are recognized, 28 extant and 25 extinct. Comments on the usefulness of a subgeneric classification for the largest genus, Sphyraena, are made in the context of our current knowledge of their interrelationships.

Sphyraenidae is a cosmopolitan group of marine fishes represented by both extant and extinct taxa with occurrences spanning most of the Cenozoic. Although some species are known from well-preserved...

A new species of Farlowella is described from the Bermejo River basin, in Salta and Jujuy provinces, northwestern Argentina. The new species belongs to the Farlowella nattereri species group. The new species is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: marbled rostrum, five rows of lateral plates series, relatively short snout (snoutmouth length less than 50.0% of head length), complete half-moon shaped spot on caudal fin, and short predorsal distance (37.8-41.8% of standard length). Se describe una nueva especie de Farlowella de la cuenca del Río Bermejo, en las provincias de Salta y Jujuy, en el noroeste de Argentina. La nueva especie pertenece al grupo de Farlowella nattereri. La nueva especie se diagnostica con la siguiente combinación de caracteres: rostro veteado, cinco hileras de placas laterales en el cuerpo, hocico relativamente corto (longitud hocico-boca menor a 50.0% longitud cabeza), mancha en forma de media luna completa en la aleta caudal, y distancia predorsal corta (37.8-41.8% longitud estándar) Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Ballen, Gustavo A. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Alonso, Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Aguilera, Gaston. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina

Fossil scales of the enigmatic teleost Acregoliath rancii Richter, collected in 1945 and 1946, are described for the first time from fine-grained sediments of the La Victoria Formation of the Honda Group in central Colombia. The specimens include one isolated but nearly complete scale from the anterior region of the body, and one isolated scale fragment. Although fragmentary, these specimens provide relevant anatomic and biogeographical information. Both specimens agree in most details with the type material of A. rancii; however, the almost complete scale differs in focus position and outline, thus suggesting topological variation. This aspect of lepidosis in A. rancii was previously unknown and could be relevant for future reassessment of the interrelationships of this taxon. The presence of A. rancii in the middle to late Miocene fossil assemblages from La Venta, Fitzcarrald, and Acre suggests a relationship between these areas during the middle Miocene. The relevance for paleodrainage evolution in northern South America is discussed in the context of these findings.

Chaetostoma joropo n. sp. is described from the piedmont of the Orinoco River drainage in Colombia. The new species has been long confused with Chaetostoma milesi, a species with similar overall morphology and color pattern that is restricted to the Magdalena-Cauca River Basin. We diagnose the new species on the basis of morphology as well as a precise description of the color pattern. Chaetostoma joropo n. sp. is also easily distinguished from C. formosae the most similar species and other species inhabiting the Orinoco River drainage in Colombia. Data on ontogenetic variation and sexual dimorphism are provided, as well as natural history notes and remarks on the usage of the name Chaetostoma milesi for specimens from both the Orinoco and Magdalena-Cauca drainages. A discussion on the usage of the name Chaetostoma platyrhynchus is also provided given its current instability in the literature.

The Cocinetas Basin of Colombia provides a valuable window into the geological and paleontological history of northern South America during the Neogene. Two major findings provide new insights into the Neogene history of this Cocinetas Basin: (1) a formal re-description of the Jimol and Castilletes formations, including a revised contact; and (2) the description of a new lithostratigraphic unit, the Ware Formation (Late Pliocene). We conducted extensive fieldwork to develop a basin-scale stratigraphy, made exhaustive paleontological collections, and performed 87Sr/86Sr geochronology to document the transition from the fully marine environment of the Jimol Formation (ca. 17.9?16.7 Ma) to the fluvio-deltaic environment of the Castilletes (ca. 16.7?14.2 Ma) and Ware (ca. 3.5?2.8 Ma) formations. We also describe evidence for short-term periodic changes in depositional environments in the Jimol and Castilletes formations. The marine invertebrate fauna of the Jimol and Castilletes formations are among the richest yet recorded from Colombia during the Neogene. The Castilletes and Ware formations have also yielded diverse and biogeographically significant fossil vertebrate assemblages. The revised lithostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy presented here provides the necessary background information to explore the complete evolutionary and biogeographic significance of the excellent fossil record of the Cocinetas Basin. Fil: Moreno, F.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Corporación Geológica ARES; Colombia. University of Rochester; Estados Unidos Fil: Hendy, A. J. W.. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; Estados Unidos. Florida Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Quiroz, L.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. University of Saskatchewan; Canadá Fil: Hoyos, N.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Corporación Geológica ARES; Colombia. Universidad del Norte; Colombia Fil: Jones, D. S.. Florida Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Zapata, V.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Ecopetrol S.A.; Colombia Fil: Zapata, S.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Ballen, G. A.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Cadena, E.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Senckenberg Museum; Alemania Fil: Cárdenas, A. L.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Corporación Geológica ARES; Colombia. Universidad del Norte; Colombia Fil: Carrillo Briceño, J. D.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Universitat Zurich; Suiza Fil: Carrillo, J. D.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Universitat Zurich; Suiza Fil: Delgado Sierra, D.. Universidad Eafit; Colombia Fil: Escobar, J.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Universidad del Norte; Colombia Fil: Martínez, J. I.. Universidad Eafit; Colombia Fil: Martínez, C.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Cornell University; Estados Unidos Fil: Montes, C.. Universidad de los Andes; Colombia Fil: Moreno, J.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Universidad de Nebraska - Lincoln; Estados Unidos Fil: Pérez, N.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Universidad de los Andes; Colombia Fil: Sánchez, R.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Suarez Gomez, Sandra Catalina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina Fil: Vallejo Pareja, M. C.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Jaramillo, Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Estados Unidos

Chaetostoma joropo n. sp. is described from the piedmont of the Orinoco River drainage in Colombia. The new species has been long confused with Chaetostoma milesi, a species with similar overall morphology and color pattern that is restricted to the Magdalena-Cauca River Basin. We diagnose the new species on the basis of morphology as well as a precise description of the color pattern. Chaetostoma joropo n. sp. is also easily distinguished from C. formosae the most similar species and other species inhabiting the Orinoco River drainage in Colombia. Data on ontogenetic variation and sexual dimorphism are provided, as well as natural history notes and remarks on the usage of the name Chaetostoma milesi for specimens from both the Orinoco and Magdalena-Cauca drainages. A discussion on the usage of the name Chaetostoma platyrhynchus is also provided given its current instability in the literature.

The loricariid catfish genus Dolichancistrus is reviewed and four species recognized. Species of Dolichancistrus are distinguished from each other by the degree of development of the pectoral-fin spine, the form of the distal margin of the pelvic fin, the relative size and form of the cheek plates, the pattern of odontodes along the margin of the snout, the presence versus absence of a buccal papilla at the premaxillary symphysis, and the relative lengths of the anal- versus pelvic-spines. Dolichancistrus atratoensis is known from the río Atrato system and the río Cubarradó on the Pacific versant of Colombia; D. carnegiei occurs in the eastern río Magdalena basin in the departments of Boyacá and Santander, Colombia; D. cobrensis inhabits southern tributaries of the Lago Maracaibo basin in Colombia and Venezuela along with some highland rivers of the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela draining into the río Orinoco system; and D. fuesslii is known from the Andean piedmont portions of the río Meta basin in the western río Orinoco system. Pseudancistrus pediculatus is considered a junior synonym of Ancistrus fuesslii. Chaetostomus setosus previously assigned to Dolichancistrus, was found to lack features characteristic of its putative congeners and is rather more closely related to other members of Chaetostoma group. Consequently, the species is herein considered as incertae sedis within that group. Dolichancistrus is diagnosed, a key is provided to the members of the genus, and diagnoses and redescriptions are provided for all of the recognized species. Se presenta una revisión del género Dolichancistrus y se reconocen cuatro especies válidas. Las especies de Dolichancistrus se distinguen entre sí a partir del grado de desarrollo de la espina pectoral, la forma del margen distal de la aleta pélvica, el tamaño relativo y la forma de las placas operculares, el patrón de odontoides a lo largo del margen del hocico, la presencia versus ausencia de papila bucal en la sínfisis de las premaxilas, y las longitudes relativas de las espinas anal y pélvicas. Dolichancistrus atratoensis es conocido del sistema del río Atrato y del río Cubarradó sobre la vertiente Pacífico de Colombia; D. carnegiei se encuentra en la vertiente Oriental de la cuenca del río Magdalena en los departamentos de Boyacá y Santander, Colombia; D. cobrensis habita los tributarios sureños de la cuenca del Lago Maracaibo en Colombia y Venezuela así como en algunos ríos de alta montaña de la Cordillera de Mérida en Venezuela drenando hacia el sistema del río Orinoco; y D. fuesslii es conocido de porciones pedimontanas Andinas de la cuenca del río Meta en la región occidental del sistema del río Orinoco. Pseudancistrus pediculatus es considerado un sinónimo junior de Ancistrus fuesslii. Chaetostomus setosus, una especie previamente considerada dentro del género Dolichancistrus, carece de los caracteres diagnósticos de sus congéneres putativos y es considerada como más cercanamente relacionada con otros miembros del grupo Chaetostoma. Consecuentemente, esta especie es considerada como incertae sedis dentro del grupo Chaetostoma. Dolichancistrus es diagnosticado, y se presenta una clave para sus especies, así como diagnosis y redescripciones para todas las especies reconocidas actualmente dentro del género

A new species of Farlowella is described from El Carmen de Chucuri in the Departamento de Santander, western flank of the Cordillera Oriental, rio Magdalena Basin, Colombia. Farlowella yarigui n. sp. differs from its congeners in lateral body plate morphology, abdominal cover, cephalic hypertrophied odontodes, and details of coloration. This is the first verifiable record of the genus in the Magdalena drainage. Aspects of natural history and implications of this finding are provided concerning the state of knowledge of the fishes of the rio Magdalena Basin. Previous records of Farlowella gracilis in the rio Cauca basin are examined and herein considered erroneous, rendering the new species the only representative of the genus in the Magdalena-Cauca system. A key to species of Farlowella from Colombia is provided.