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The various surgical options for lacrimal tract reconstruction include canaliculodacryocystorhinostomy; fundal transposition; Conjunctivodacrocystorhinostomy with Jones tube; and in extreme cases conjunctivo-rhinostomy (CR) for total lacrimal bypass. The first three require partial lacrimal tract presence/ integrity while CR is indicated when the canaliculi and/or sac are nonfunctional. This report describes a novel technique of minimally invasive CR through a predominantly endoscopic endonasal approach and further discusses its advantages over other established techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let $G/K$ be an irreducible symmetric space, where G is a noncompact, connected Lie group and K is a compact, connected subgroup. We use decay properties of the spherical functions to show that the convolution product of any $r=r(G/K)$ continuous orbital measures has its density function in $L^{2}(G)$ and hence is an absolutely continuous measure with respect to the Haar measure. The number r is approximately the rank of $G/K$. For the special case of the orbital measures, $\nu _{a_{i}}$ , supported on the double cosets $Ka_{i}K$ , where $a_{i}$ belongs to the dense set of regular elements, we prove the sharp result that $\nu _{a_{1}}\ast \nu _{a_{2}}\in L^{2},$ except for the symmetric space of Cartan class $AI$ when the convolution of three orbital measures is needed (even though $\nu _{a_{1}}\ast \nu _{a_{2}}$ is absolutely continuous). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We characterize the absolute continuity of convolution products of orbital measures on the classical, irreducible Riemannian symmetric spaces G / K of Cartan type III , where G is a non-compact, connected Lie group and K is a compact, connected subgroup. By the orbital measures, we mean the uniform measures supported on the double cosets, KzK , in G . The characterization can be expressed in terms of dimensions of eigenspaces or combinatorial properties of the annihilating roots of the elements z . A consequence of our work is to show that the convolution product of any rank G / K , continuous, K -bi-invariant measures is absolutely continuous in any of these symmetric spaces, other than those whose restricted root system is type A n or D 3 , when rank G / K +1 is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G/K be a noncompact symmetric space, Gc/K its compact dual, 픤=픨⊕픭 the Cartan decomposition of the Lie algebra 픤 of G, 픞 a maximal abelian subspace of 픭, H be an element of 픞, a=exp (H) , and ac =exp (iH) . In this paper, we prove that if for some positive integer r, νrac is absolutely continuous with respect to the Haar measure on Gc, then νra is absolutely continuous with respect to the left Haar measure on G, where νac (respectively νa) is the K-bi-invariant orbital measure supported on the double coset KacK (respectively KaK). We also generalize a result of Gupta and Hare [‘Singular dichotomy for orbital measures on complex groups’, Boll. Unione Mat. Ital. (9) III (2010), 409–419] to general noncompact symmetric spaces and transfer many of their results from compact symmetric spaces to their dual noncompact symmetric spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Pain perception, expression, tolerance, and the healthcare provider’s evaluation and management of pain are affected by the gender of the patient. To the best of our knowledge, there is lack of gender-based evaluation of pain during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia. Aims: This study has been initiated to evaluate and determine pain experience during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia and to study the gender-based differences of the same. Settings and Design: Hospital-based study involving cataract surgery under topical anesthesia using standard cataract surgery. It was an interventional comparative case series. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty patients were included in four groups, according to the gender and choice of surgery. Patients underwent either phacoemulsification with foldable intra ocular lens (IOL) or manual small incision cataract surgery with rigid IOL under topical anesthesia. Patients ranked their pain experience on VAS scale after the surgery and the surgeon recorded the ease/difficulty accordingly using a questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: MedCalc version 10.2.0.0 (www.medcalc.be) for windows was used to analyze the results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Kruskal-Walis test were used to analyze the data. Results: The overall visual analog scale (VAS) score was 0.8 (SD 1.3 range 0-8), with no statistical difference among the groups (P=0.5). The average surgeon’s score was 3.3 (SD 0.71 range 3-7), with no statistical difference between the groups (P=0.37).There were no sight threatening complications during the surgery in any group. Conclusions: The outcome of the study demonstrates that the patients undergoing cataract surgery under topical anesthesia perceive comparable pain and discomfort irrespective of their gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We prove that for any classical, compact, simple, connected Lie group G, the G-invariant orbital measures supported on non-trivial conjugacy classes satisfy a surprising -singular dichotomy: Either or is singular to the Haar measure on G. The minimum exponent k for which is specified; it depends on Lie properties of the element . As a corollary, we complete the solution to a classical problem – to determine the minimum exponent k such that for all central, continuous measures μ on G. Our approach to the singularity problem is geometric and involves studying the size of tangent spaces to the products of the conjugacy classes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We prove that in any compact symmetric space, G/K, there is a dense set of a1; a2 ϵ G such that if μj = mK * δaj * mk is the K-bi-invariant measure supported on KajK, then μ1 * μ2 is absolutely continuous with respect to Haar measure on G. Moreover, the product of double cosets, Ka1Ka2K, has nonempty interior in G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor in response to the article "Comparison of different techniques of cataract surgery in bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber in diabetic and non-diabetic population" published in a previous issue of the periodical is presented.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Retinoblastoma: Achieving new standards with methods of chemotherapy" by S. Kaliki, C. L. Shields, published in a previous issue of 2015 is presented.

Purpose: To evaluate the outcome of transscleral fixation of closed loop haptic acrylic posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) in aphakia in nonvitrectomized eyes.Materials and Methods: Patients with postcataract surgery aphakia, trauma with posterior capsule injury, subluxated crystalline lens, and per operative complications where sulcus implantation was not possible were included over a 1-year period. Scleral fixation of acrylic hydrophilic PCIOL was performed according to the described technique, and the patients were evaluated on the day 1, 3, 14, and at 3 and 12 months postoperatively for IOL centration, pseudophakodonesis, change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and any other complications.Results: Out of twenty-nine eyes of 24 patients, who completed the study, 25 (86.2%) eyes had improved, 2 (6.9%) eyes showed no change, and 2 (6.9%) eyes had worsening of BCVA. Three (10.3%) eyes developed postoperative complications. A significant improvement in mean BCVA (P < 0.0001) was observed after the procedure. Mean duration of follow-up was 26.2 months (range 22-35 months).Conclusion: The use of closed loop haptic acrylic IOL for scleral fixation appears to be safe and effective alternative to conventional scleral fixated polymethyl methacrylate intraocular lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate a simplified method for correction of ocular deviation in patients of infantile and acquired basic esotropia. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six consecutive patients of infantile and acquired basic esotropia were selected for this study. Patients underwent unilateral recession- resection surgery as per the new norm gram. Patients underwent 3.5-7 mm recession of medial rectus (MR) in one eye depending on the pre-operative deviation and patient's age. Together they also underwent 6 or 7 mm resection of the lateral rectus (LR) in the same eye depending on patient's age (6 mm for 3 years and below and 7 mm for older age). In patients 3 years and below, a correction of 6, 7, or 8 PD/mm of recession of MR was expected when the pre-operative deviation was lesser than 30 PD, between 30 and 60 PD, or above 60 PD, respectively. Similarly, these values were 5, 6, and 7 PD/mm of MR recession in patients above 3 years. A ratio between achieved and expected correction was calculated and the calculation was deemed successful for a patient if this ratio fell between 0.9 and 1.1. Results: The calculation procedure was successful in 33 out of 36 patients (91%). The two-tailed probability on paired Wilcoxon test was 0.187. Conclusions: This simplified method of surgical dosage calculation using MR recession as basis is predictable in patients of infantile and basic Esotropia. It may serve as a useful tool for minimizing variability of surgical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common ocular malignancy in children, and is managed by multimodal treatment. There is a paucity of data regarding the clinical profile and outcome of children with extraocular retinoblastoma from Low Middle Income Countries (LMIC) including India. Case records of children with newly diagnosed extraocular RB from January 2013 to August 2016 treated at our unit were analysed for clinical profile, treatment, and outcome. Over the 44 month study period, 91 children were diagnosed with RB, out of which 41 had extraocular disease. While 26 children had extraocular spread limited to orbit (IRSS stage III), 15 had a distant spread to brain (IRSS stage IV). Median lag period for diagnosis was eight months. Treatment abandonment rates were 38.5% and 46.6% in International Retinoblastoma Staging System (IRSS) stage III and IV respectively. With a median follow up of 31.5 months, the projected overall survival for IRSS III at one, two, and three years was 87.5%, 55.6%, and 39.7%. All patients with stage IV disease died after a median follow up duration of three months. High treatment abandonment rates and limited availability of resources lead to suboptimal survival in children with extraocular RB from LMIC. Initiatives aimed at improving early diagnosis, so that the disease is detected in the intraocular stage, are critical to improve the survival in children with RB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented regarding the case of a 30-year-old lady who experienced vitreous hemorrhage after an inadvertent intra-ocular injection of intra-ocular botulinum toxin injection.