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Background, Objective: We studied the effectiveness and safety of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) preexposure prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Healthcare workers (HCWs) previous studies being inconclusive due to small sample and lack of risk stratification Design and setting: Prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study in 44 hospitals in 17 Indian states during May-Sept 2020 Participants: 12089 Consenting Doctors, nurses, ancillary staff likely exposed to COVID-19 patients irrespective of whether taking HCQ preexposure prophylaxis (4257) or not(7826) participated,(in 6 data missing) Measurements: Data was collected on a self administered online questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 20.Age above 45 years, diabetes, hypertension, history of COVID contact were independent risk factors for COVID positivity. HCQ intake did not show an independent association. However, when adjusted for other risk factors, HCQ dose as per Government recommendations, 2-3, 4-5 and 6 or more weeks reduced the probability of COVID positivity by 34%, 48%, 72% respectively. COVID free median survival time was higher in non-diabetics, non-hypertensives, persons below 45 years, with no prior exposure to COVID case and those who took HCQ for more than 6 weeks With modeling extent of risk reduction under different scenarios of risk and HCQ intake was 1-65% . Major adverse events reported were GI disorder, palpitation, giddiness and 140 persons discontinued due to adverse events.Limitation of self reporting by HCWs in online form, minimized by specified options,mandatory fields and telephonic verificationConclusion: The study examined individual risk factors including site variations and found that HCQ 800 mg loading followed by 400 mg weekly, dose for more than 2 weeks, reduced the risk of COVID-19, in HCWs, and is a useful option in low resource settings till vaccines are made accessible to all.CTRI/2020/05/025183.

Ectopic position of teeth is not rare. The presence of teeth have been reported in ovaries, testes, anterior mediastinum, and pre-sacral regions. In the maxillo-facial region, teeth have been found in maxillary sinus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, chin, nose, and even orbit. Approximately 50 cases of a tooth in the nasal cavity have been reported in literature. However, an intranasal tooth in cases of cleft lip and palate is comparatively rare. Intranasal teeth can cause problems such as nasal obstruction, chronic rhinorrhea and speech problems. Sometimes however, they are totally symptom-free. We present here an interesting case of an intranasal tooth in a four year-old-boy, who was operated on for cleft lip and alveolus at 6 months of age. The intranasal tooth did not cause any symptoms. The tooth was extracted under general anaesthesia when it was found to be very loosely attached to the nasal mucosa. The case is discussed in the light of relevant literature on intranasal teeth in cases of cleft lip and palate.

The effect ofadenosine modulating drugs was studied in the FeCl 3 -induced model of parkinsonism in rats. In rats bearing unilateral FeCl 3 induced lesion of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway, stimulation of adenosine receptors with adenosine, dose-dependently reduced the ipsilateral rotations induced by apomorphine. A specific agonist of adenosine A 2A receptor, CGS-21680, also completely blocked the rotations while the specific A 2 receptor antagonist, CGS-15943A, potentiated rotations induced by apomorphine. The nonspecific adenosine antagonist, theophylline (50 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated stereotypy behavior although blocking rotations. This study provides evidence for a negative postsynaptic interaction between dopamine and adenosine receptors.

Adenosine has been demonstrated to have an anticonvulsant action which is mediated predominantly by the adenosine A 1 receptor subtype, The present study was conducted to determine if the adenosinergic system and adenosine A 1 receptors are involved in the anticonvulsant action of the antiepileptic drugs phenobarbitone and carbamazepine, in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. The specific adenosine A 1 receptor antagonist, DPCPX (1 mg/kg i.p. ), had no effect on the anticonvulsant action of the two antiepileptic drugs. However, the nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist, theophylline (50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. ), reversed the anticonvulsant action of carbamazepine completely and that of phenobarbitone partially. This suggests that adenosine A 1 receptors do not mediate the anticonvulsant effects of these agents. When phenobarbitone/carbamazepine were coadministered with adenosine/N b -cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a specific adenosine A 1 receptor agonist, an enhancement in protection against PTZ-inducea seizures was observed. The diversity of anticonvulsant mechanism of carbamazepine/phenobarbitone and that of adenosinergic agent, could be responsible for this effect.