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Moving towards a modern age, Augmented Reality (AR) can be considered as one of the fastest developing technologies every year wherein it is enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information and sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual and text. However, students have not been exposed to this technology since they are stuck with a narrow-minded conception of using papers even though it can be too overwhelming for them since they have to read the study books, brochures, and pamphlets to get information about their universities especially for the new students who recently registered and for the visitors. To overcome this problem, we are developing an application “AR UniMAP: Pauh Putra Residential College Interactive Map”. This project aims is to develop an informative ARMap along with some additional information about the campus for the students and visitors through interactive communication through the proposed system. Smartphone with the support of ARCore is used as the main platform for the application to be implemented in such a way to display the visuals of the buildings and each room in the campus through 2D and 3D along with some additional information through text pop up on the left and right side of the smartphone screen.. The key to this architecture is to expose university students with the AR technologies and to make it easier for them to access information about their university.

This qualitative study examines the translation processes involved in translating five kinds of documents – informative-cum-operative, political, legal, literary, and technical – by interviewing five experienced translators in Malaysia. The five interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed, and then matched against the translation processes proposed by Dolet (1997 [1540]), Nord (1991, 2002), Vinay and Darbelnet (2004 [1958]), Nida (1964), Newmark (1988), Vermeer (2004 [1989]), Bell (1991), and Darwish (2003). The findings show that the translators generally followed Darwish’s (2003) translation process and Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence orientations, and that one of them used all of the five principles first identified by Dolet in the sixteenth century. All the interviewees agreed that they must be knowledgeable in the content that they are translating, be proficient in both languages they are working with, and know the cultures of both the source language (SL) speakers and the target language (TL) speakers in order to translate competently and naturally in the given context. They all agreed with Venuti’s ‘domestication’ approach (Venuti 1998, 2008; both discussed in Munday 2012: 218–225) and agreed with applying the skopos theory to ensure that their target readers are satisfied with their translation.

Over the years, researchers in public institutions and universities have accessed genetic materials from a variety of sources, freely exchanged them with fellow researchers and institutions and shared their research results with foreign and local collaborators. The 2010 Nagoya Protocol regulating access to genetic resources is set to change this scenario. This treaty requires country parties to put in place enhanced ABS measures regulating access to their genetic resources and to provide for the sharing of benefits arising from their utilization. These measures include minimum access standards, mandatory prior informed consent of indigenous and local communities, compliance with the domestic laws or requirements of the provider country and monitoring the utilization of genetic resources. This is aimed at commercial research. Non-commercial public research which contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is encouraged, particularly in developing countries, through simplified measures. There are undoubtedly practical challenges in operationalizing this provision without impeding research in the sector most potentially affected by ABS measures. This article presents the results of a survey of the practices of such researchers in one developing country, namely Malaysia. It examines the potential implications for the national implementation of the Protocol. Given country specificities, this study highlights and shows the importance of increasing knowledge about existing practices for an efficient design and implementation by developing countries of a complex legislation such as the Nagoya ABS Protocol.

The preparation and NMR analysis of 2,3-di-O-benzyl d -ribose and 2,3-di-O- d -xylose are described. In DMSO-d6 the sugars adopt a conformation in which the hydroxyl groups are in an equatorial position. In CDCl3 and CD2Cl2 the sugars adopts a conformation in which intramolecular hydrogen bonding plays an important role in determining the equilibrium composition. These findings were also confirmed by DFT studies and, in the solid phase, by X-ray single crystal diffraction.

The number of international students choosing Malaysia as a destination to further their graduate studies is steadily growing. This phenomenon has urged researchers to look for ways to ensure that they go through a smooth academic journey. One significant area of research has focused on the challenges faced by these students in their academic listening practices, and the measures employed to overcome the challenges. The Academic Literacies Questionnaire (Manjet, Investigating the academic literacies challenges of international graduate students in Master programmes in an Institution of Higher Education in Malaysia, 2013) was administered to 131 international graduate students in 10 taught Master programmes (coursework and mixed mode) to whom English is a foreign or second language. The results revealed some challenges those students face attributable mainly to the fact that English in Malaysia is not the native or first language. The findings and results, if taken seriously by the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia, would assist to the academic listening practices of international graduate students by the local academicians. It is hoped that the recommendations provided in this study would be a platform to ensure that international students experience a satisfying academic experience in their graduate study.

Traditional knowledge systems of indigenous and local communities have been of immense value over millennia. They have filled the breadbasket that has fed the world, provided medicines that have healed the world, and provided for the sustainable management of resources, including biodiversity. In short, these knowledge systems have fed, clothed, and healed the world. They may yet hold the key to dealing with the risks posed by climate change. Yet today they are in danger of being marginalized. This article identifies the threats, the inadequacy of the international legal architecture, and the faltering national attempts to reassert their role. It identifies the varying interests and elements and assesses their influence in the marginalization and resuscitation of traditional knowledge systems; and finally argues for the emancipation of these systems and their restoration to the plurality of knowledge systems to provide sustainable solutions to natural resource management.

The Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress was finally adopted on 15 October 2010 at Nagoya, Japan. It was negotiated pursuant to a mandate established by the First Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties in 2004 under an enabling provision in the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol. The Supplementary Protocol seeks to deal with damage to biodiversity as well as ‘associated’ traditional material or personal damage. It delineates two pathways to dealing with such damage: the administrative approach that empowers a competent authority to deal with the matter administratively, without initial recourse to courts; and a civil liability approach that requires litigants to seek private law remedies through national legal systems. However, while the Supplementary Protocol has elaborate and comprehensive provisions implementing the administrative approach, it incorporates only a single article on civil liability which does little more than exhort parties to continue to apply their existing domestic law on the subject or establish rules to deal specifically with the matter. This was not the outcome anticipated when the negotiations started. It was the expectation, primarily of developing countries then, that the prospective protocol would deal essentially with civil liability and set out substantive and procedural rules on liability and redress. This article traces how and why all this came to pass. It also analyses the provisions, and the implications, relating to the administrative approach and the single enabling article on civil liability. It deals also with the challenges in implementing the administrative approach, novel to most countries. Finally, it examines the prospect for the emergence in the future of a more elaborate international civil liability regime.

The preparation and NMR analysis of 2,3-di- O -benzyl arabinofuranosides have been described. In DMSO- d 6 , the sugar adopts a conformation in which the hydroxyl groups are in an equatorial position; the equilibrium composition is determined by steric factors. In CDCl 3 , the sugar adopts a conformation in which the intramolecular hydrogen bonding plays an important role in determining the equilibrium composition. The use of 2,3-di- O -benzyl arabinose in the synthesis of oligoarabinofuranosides enabled the synthesis of α- or β-linked furanosides.

Are the national laws regulating access to genetic resources that countries have enacted in exercise of their sovereign rights accorded by the Convention on Biological Diversity jeopardising food security by failing to take into account the distinctive features of genetic resources for food and agriculture? If so what can be done about it? What are the obstacles to doing so? And how can they be overcome, especially in the context of the present ongoing negotiations for an international regime on access and benefits sharing under the biodiversity convention? This article examines the impact of the national access laws and other instruments on the free access and exchange of these genetic resources and hence on the maintenance of agricultural biological diversity upon which food security hinges so critically. It highlights the obstacles that stand in the way of developing countries facilitating access to their genetic resources and proposes a multilateral non-market-orientated approach to overcome them.

The Seventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (2004) of the Convention on Biological Diversity established a mandate for the negotiation of an international regime on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing arising from their utilization. Negotiations have been proceeding and have entered the final phase. Seven working group meetings have been held to date and there is expectation that an instrument will emerge by the final deadline � the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties in Nagoya, Japan in October 2010. A key component singled out for inclusion in the international regime relates to the recognition and protection of the rights of indigenous and local communities (ILCs) over their traditional knowledge (TK) associated with genetic resources. The Ninth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (2008) established a Group of Technical and Legal Experts to assist the Working Group to deal with this issue. The Group met in India in June 2009 and has submitted a report. This article reflects on the key outcomes of this Expert Group report. In particular, it identifies the key issues that need to be considered and resolved for TK associated to genetic resources to form an integral and viable component of the proposed international regime.

The hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-β- d -galactopyranoside (ONPG) by β-galactosidase immobilized on Sepharose CL-4B ® was investigated in five different ionic liquids (ILs), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium X − ; [ X = CF 3 SO 3 − , BF 4 − , PF 6 − , CH 3 SO 4 − and N(CN) 2 − ]. Michaelis–Menten kinetic studies were conducted in phosphate buffer and in the five ionic liquids. For the immobilized enzyme in the ILs, the K m values were lower (0.36–1.2 mmol ONPG) while the V max values were higher (0.04–0.008 min − 1 ) compared to those in aqueous phosphate buffer suggesting a marked increase in the efficiency of the immobilized enzyme in the ionic liquid. For the free enzyme in the ionic liquids, the K m values, in general, were larger (0.45–4.96 mmol ONPG) than those of the immobilized enzyme in the ionic liquid. A postulated mechanism for the hydrolysis is suggested, involving interception of the intermediate oxonium ion species by the counter ion of the ionic liquid, thereby enabling the hydrolysis to occur at a faster rate.

A novel series of optically active 2-aminobenzothiazole derivatives were synthesized by reaction of optically active amine (I) with thiophosgene to obtain optically active isothiocyanates (IIa-h) which on condensation with 4-fluoro-3-chloro aniline (III) yielded various optically active thioureas (IVa-h). Further oxidative cyclisation in the presence of bromine and chloroform yielded title compounds (Va-h). The structures of these compounds were established by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, Mass and HRMS. The compounds (IVa-h and Va-h) were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against mouse Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) and two human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HeLa). In preliminary MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] cytotoxicity studies the optically active thiourea derivatives (IVe, IVf and IVh) were found most effective. In EAC cells the IC(50) values for IVe, IVf, IVh and Vg were found in the range of 10-24 microM, whereas in MCF-7 and HeLa cells the IC(50) values were observed in the range of 15-30 microM and 33-48 microM, respectively. In alkaline comet assay the compounds (IVe and IVf) showed dose-dependent DNA damaging activity.

An approach to the development of a dengue vaccine by synthesizing the hexasaccharide epitope on the viral surface is examined. The stereochemical and structural challenges include the synthesis of a β-mannoside bond. Synthesis of this bond is approached via a trisaccharide analogue portion of the epitope. A novel tetrasaccharide with a mannose–mannose anomeric linkage results in the course of the synthetic attempts.

Chiral room temperature ionic liquids, containing a carbohydrate moiety linked at the anomeric centre to an N-methylimidazolium group have been synthesised. The ionic liquids were prepared in a concise manner and provided ready access to both the D- and L-arabino enantiomers. The same strategy enabled the preparation of D-ribofuranose and D-xylofuranose analogues, in excellent yields.

CRITERION FOR REGULAR PRIME SELF Π—INJECTIVE RINGS

The difluorinated analogues of 3-deoxy- d -arabino-heptulosonic acid (DAH) 12 , 24 and its enantiomer have been synthesised from d - and l -erythrose via a Reformatsky reaction which gave a mixture of diastereoiosmers in favour of the anti isomer.

This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief, and with the agreement of the authors. Reason: The content of the article had previously been published in Chemical Research in Chinese Universities (C. Song, S. Jiang and G. Singh, Chem. Res. Chinese U. , 2002, 18, 146–152). The two co-authors, Shende Jiang and Chuanjun Song, have informed the Editor that they were unaware of this submission to Tetrahedron: Asymmetry .

Glycosyl phosphates have emerged as useful glycosyl donors for stereoselective glycosidic bond formation in the synthe- sis of oligosaccharides. In this account, we describe some of our work in developing and further expanding this methodology, partic- ularly with the use of propane-1,3-diyl phosphate as the anomeric leaving group. We have studied the reactions of several glycosyl propane-1,3-diyl phosphates with or without C-2 participating groups with a range of glycosyl acceptors in the presence of trime- thylsilyl triflate in either stoichiometric or catalytic amount, and demonstrated their application in the synthesis of several disaccha- rides and also the synthesis of some trisaccharides.

2′,3′,5′-Tri- O -benzyl- d -arbinofurano-1- O -propane-1,3-diylphosphate was activated with TMSOTf to afford 1- O -linked arabinofuranosides with good stereoselectivity.

The synthesis of ( S )-2-amino-8-oxodecanoic acid, a constituent of the cyclic tetrapeptides, the apicidins, was accomplished under photolytic conditions in the presence of tri- n -butyltin hydride using glutamic acid. This enabled a total synthesis of apicidin A to be completed.

α- and β-Glycosyl cyanides, per-O-acetyl-1,2-O-1-cyanoethylidenes and C-allyl glycopyranosides were efficiently prepared by treatment of 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α,β- l -rhamno-, l -fuco- and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α,β- d -galactopyranosyl propane-1,3-diyl phosphates with trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) and allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate (TMSOTf). Similarly 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α,β- d -manno- and d -glucopyranosyl propane-1,3-diyl phosphates were employed in the synthesis of C-glycosides.

Glycosyl donors having a diphenylphosphinate and a propane-1,3-diyl phosphate leaving group were easily prepared by the addition of the anomeric hydroxyl group of 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl-α,β- d -glucopyranose to diphenylphosphinic and propane-1,3-diyldioxyphosphoryl chlorides. These glycosyl donors were selectively glycosylated with a number of primary and secondary oxygen nucleophiles in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate (TMSOTf). The use of 1,3-diyl phosphate resulted in the stereoselective formation of β- O -linked glycosides.

The stereoselective syntheses of C(18)-4,8-sphingadienines 3 and 4 as analogues of sphingosine 1 are described. The key step in these syntheses involved a novel S(N)2'-type homoallylic coupling reaction between the corresponding thioether-stabilized allylic copper reagents and the allylic mesylate 7. The thioether-stabilized allylic copper reagents were easily prepared and retained the configuration of their double bond during the coupling reactions, thus overcoming the problem of isomerization which was normally associated with the use of allylic organometallic reagents in such applications.

2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribose was cleaved with sodium metaperiodate to give 1,4-dihydroxy2,3-O-isopropylidenetetrahydrofuran, which underwent a double Wittig reaction on treatment with carboethoxymethylene(triphenyl)phosphorane to give the corresponding dienes. The latter were found to be excellent Michael acceptors and allowed the preparation of pyrrolizidine and tetrahydrothiophene.

Difluorinated carbasugar 3 has been synthesised from D-ribose via an intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition reaction with an overall yield of 22%. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Carbasugars are cyclic monosaccharide analogues in which the ring oxygen atom is substituted by a methylene group. 1,2 Because of their close structural resemblance, some carbasugars may be accepted in biological systems in place of the real furanose or pyranose sugars. There has been considerable interest in recent years in the synthesis of carbasugars as carbohydrate mimics, particularly as glycosidase inhibitors. 3 One of the main synthetic strategies used for the construction of carbasugars is the transformation of carbohydrates to carbocycles. 4 Among the methods available for the transformation is the intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition (INC) reaction which has been used particularly for the synthesis of amino carbasugars. 5 By employing such a method, we had previously synthesised compounds 1 and 2, as key intermediates for the synthesis of shikimic acid. 5e To further our work in this area, we decided to replace the methylene group in these amino carbasugars with a difluoromethylene group, reasoning that these fluorinated compounds would have modified biological activities due to the electronic and stereoelectronic effects associated with the fluorines. 6 In this communication, we report the synthesis of difluorinated carbasugar 3 from D-ribose.

The synthesis of the disaccharides α-L-Fucp-(1,2)- and α-L-Fucp-(1,3)-β-D-Galp(1)-4-methylumbelliferone as fucosidase substrates was accomplished by activation of the anomeric centre of 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl- and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α,β-L-fuco- and -D-galactopyranosyl propane-1,3-diyl phosphates with TMSOTf and with minimal protection of 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside.

Activation of the anomeric centre of 1- O -2,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl- d -mannopyranosyl propane-1,3-diyl phosphate in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate allowed the preparation of α- or β-manno-linked glycosides.

A stereoselective synthesis of sphingadienine 3 as a new analogue of sphingosine has been achieved by a novel copper-catalyzed S=N2' type homoallylic coupling reaction between an allylic mesylate and a thioether-stabilized allylic carbanion

Deoxy-3,3-difluoroshikimic acid 2 and its 4-epimer 3 as new analogues of shikimic acid have been synthesised from quinic acid in overall yields of 30% and 12%, respectively. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Shikimic acid 1 is an important intermediate in the biosynthetic sequence known as the shikimate pathway which operates in plants, fungi and microorganisms to convert carbohydrate precursors to essential aromatic -amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan). 1 The lack of the shikimate pathway in mammals has spurred an intense search for specific enzyme inhibitors along the pathway as potential herbicides and antimicrobial agents, particularly following the discovery of N- phosphonomethylglycine which specifically inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. 2 Very recently the existence of a functional shikimate pathway in apicoplexan parasites was reported, 3 which thus provides attractive targets for the development of new antiparasite agents. As a consequence of the interest shown in the pathway, increasing effort has been directed towards the synthesis of analogues of the pathway intermediates, particularly that of shikimic acid. 4 So far, the func- tionalisation of the cyclohexene ring of shikimic acid includes the introduction of 2-fluoro, 5,6 2-bromo, 6 2-chloro, 7 3-hydroxymethyl, 8 3-amino, 9,10 3 -a nd 3-fluoro, 11 3-chloro, 11 b 5-amino, 12,13 5- hydroxymethyl, 14 6 -a nd 6-amino, 15 6 -a nd 6-fluoro, 15,16 6-hydroxy, 15,17,18 and 6-mercapto 15 groups. In this communication, we describe the first examples of the synthesis of difluoro-substituted shikimic acids 2 and 3 from natural quinic acid.

Activation of the anomeric centre of suitably protected l -fucopyranose and d -galactopyranose with propane-1,3-diyl phosphate allowed the synthesis of the disaccharide α- l -Fucp-(1,2)-β- d -Galp(1)-4-methylumbelliferone as a fucosidase substrate.