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A catalyst with high NO conversion rate and good sulfur resistance is the key to CO-SCR. Herein, the V-doped OMS-2 molecular sieves were successfully synthesized through the hydrothermal method. The resulting catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM) and specific surface area analyzer (BET). The results showed that the addition of V increased the average grain size of OMS-2 and the concentration of oxygen vacancies. Meanwhile, V replaced the K site in OMS-2 and participated in the oxidation-reduction reaction together with Mn. Compared with the V0-OMS-2, the NO conversion rate of V0.2-OMS-2 in a sulfur-free environment increased from 60% to 81% at 150 °C and 75%–94% at 300 °C. The NO conversion rate could still maintain as 80% at 300 °C in a sulfur-containing environment.

Background: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychological disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts, heightened arousal, avoidance, and flashbacks. Cognitive flexibility dysfunction has been linked with the emergence of PTSD, including response inhibition deficits and impaired attentional switching, which results in difficulties for PTSD patients when disengaging attention from trauma-related stimuli. However, the molecular mechanisms of cognitive flexibility deficits remain unclear. Methods: The animals were exposed to a single prolonged stress and electric foot shock (SPS&S) procedure to induce PTSD-like features. Once the model was established, the changes in cognitive flexibility were assessed using an attentional set-shifting task (ASST) in order to investigate the effects of traumatic stress on cognitive flexibility. Additionally, the molecular alterations of certain proteins (AMPA Receptor 1 (GluA1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were measured using Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results: The SPS&S model exhibited PTSD-like behaviors and induced reversal learning and set-shifting ability deficit in the ASST. These behavioral changes are accompanied by decreased GluA1, BDNF, and PSD95 protein expression in the mPFC. Further analysis showed a correlative relationship between the behavioral and molecular alterations. Conclusions: The SPS&S model induced cognitive flexibility deficits, and the potential underlying mechanism could be mediated by GluA1-related BDNF signaling in the mPFC.

The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and distribution of lower extremity entheseal abnormities by musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) in a cohort of gout patients, taking spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients and asymptomatic hyperuricemia (HUA) patients as controls.One hundred participants with gout, fifty patients with SpA, and twenty-nine patients with asymptomatic HUA were recruited. US was used to assess the bilateral quadriceps, patellar and Achilles tendons, and plantar fascia entheses according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) definitions.The US examination revealed the presence of one or more abnormalities in at least one enthesis in 45 out of 100 subjects (45.0%) and 152 out of 1000 entheses (15.2%) in the gout patients. Among the affected entheses, the patellar insertion of the quadriceps tendon was the most commonly involved area (38.0% in the gout patients versus 48.0% in the SpA patients with at least one pathological US finding, p = 0.241). There were no significant group differences in entheseal power Doppler (PD) signals, bone erosion, or enthesophytes. The patients with lower limb entheseal involvement in the gout group had an older age, longer disease duration, higher percentage of chronic tophaceous gout, and higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (OR = 1.052, p = 0.001) and the ESR (OR = 1.023, p = 0.028) were correlated with lower limb enthesopathy in gout patients. In the subgroup analysis of gout patients without active inflammation, age (OR = 1.119, p = 0.001) and serum uric acid (UA, OR = 1.012, p = 0.002) were correlated with lower limb enthesopathy in gout.Lower extremity entheseal involvement might be neglected but should be considered as an important element in the evaluation of gout patients. Enthesopathy most frequently involves in the patellar insertion of the quadriceps tendon and is characterized by entheseal hypoechogenicity and/or thickening. Key Points • Lower extremity enthesopathy might be neglected as an important element in gout. • Enthesopathy is most frequently involved in the patellar insertion of the quadriceps tendon in gout. • Age and ESR are correlated with lower limb enthesopathy in gout patients.

The effects of CaF2 (1–5 wt.%) on the glass structure, crystallisation behaviour, sinterability, microstructure, and properties of a CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic system were investigated. The results show that the glass transition temperature, crystallisation peak temperature and the activation energy for crystallisation decreased with the addition of CaF2. The crystallisation of diopside was initiated at the particle boundaries and followed with progressive advancing towards the centre. The enhanced crystallisation for CaF2-containing samples was observed and is likely due to the depolymerisation of the glass structure. However, the enrichment of Ca–2F complexes resulted in fluorite phase precipitation at the crystallisation front of the diopside phase when the CaF2 addition exceeded 3 wt.%. The hindered viscous flow sintering from a lower crystallisation temperature led to a decline in the sintering shrinkage, the extent of which was proportional to the amount of added CaF2. Plastic deformation was observed along with the newly-formed amorphous phase as the sintering temperature approached the glass melting point, which benefits densification. The performance analysis reveals that the fabricated glass-ceramics with the proper addition of CaF2 exhibited significant improvements in its density and bending strength. Whereas, the Vickers hardness, water absorption and chemical resistance all decreased.

This study explores the roles of Fe2O3 (3–5 wt%) and/or MgO (0.6–2.4 wt%) on the crystallization behaviour, microstructure, sinterability and mechanical properties of 17.02CaO-7.04Al2O3-58.84SiO2 (CAS, wt%) glass-ceramics. With increasing Fe2O3 and/or MgO contents, the peak temperature of glass crystallization decreased, and the main crystal phase (wollastonite) was suppressed, while the secondary phases of hardystonite and diopside were crystallized and promoted. Wollastonite crystals grew larger, and their distribution became scattered as Fe2O3 and/or MgO contents increased. The concentrations of elemental Fe and Zn in the glass matrix influence the formation of hardystonite (Ca2ZnSi2O7), and Mg2+ can participate in the formation of diopside and melilite-type solid solution Ca2ZnSi2O7-Ca2MgSi2O7. Vickers hardness was decreased by the increasing amount of glass matrix while density was increased. The optimum heat treatment temperature range of the CAS glass-ceramics was narrowed by the addition of Fe2O3 and/or MgO due to rapid crystallization and a degree of fusion or overburning.

Review Review of Combustion Performance Improvement and Nitrogen-Containing Pollutant Control in the Pure Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Chun Lu 1, Wei Chen 1,2, Qingsong Zuo 1, Guohui Zhu 1, Yi Zhang 3, and Zhengbai Liu 4,* 1 School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China 2 Foshan Green Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute of Xiangtan University, Foshan 528311, China 3 School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China 4 School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China * Correspondence: liuzb3@sustc.edu.cn Received: 24 September 2022 Accepted: 21 November 2022 Published: 25 December 2022 Abstract: Hydrogen energy is regarded as the best form to achieve the dual-carbon strategic goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. It is well-known that hydrogen energy has the characteristics of zero carbon, green, high energy, and renewable. Recently, the pure hydrogen internal combustion engine (PH-ICE) has become one of the essential directions of hydrogen energy application due to its outstanding advantages, such as no carbon emission, high efficiency, high reliability, and low pollution. So far, the PH-ICE has aroused great attention from both domestic and foreign auto companies and research institutions. This paper first introduces the latest development status of PH-ICE. Secondly, from the in-engine and out-engine technologies aspects of the PH-ICE, a comprehensive summary of its combustion performance improvement and nitrogen oxide control technology is given. Finally, the future challenges and development trends of the hydrogen ICE are discussed.

This study illuminates the role of low amounts of magnesia (≤ 3 wt%) on the crystallization behaviour of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics. Differential thermal analysis demonstrates that the peak temperature and activation energy for crystallization decrease with the addition of MgO. The crystallization pattern changes from one-dimensional crystallization to two-dimensional growth, as indicated by higher values of the Avrami parameter (n) with increasing MgO contents. Analyses of the Rietveld refinement of XRD data, FTIR, Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopy reveal that MgO causes a simple change in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics, which form an Mg-containing solid solution (Ca1-xMgxSiO3; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) by replacement of some of the CaO with small amounts of MgO. When the MgO content increases to 1.8 wt%, diopside is primarily formed at the interfaces of sintered glass frits, acting as nucleation sites for the inward growth of wollastonite. The density of glass-ceramics increases with magnesia addition. Their hardness is strongly influenced by the phase species present, and can be enhanced by the crystallization of diopside.

The vibrating flip-flow screen (VFFS) is a high-efficiency device currently used for deep screening of moist fine-grained materials. During VFFS operation, the normal operation of the screen is affected by fatigue damage to the shear springs arranged symmetrically on both sides of the screen, leading to equipment failures and disruption production. In this paper, the shear spring&rsquo, s static and dynamic characteristics in different operation conditions were studied using the INSTRON 8801 fatigue test system and Dynacell dynamic sensors. Using an experimental test of shear spring stiffness and damping coefficients, the effects of some factors, i.e., temperature, hardness, amplitude and frequency, were studied. The results show that the temperature of the shear spring on the left side of the flip-flow screen was higher than that of the right side (driving side). With an increase in temperature, the stiffness of the shear spring decreased. With the increase in amplitude, the dynamic stiffness decreased and the damping coefficients did not change, with the increase in frequency, the dynamic stiffness increased and the damping coefficient decreased. At the same amplitude, with the increase in hardness of the shear spring, the dynamic stiffness increased. Finally, the stiffness and damping coefficients of the shear spring before and after tearing were obviously reduced. These research results reveal the relationship of the characteristics of a shear spring with operational conditions, and could provide a theoretical reference for the design of the VFFS and the selection of the shear spring.

For a vehicle engine, it usually operates under transient conditions, and the transient behaviors represent its actual performance. In order to improve the actual performance of GDI engine during vehicle driving cycles, the vehicle test was conducted under new European driving cycle (NEDC), and the thermodynamics, combustion and emission characteristics were tested. Then, the transient performance of GDI engine was compared with the steady-state behaviors. In this way, the differences in various performance parameters under NEDC and steady-state conditions were demonstrated, and the reasons were revealed. Results show that, the spark timing, start of combustion (SOC), ignition delay, 50% combustion location and 10–90% combustion duration of GDI engine under NEDC deviate from their steady-state values seriously especially at low load, resulting in the large combustion instability. The consistency of pumping mean effective pressure (PMEP) under NEDC and steady-state conditions is satisfactory, while the indicated thermal efficiency has a large fluctuation during NEDC, and in most cases it is lower than the steady-state values. Both the transient HC and CO emissions are larger than the steady-state values especially at low load, while the transient NOx emission during NEDC is less than the steady-state values. All those not only demonstrated the change rules of combustion and emission characteristics of GDI engine under NEDC, but also provided guidance for improving the actual performance of vehicle engine.

The tensile properties of TiNi43.5Fe6.5 alloy samples having different grain sizes (0.16, 0.35, 1.7, 2.3, and 3.9 μm) and fabricated by severe plastic deformation and annealing were investigated. I...

In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of a turbocharged GDI engine under cold start NEDC were investigated based on chassis dynamometer test. The operating states, combustion and emission performance of GDI engine were measured continuously during vehicle driving cycles. Then, the combustion and emission characteristics of GDI engine under cold start NEDC were obtained and the influence factors were revealed by synchronous analysis of various operating parameters. The results show that, the combustion duration from start of combustion (SOC) to 50% combustion location changes a little under cold start NEDC. At most time, the 10–90% combustion duration usually changes in the range of 20–40 °CA, which turns longer under idling conditions but shorter under acceleration conditions. Since the sparking timing is severely retarded in the beginning stages of NEDC, the effect of cold start on hydrocarbon (HC) emission is very limited. HC emission increases sharply under deceleration conditions, due to the decrease of engine indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). Carbon monoxide (CO) emission does not seem to have relevance to the cold start condition, and it is very sensitive to excess air coefficient while the effects of other parameters are very little. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission increases under acceleration conditions but decreases under deceleration conditions, which is mainly influenced by the IMEP, then followed by engine speed. All those not only demonstrated the change rules of combustion and emission characteristics of turbocharged GDI engine under cold start NEDC, but also provided the guidance for improving the vehicle emission performance.

In order to improve the uneven flow of exhaust in traditional catalytic gasoline particulate filter system (C-GPFs) and improve the regeneration performances under low-temperature conditions, the new C-GPFs integrated regeneration model is established and explored. In this work, firstly, the NO catalytic rate and soot combustion rate are defined as the evaluation indicators of the new C-GPFs integrated regeneration performances. Secondly, based on the numerical simulation software, the regeneration performances of the new C-GPFs with and without electric heating are compared and analyzed, and the calculation model is verified based on the engine experiments. Then, the effects of four different structure parameters on the regeneration performances of the new C-GPFs are studied. Finally, through the orthogonal experiments, the influence weights of the four parameters on NO catalytic rate, soot combustion rate, and pressure drop are explored, and the new C-GPFs are optimized under simulation conditions. The results show that after optimization, the NO catalytic rate is enhanced by 2.1%, the soot combustion rate is enhanced by 11.9%, and the pressure drop is increased by 3%. This work provides an important reference value for improving the integrated regeneration performance of the C-GPFs in a gasoline engine.

The single variable sweeping tests about the influence factors of in-cylinder combustion and heat release processes of gasoline engine were carried out based on a special test engine with open electronic control unit (ECU). Through secondary development on tested data, the characteristic parameters of three stages of premixed combustion processes were quantitatively studied and the common rules were summarized. On this basis, the semi-empirical models for combustion characteristic parameters were derived, and the quantitative relations between combustion characteristic parameters and engine operating parameters, including speed, load, spark advance angle and excess air coefficient, etc., have been built. Furthermore, the proposed semi-empirical models were applied to other engines, which were proved to be of satisfactory accuracy and reliability. The effects of excess air coefficient, RGF, load and intake tumble on combustion rate are mainly reflected in SA (spark advance)-10% combustion duration rather than 10–90% combustion duration, and the spark advance angle has little influence on SA-50% combustion duration. The summarized common rules and the proposed semi-empirical models can be used to predict the combustion characteristic parameters of engine, which is helpful for simulating and optimizing the in-cylinder working process of engine especially in design and development stage.

In order to evaluate and improve the fuel utilization efficiency of gasoline-powered vehicle, the vehicle energy flow test was conducted on chassis dynamometer under the NEDC of cold starting. Based on the tested data, the vehicle energy balance was built under the whole NEDC. Research results show that the distributions of various kinds of energy flow were largely influenced by vehicle operating conditions. Apart from idling conditions, the brake thermal efficiency of internal combustion engine (ICE) is mainly between 10% and 35%. At the initial stage of NEDC, the brake thermal efficiency is very low due to the cold starting. Under urban driving cycle (UDC), the percentage of pumping loss is usually below 10%, and under extra urban driving cycle (EUDC), it further decreases and even approaches to zero. The exhaust gas energy flow is mainly influenced by the mass flow rate of exhaust gas, while its percentage in total fuel energy depends largely on exhaust gas temperature. In general, the coolant energy flow is less sensitive to the ICE operating conditions, but its percentage fluctuates wildly under the transient conditions of NEDC. In most cases, the percentage of ICE coolant energy flow is between 13% and 35% with dramatic fluctuations, and the sudden deceleration of vehicle causes the generation of sharp peaks of the percentages of pumping loss and coolant energy flow.

To improve the economy and emission performance of gasoline engine under part load, the approach of exhaust gas recirculation coupling with intake tumble was investigated by bench testing. Based on a naturally aspirated gasoline engine, the sweeping test of exhaust gas recirculation rate was conducted in two intake modes (with/without intake tumble), and the parameters related to engine heat-work conversion process and emission performance were measured. Through comparing and analyzing the measured data, the effects of exhaust gas recirculation coupling with intake tumble on gasoline engine economy and emission performance were revealed. The results show that pumping loss decreases gradually while in-cylinder residual gas fraction increases linearly with the exhaust gas recirculation rate increasing; the high-pressure cycle efficiency ascends with exhaust gas recirculation rate increasing due to the decrease of heat transfer loss and exhaust gas energy loss. Thus, the improvement of indicated thermal efficiency is the superposition of double benefits of low-pressure cycle and high-pressure cycle. At 1600 r/min and 2.94 bar, the indicated thermal efficiency can be increased by 4.29%. With the increase of exhaust gas recirculation rate, nitrogen oxide emissions almost fall linearly, but hydrocarbon and carbonic oxide emissions have no obvious change in the effective range of exhaust gas recirculation rate. The biggest advantage of intake tumble is that it can extend the effective range of exhaust gas recirculation rate. As a result, the potential of energy conservation and emission reduction of exhaust gas recirculation is largely improved.

In eukaryotic cells, transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope is an essential process that ensures rapid exchange of cellular components, including protein and RNA molecules. Chromatin regulators involved in epigenetic control are among the molecules exported across the nuclear envelope, but the significance of this nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking is not well understood. Here, we use a forward screen to isolate XPO1A (a nuclear export receptor in Arabidopsis) as an anti-silencing factor that protects transgenes from transcriptional silencing. Loss-of-function of XPO1A leads to locus-specific DNA hypermethylation at transgene promoters and some endogenous loci. We found that XPO1A directly interacts with histone deacetylase HDA6 in vivo and that the xpo1a mutation causes increased nuclear retention of HDA6 protein and results in reduced histone acetylation and enhanced transgene silencing. Our results reveal a new mechanism of epigenetic regulation through the modulation of XPO1A-dependent nucleo-cytoplasm partitioning of a chromatin regulator.

WD40 repeat-containing proteins (WD40 proteins) serve as versatile scaffolds for protein–protein interactions, modulating a variety of cellular processes such as plant stress and hormone responses. Here we report the identification of a WD40 protein, XIW1 (for XPO1-interacting WD40 protein 1), which positively regulates the abscisic acid (ABA) response in Arabidopsis. XIW1 is located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. We found that it interacts with the nuclear transport receptor XPO1 and is exported by XPO1 from the nucleus. Mutation of XIW1 reduces the induction of ABA-responsive genes and the accumulation of ABA Insensitive 5 (ABI5), causing mutant plants with ABA-insensitive phenotypes during seed germination and seedling growth, and decreased drought stress resistance. ABA treatment upregulates the expression of XIW1, and both ABA and abiotic stresses promote XIW1 accumulation in the nucleus, where it interacts with ABI5. Loss of XIW1 function results in rapid proteasomal degradation of ABI5. Taken together, these findings suggest that XIW1 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein and plays a positive role in ABA responses by interacting with and maintaining the stability of ABI5 in the nucleus.

The soot combustion performance of catalytic gasoline particulate filter regeneration system (C-GPFs) can be significantly improved by increasing the temperature of gasoline exhaust gas at low-temperature conditions. In this paper, firstly, the soot oxidation rate is introduced as an evaluation index for the combustion performance of C-GPFs, and a suitable electric heating power is defined. Secondly, based on the computational fluid dynamics software, the traditional and improved electric heating C-GPFs combustion performance is compared and analyzed, and the accuracy of the improved electric heating C-GPFs model is verified through experiments. Finally, the effects of critical exhaust parameters on the soot combustion performance and electric energy consumption of the electric heating C-GPFs is studied by numerical simulation. The results of the study show that: the electric energy consumption under the suitable electric heating power is reduced by 49.6% as the exhaust flow rate decreases from 0.023 kg/s to 0.017 kg/s. The electric energy consumption under the suitable electric heating power is reduced by 50.4% as the exhaust temperature increases from 558 K to 588 K. The electric energy consumption under the suitable electric heating power is reduced by 31.6% as the exhaust oxygen concentration increases from 1.6% to 2.4%. The electric energy consumption under the suitable electric heating power is reduced by 34.7% as the exhaust NO concentration increases from 0.08% to 0.12%. Finally, this work provides a direction for improving the soot combustion performance in gasoline engines at low-temperatures.

The high pollutant emissions during the cold start of gasoline engines have aggravated the greenhouse effect and environmental pollution problems. In order to better control the pollutant emissions during cold start and save power consumption, an improved catalytic gasoline engine particulate filter regeneration system (C-GPFs) with electric heating is proposed, and its combustion performance is studied. In this work, firstly, the soot oxidation rate is introduced as an evaluation index of the combustion performance, and the suitable electric heating power is defined. Secondly, the combustion performances of traditional and improved electric heating C-GPFs are compared and analyzed. The results show that when the electric heating power is the same, the length and volume of the improved C-GPFs are smaller, and the soot oxidation rate is higher. Then, the effects of critical filter structure parameters on the combustion performance and electric energy consumption of the improved electric heating C-GPFs is studied by numerical simulation. The results show that when the filter cell density increases from 250 cpsi to 400 cpsi, the filter wall thickness decreases from 0.45 mm to 0.35 mm, the α ratio decreases from 3:2 to 2:3, and the filter diameter increases from 90 mm to 110 mm, the electric energy consumption when reaching the suitable electric heating power is reduced by 17%, 13.2%, 30.4%, and 21%, respectively. Finally, this work provides a reference value for improving the pollutant emission control effect and saving power consumption during the cold start of the gasoline engines.

In catalytic gasoline particulate filter (CGPF), the higher soot oxidation rate and lower pressure drop symbolize the good soot combustion performance. In this work, the index for evaluating the catalytic efficiency is defined. Then, the effects of filter structural parameter on the catalytic efficiency and soot combustion performance of CGPF when it reaches equilibrium state are investigated through numerical simulation. The change rules of gasoline engine power and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) are analyzed by using the GT-power software. The results indicate that properly increasing the filter porosity, filter length, and filter diameter, or decreasing the filter wall thickness is beneficial for the improvement of soot combustion performance. For practical application, CGPF will obtain the best soot combustion performance when the filter porosity is 0.46, the filter wall thickness is 0.2 mm, the filter length is 200 mm, and the filter diameter is 158 mm. Comparing the optimized structural size with the initial structural size, the catalytic efficiency increases by 5.3%, the soot oxidation rate increases by 24.1%, and the pressure drop decreases by 37.5%. Based on GT-power modeling and analysis, the optimized CGPF reduces the BSFC by 2.6% and increases the power by 8.9%.

This work aimed to further improve the combustion performance in a diesel Wankel engine by optimizing the assisted ignition strategy. Based on the established and verified dynamic simulation model, the effects of some key assisted ignition parameters, such as the number of assisted spark plug, assisted ignition position (AIP) and assisted ignition timing (AIT) on combustion performance were analyzed systematically. Simulation results indicated that the reaction process occurred in the mid-anterior region of the rotary chamber due to the stratified-charge mixture and forward-propagate flame. The combustion performance of the double assisted spark plug schemes was better than that of the single assisted spark plug scheme. The double assisted spark plugs symmetrically distributed relative to the major axis (X-axis) of the rotary chamber, the combustion process was more reasonable. When changing AIP, peak combustion pressure (Pmax) and combustion zone varied greatly, while they changed little when advancing AIT. For the optimized assisted ignition strategies, the optimal AIP scheme was Case5 (0, −88.5, ±15 mm) and the optimum AIT scheme was Case7 (35°CA BTDC). Comparing with the original scheme (Case1), their Pmax increased by 16.68% and 17.83%, respectively. Meanwhile, the CA50 and CA10-90 were shortened obviously.

WD40 repeat-containing protein (WD40 protein) acts as versatile scaffolds for protein interactions and participates in a variety of biological processes, such as plant stress and hormone responses. In a recent study, we show that XPO1-Interacting WD40 protein 1 (XIW1) is nuclear accumulated by abscisic acid (ABA), which interacts with ABA insensitive 5 (ABI5) in the nucleus and maintains its stability, thereby affecting seed germination and seedling growth. Here, we show that XIW1 promotes salt inhibition of seed germination (SSG). Mutation of XIW1 reduced the induction of ABI5 and ABA-responsive genes under salt treatment, causing mutant plants with high seed germination and suppression of SSG. In addition, we found that salt treatment facilities XIW1 accumulation in the nucleus. These findings reveal the important role of XIW1 in the regulation of SSG and provide a possible mechanism of XIW1 affecting SSG.

The high NO2 concentration in the gasoline engine exhaust gas is beneficial to improve the regenerative equilibrium performance of the catalytic particulate filter regeneration system. In this work, the effect of exhaust parameters on NO conversion efficiency of a dual-carrier catalytic converter is simulated. The reliable operating temperature range and NO2 mass fraction distribution of dual-carrier catalytic converter under different exhaust parameters are analyzed and the simulation results are verified by the experimental values. The main results are presented as follows: (1) The maximum of NO conversion efficiency is 68% when the exhaust gas temperature is 600 K. (2) The maximum value of NO conversion efficiency is increased by 30% when the exhaust gas flow is reduced from 0.025 kg/s to 0.01 kg/s (3)The maximum value of NO conversion efficiency is increased by 14% when the oxygen concentration from the exhaust is increased from 1.4% to 5%. (4) The orthogonal experimental results show that when the exhaust gas temperature is constant at 600 K, the exhaust gas flow has the most significant influence on the NO conversion efficiency. Finally, some guidelines are proposed to improve the NO conversion efficiency of the dual-carrier catalytic converter.