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Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application ensures crop production and food security worldwide. N-controlled boosting of shoot branching that is also referred as tillering can improve planting density for increasing grain yield of cereals. Here, we report that Sugar Transporter Protein 28 (OsSTP28) as a key regulator of N-responsive tillering and yield formation in rice. N supply inhibits the expression of OsSTP28, resulting in glucose accumulation in the apoplast of tiller buds, which in turn suppresses the expression of a transcriptional inhibitor ORYZA SATIVA HOMEOBOX 15 (OSH15) via an epigenetic mechanism to activate gibberellin 2-oxidases (GA2oxs)-facilitated gibberellin catabolism in shoot base. Thereby, OsSTP28-OSH15-GA2oxs module reduces the level of bioactive gibberellin in shoot base upon increased N supply, and consequently promotes tillering and grain yield. Moreover, we identify an elite allele of OsSTP28 that can effectively promote N-responsive tillering and yield formation, thus representing a valuable breeding target of N use efficiency improvement for agricultural sustainability.

Objective Focal cervical kyphotic deformity (FCK) without neurologic compression is not uncommon in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) who underwent anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) surgery. It remains unclear whether FCK at non‐responsible levels needs to be treated simultaneously. This study aims to investigate whether FCK at non‐responsible levels is the prognostic factor for CSM and elucidate the surgical indication for FCK. Methods Patients with CSM who underwent ACDF between January 2016 and April 2021 were included. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of FCK and two classifications according to global cervical sagittal alignment. Clinical outcomes were compared using Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and recovery rate (RR) of neurologic function. Univariate and multivariate analysis based on RR assessed the relationship between various possible prognostic factors and clinical outcomes. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to determine the optimal cutoff value of the focal Cobb angle to predict poor clinical outcomes. Results A total of 94 patients were included, 41 with FCK and 53 without. Overall, the RR of neurologic function was significantly lower in the FCK than in the non‐FCK group. Further analysis showed that the RR difference between the two groups was only observed in hypo‐lordosis classification (kyphotic and sigmoid alignment), but not in the lordosis classification. Multivariate analysis showed that the preoperative focal Cobb angle in the FCK level (OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.18–0.97) was independently associated with clinical outcomes in the hypo‐lordosis classification. The optimal cutoff point of the preoperative focal kyphotic Cobb angle was calculated at 4.05°. Conclusion For CSM with hypo‐lordosis, FCK was a risk factor for poor postoperative outcomes. Surgeons may consider treating the FCK simultaneously if the focal kyphotic Cobb angle of FCK is greater than 4.05° and is accompanied by cervical global kyphotic or sigmoid deformity.

ObjectiveAutonomous docking is the key to the cooperative operation of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). However, due to environmental complexity and object characteristics, it is very difficult to achieve precise guidance and docking. In order to improve the accuracy and robustness of underwater docking, this study proposes a vision-guided docking scheme which encompasses vision processing and 3D trajectory tracking control. MethodsFirst, the overall vision-guided docking scheme is designed in combination with an analysis of task and object characteristics. Second, the YOLOv5 neural network is designed to complete the target detection of the underwater docking station, and the online measurement of the relative position and attitude relationship between the docking station and UUV is realized by an efficient perspective-n-point (EPnP) algorithm. Next, combined with the visual measurement results, an effective 3D robust trajectory tracking controller is designed on the basis of the 3D LOS guidance law, radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and terminal sliding mode control (TSMC). Finally, the validity of the proposed scheme is verified through numerical simulation and a tank test. ResultsIn the tank test, the proposed vision-guided control algorithm can effectively complete the online detection and relative positioning of the underwater docking station, thereby achieving precise underwater docking. ConclusionThe results of this study show that the proposed vision-guided 3D trajectory tracking control scheme is reasonable and efficient, and can lay a good foundation for UUV docking.

Abstract The advancement of biomaterials with antimicrobial and wound healing properties continues to present challenges. Macrophages are recognized for their significant role in the repair of infection-related wounds. However, the interaction between biomaterials and macrophages remains complex and requires further investigation. In this research, we propose a new sequential immunomodulation method to enhance and expedite wound healing by leveraging the immune properties of bacteria-related wounds, utilizing a novel mixed hydrogel dressing. The hydrogel matrix is derived from porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM) and is loaded with a new type of bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBG) doped with magnesium (Mg-MBG) and loaded with Curcumin (Cur). This hybrid hydrogel demonstrates controlled release of Cur, effectively eradicating bacterial infection in the early stage of wound infection, and the subsequent release of Mg ions (Mg2+) synergistically inhibits the activation of inflammation-related pathways (such as MAPK pathway, NF-κB pathway, TNF-α pathway, etc.), suppressing the inflammatory response caused by infection. Therefore, this innovative hydrogel can safely and effectively expedite wound healing during infection. Our design strategy explores novel immunomodulatory biomaterials, offering a fresh approach to tackle current clinical challenges associated with wound infection treatment.

Abstract Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are essential macronutrients necessary for plant growth and development. OsPT4 is a high-affinity phosphate (Pi) transporter that has a positive impact on nutrient uptake and seed development. In this study, the expression patterns of different Pi transporter genes in germinating seeds were determined, and the relative expression of OsPT4 was induced in Pi-deficient seeds and gradually increased with the passage of germination time. The analysis of P, N, Pi, and amino acid concentrations in germinating seeds of OsPT4 mutants showed that the OsPT4 mutation caused P and N retention and a continuous reduction in multiple amino acid concentrations in germinating seeds. Transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR results also indicated that the OsPT4 mutation inhibits the expression of genes related to P and N transportation and amino acid synthesis in germinating seeds. In addition, the paraffin section and TUNEL assay of OsPT4 mutant germinating seeds suggests that OsPT4 mutation causes programmed cell death (PCD) delayed in the aleurone layer and inhibition of leaf outgrowth. Moreover, we also found that OsPT4 was ubiquitinated by OsAIRP2, which is a C3HC4-type RING E3 Ub ligase. Our studies illustrate that OsPT4 plays a crucial role in P and N collaborative translocation and consumption in germinating seeds. It also provides a theoretical basis for the molecules and physiological mechanisms of P and N cross-talk under suppressed Pi uptake conditions.

AbstractOsteoporosis is a common disease among the ageing society. Oxidative stress caused by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the aetiology of osteoporosis. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant in the body, which can eliminate excess ROS in the body and inhibits levels of oxidative stress in cells. Herein, we designed PEGylated hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNPs) loaded with ALA (mPEG@HGNPs-ALA) to remove ROS in the treatment of osteoporosis. First, mPEG@HGNPs with a particle size of ∼63 nm has been successfully synthesized. By comparing the drug loading of mPEG@HGNPs, it was concluded that the optimal mass ratio of mPEG@HGNPs (calculated by the amount of gold) to ALA was ∼1:2. ABTS antioxidant assay showed that free radical removal ability. In vitro results revealed that the preparation had good biocompatibility. At the gold concentration of 1–150 μg/mL, the cell viability of mPEG@HGNPs was more than 100%, which indicated that it could promote the proliferation of osteoblasts. What’s more, mPEG@HGNPs-ALA could effectively remove the ROS caused by H2O2 injury and improve the cell viability. According to these results, it can be considered that mPEG@HGNPs-ALA has the potential to treat osteoporosis.

Background: The role of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau in reversion and conversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the influence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ and tau on reversion and conversion and the temporal sequence of their pathogenicity in MCI patients. Methods: 179 MCI patients were recruited from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database and classified into two groups based on cognitive changes after follow-up: reversal group (MCI to cognitively normal) and conversion group (MCI to Alzheimer's disease). CSF biomarkers and cognitive function were measured at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Partial correlation was used to analyze the association between CSF biomarkers and cognitive function, and multivariable logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for cognitive changes at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to evaluate the predictive ability of these risk factors for cognitive changes. Results: The differences in cognitive function and CSF biomarkers between the two groups remained consistent with baseline after 2-year follow-up. After controlling for confounding variables, there was still a correlation between CSF biomarkers and cognitive function at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Multivariable regression analysis found that at baseline, only Aβ level was independently associated with cognitive changes, while Aβ and tau were both predictive factors after 2-year follow-up. ROC curve analysis revealed that the combination of Aβ and tau [area under the curve (AUC) 0.91, sensitivity 84%, specificity 86%] in predicting cognitive changes after 2-year follow-up had better efficacy than baseline Aβ alone (AUC 0.81). Conclusion: Aβ may precede Tau in causing cognitive changes, and the interaction between the two mediates cognitive changes in patients. This study provides new clinical evidence to support the view that Aβ pathology precedes tau pathology, which together contribute to the changes in cognitive function.

In urban settings, buildings create complex turbulent conditions, affecting helicopter flight performance during missions and increasing safety risks during takeoff and landing. A numerical study on rotor–building coupled flow field is carried out to address rotor aerodynamic performance under building interferences in natural atmospheric conditions. A high-fidelity atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) model described by an exponential law is established herein. The solution of the coupled flow field is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, with the rotor’s rotation achieved through the overset grid method. Based on the dominant wind features, the building flow field is distributed into four regions, where the updraft along the headwind side impacts the rotor, bringing about a 76% increase in pitching moment. On the lateral side of the building, distorted rotor wake squeezed upward into the rotor disk, leading to severe blade–vortex interaction (BVI). During low-altitude hovering over rooftops, the mixing of building shed vortices with forward flow wakes causes the formation of a circulation region on the rotor’s windward side, resulting in a thrust loss of approximately 7.8%. Meanwhile, the flow environment on the leeward side of the buildings is more stable. Therefore, it is recommended that helicopters adopt a headwind approach during rooftop operations. However, an 11.4% loss in the average hover figure of merit is observed due to consistent thrust losses caused by the recirculation region.

Abstract Developing biomaterials with antimicrobial and wound‐healing activities for the treatment of wound infections remains challenging. Macrophages play non‐negligible roles in healing infection‐related wounds. In this study, a new sequential immunomodulatory approach is proposed to promote effective and rapid wound healing using a novel hybrid hydrogel dressing based on the immune characteristics of bacteria‐associated wounds. The hydrogel dressing substrate is derived from a porcine dermal extracellular matrix (PADM) and loaded with a new class of bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGns) doped with copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) ions (Cu–Zn BGns). This hybrid hydrogel demonstrates a controlled release of Cu2+ and Zn2+ and sequentially regulates the phenotypic transition of macrophages from M1 to M2 by alternately activating nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and inhibiting mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways. Additionally, its dual‐temporal bidirectional immunomodulatory function facilitates enhanced antibacterial activity and wound healing. Hence, this novel hydrogel is capable of safely and efficiently accelerating wound healing during infections. As such, the design strategy provides a new direction for exploring novel immunomodulatory biomaterials to address current clinical challenges related to the treatment of wound infections.

In this study, we present a novel dual-loop robust trajectory tracking framework for autonomous underwater vehicles, with the objective of enhancing their performance in underwater searching tasks amidst oceanic disturbances. Initially, a real-world AUV experiment is conducted to validate the efficacy of a cross-rudder AUV configuration in maintaining sailing angle stability during the diving stage, which exhibits a strong capability for straight-line sailing. Building upon the experimental findings, we introduce a state-transform-model predictive guide law to compute the desired velocity for the dynamics loop. This guide law dynamically adjusts the controller across varying depths, thereby reducing model predictive control (MPC) computation while optimizing timing without compromising precision or convergence speed. Subsequently, we incorporate a sliding mode controller with a prescribed disturbance observer into the velocity control loop to concurrently enhance the robustness and convergence rate of the system. This innovative amalgamation of controllers significantly improves tracking precision and convergence rate, while also alleviating the computational burden—a pervasive challenge in AUV MPC control. Finally, various condition simulations are conducted to validate the robustness, effectiveness, and superiority of the proposed method. These simulations underscore the enhanced performance and reliability of our proposed trajectory tracking framework, highlighting its potential utility in real-world AUV applications.

Conventional methods for solving Navier–Stokes (NS) equations to analyze flow fields and aerodynamic forces of airfoils with trailing edge flaps (TEFs) are known for their significant time cost. This study presents a Multi-Task Swin Transformer (MT-Swin-T) deep learning framework tailored for swift prediction of velocity fields and aerodynamic coefficients of TEF-equipped airfoils. The proposed model combines a Swin Transformer (Swin-T) for flow field prediction with a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) dedicated to lift coefficient prediction. Both networks undergo gradient updates through the shared encoder component of the Swin Transformer. Such a trained network model for computational fluid dynamics simulations is both effective and robust, significantly improving the efficiency of complex aerodynamic shape design optimization and flow control. The study further investigates the impact of integrating multi-task learning loss functions, skip connections, and the network’s structural design on prediction accuracy. Additionally, the effectiveness of deep learning in improving the aerodynamic simulation efficiency of airfoils with TEF is examined. Results demonstrate that the multi-task deep learning approach provides accurate predictions for TEF airfoil flow fields and lift coefficients. The strategic combination of these tasks during network training, along with the optimal selection of loss functions, significantly enhances prediction accuracy compared with the single-task network. In a specific case study, the MT-Swin-T model demonstrated a prediction time that was 1/7214 of the time necessitated by CFD simulation.

Astragaloside (AS) has an anti-osteoporotic effect, but its poor water solubility and low bioavailability limit its application. In this study, a novel nano-carrier with bone targeting was prepared by modifying mPEG-PLGA with alendronate (AL) before incorporation into astragaloside nano-micelles (AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA) to enhance the oral bioavailability, bone targeting and anti-osteoporosis effect of AS. The release behavior of AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA in vitro was investigated via dialysis. The pharmacokinetics of AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA was studied in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The cytotoxicity of AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA in vitro (via MTT method), coupled with bone targeting ability in vitro and in vivo were evaluated. The therapeutic effects of free AS and AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA (ELISA, micro-CT, H&E staining) were compared in osteoporotic rats. AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA with smaller particle size (45.3 ± 3.8 nm) and high absolute zeta potential (−23.02 ± 0.51 mV) were successfully prepared, wherein it demonstrated higher entrapment efficiency (96.16 ± 0.18%), a significant sustained-release effect for 96 h and acceptable safety within 10–200 μg/mL. AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA could enhance the hydroxyapatite affinity and bone tissue concentration of AS. The relative bioavailability of AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA was 233.90% compared with free AS. In addition, the effect of AS in reducing serum levels of bone metabolism-related indicators, restoring the bone microarchitecture and improving bone injury could be enhanced by AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA. AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA with small particle size, good stability, remarkable sustained-release effect, safety and bone targeting was successfully constructed in this experiment to potentially improve the oral bioavailability and anti-osteoporosis effect of AS. Thus, AS-AL-mPEG-PLGA may be a promising strategy to prevent and treat osteoporosis.

The application of variable buoyancy systems (VBS) in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have greatly improved their maneuverability, endurance, adaptability to environmental change and ability to accomplish a variety of tasks. As there are various types of AUVs, the types of VBS are also different. Thus, it is necessary to further research AUV VBS and control technology. First, the principles and characteristics of different types of AUV VBS are explained in detail, and their applicable scenarios summarized. Typical applications of VBS in AUV maneuvering control are then introduced, including balancing, hovering, landing and bottoming. Next, the existing buoyancy adjustment technology, buoyancy observation technology and cooperative maneuvering control technology of AUV VBS are reviewed and evaluated. Finally, the development prospects of AUV VBS are evaluated.

Abstract Background Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) surgery has been performed as a minimally invasive lateral lumbar fusion technique in recent years. Reports of operative complications of OLIF are limited, and there are fewer reports of ureteral injuries. Case presentation A 62-year-old Chinese woman diagnosed with "lumbar spondylolisthesis (L4 forward slip, I degree)" underwent OLIF treatment. The surgical decompression process was smooth, and the cage was successfully placed. After the expansion sleeve of OLIF was removed, clear liquid continuous outflow from the peritoneum was found. The patient was diagnosed with a ureteral injury. The urological surgeon expanded the original incision, and left ureteral injury anastomosis and ureteral stent implantation were performed. The patient was changed to the prone position and a percutaneous pedicle screw was placed in the corresponding vertebral body. The patient was indwelled with a catheter for 2 weeks, and regular oral administration of levofloxacin to prevent urinary tract infection. After 2 months, the double J tube was removed using a cystoscope. One year after surgery, the symptoms of lumbar back were significantly improved, and there were no urinary system symptoms. However, the patient needed an annual left ureter and kidney B-ultrasound. Conclusion Ureteral injury is a rare complication and is easily missed in OLIF surgery. If the diagnosis is missed, the consequences can be serious. Patients should undergo catheterization before the operation and hematuria should be observed during the operation. We emphasize the careful use of surgical instruments to prevent intraoperative complications. In addition, after withdrawing the leaf in the operation, it is necessary to carefully observe whether a clear liquid continues to leak. If ureteral injury is found, one-stage ureteral injury repair operation should be performed to prevent ureteral stricture.

Tiltrotors permit aircrafts to operate vertically with lift, yet convert to ordinary forward flight with thrust. The challenge is to design a tiltrotor blade yielding maximum lift and thrust that converts smoothly without losing integrity or efficiency. The two types of blades, soft in-plane and stiff in-plane—the designation depending on the value of the blade’s natural lag frequency—exhibit different structural responses under the same flight conditions, differently affecting the aerodynamics of the blades, especially in the complex aerodynamic environment of conversion flight where the aerodynamic differences are significant. This phase of flight is not deeply researched, nor is the analytical coupling method much used. To study the influence of blade type on aerodynamics during conversion, models suitable for the conversion flight simulation are established for the application of coupled computational fluid dynamics and computational structural dynamics (CFD-CSD) methods. Each method is implemented with well-accepted techniques (the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations, the Reverse Overset Assembly Technique (ROAT), and the Timoshenko beam model. To improve the solving efficiency, a loose coupling strategy is used in constructing the two-way coupled model. The XV-15 tiltrotor is used for verification. The aeroelastic simulation of soft in-plane and stiff in-plane blades in conversion flight indicates an impactful role on the modal shapes, with a significant difference in the third flap modal shapes for the XV-15 rotor. However, the effect on aerodynamic performance is relatively small. In the first half of the flight conversion, the thrust of stiff in-plane blades is larger than that of soft in-plane blades, but in the last half, the influence of structural characteristics on aerodynamic performance is negligible and the thrust of the blades tends to be equal.

This study develops a hybrid solver with reversed overset assembly technology (ROAT), a viscous vortex particle method (VVPM), and a CFD program based on the URNS method, in order to study the aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of coaxial rigid rotors. The aerodynamic load of the “AH-1G” helicopter rotor is first calculated based on the hybrid method and compared with available experimental data. The prediction of the linear noise of the OLS rotor is then performed and the obtained results are compared with available experimental data. These results allow the evaluation of the accuracy of the hybrid method for emulating rotor aerodynamics and acoustics. Afterwards, the hybrid and CFD methods are applied to obtain the aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of the given coaxial rigid rotor model, while taking into account the trim of the collective pitch. The obtained results demonstrate that the hybrid method has high proficiency in capturing blade–vortex-interaction impulsive loads and high computational efficiency in predicting associated loading noise characteristics. Furthermore, the effect of the hybrid method on the noise characteristics of coaxial rigid rotors under a different advance ratio, blade tip speed, shaft angle, and other conditions, as well as the impact of the upper and lower rotors on the noise contribution of the coaxial rotor are analyzed. Finally, the impacts of the initial phase and the vertical spacing on the sound pressure level are studied.

Abstract Large amounts of low‐calorific fuel gas without oxygen (LCFGWO), generated by industry every year, are hardly utilized by the conventional combustion technology. Here, an LCFGWO mixture was simulated by diluting natural gas (NG) with nitrogen (N2), and its combustion under different lower heating values (LHV) was experimentally investigated in a SiC ceramic foam burner via an intermittent operation method. The key operating parameters of the burner (i.e., LHV, superficial velocity, and excess air ratio) were analyzed by focusing on its combustion characteristics (temperature profiles, super‐adiabatic effects, and emissions). The results showed that the initial position of the combustion flame was anchored downstream with decreasing LHV. As the LHV decreased to 3.36 MJ/Nm3, super‐adiabatic combustion began to appear, and the super‐adiabatic ratio slightly increased with decreasing LHV. Further, clean combustion of the NG/N2 mixtures in the burner could be achieved over a wide range of LHV with an optimal excess air ratio ranging from 1.3 to 1.5. Subsequently, the length of the porous medium was discussed in terms of the optimal excess air ratio. Its minimum length required to burn the NG/N2 mixtures was found to decrease exponentially with increasing LHV, and an exponential function was fitted to the experimental data. A mathematic correlation for designing the burner length was obtained by considering the effect of flame propagation velocity. These results are helpful toward the design of porous burners for the clean combustion of low‐calorific NG/N2.

Research on helicopter transient maneuvering flight noise is a hotspot and challenging topic in the fields of helicopter design and application. A new time-accurate free-wake (TAFW) method and the Fowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW–H) equations are applied to analyze the aerodynamic and noise responses of a rotor subjected to a ramp increase in collective pitch, in hover, and in forward flight. First, a TAFW algorithm suitable for rotor aerodynamic simulation in steady-state flight and transient maneuvers is developed using modified third-order upwind backward differentiation formulas. Then, to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, various parameters are calculated for two scenarios and compared with corresponding results from experiments by the University of Maryland: the Langley 2MRTS rotor and the NACA rotor with ramp increases in collective pitch. Finally, the influence of collective pitch increase rate, the total increase of collective pitch, and the start and stop azimuth of ramp increase on the aerodynamic and loading noise responses of the rotor are analyzed in hover and forward flight conditions. The results show the ramp increase in collective pitch will affect the loading noise in three timescales: short-term, medium-term, and long-term. The change of the loading noise is greater when the collective pitch increase rate is greater, and the start and stop azimuth angles of the ramp increase are also important factors affecting the aerodynamic load distribution and directionality of the noise.

Background: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the gastric cardia is an important premalignant lesion. However, there is limited information concerning its epidemiological and molecular features. Herein, we aimed to provide an overview of the epidemiological data for gastric cardiac IM and evaluate the role of EYA transcriptional coactivator and phosphatase 4 (EYA4) as an epigenetic biomarker for gastric cardiac IM. Methods: The study was conducted in the context of the gastric cardiac precancerous lesion program in southern China, which included 718 non-cancer participants, who undertook endoscopic biopsy and pathological examination in three endoscopy centers, between November 2018 and November 2021. Pyrosequencing and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine the DNA methylation status and protein expression level of EYA4. Results: Gastric cardiac IM presented in 14.1% (101/718) of participants and was more common among older (>50 years; 22.0% [95% CI: 17.8–26.8]) than younger participants (≤50 years; 6.7% [95% CI: 4.5–9.9]; P < 0.001). IM was more common in male participants (16.9% [95% CI: 13.2–21.3] vs. 11.3% [95% CI: 8.3–15.1]; P = 0.04). Pyrosequencing revealed that IM tissues exhibited significantly higher DNA methylation levels in EYA4 gene than normal tissues (P = 0.016). Further, the protein expression level of EYA4 was reduced in IM and absent in intraepithelial neoplasia tissues compared to normal tissues (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Detection rates of gastric cardiac IM increase with age and are higher in men. Our findings highlight the important role of promoter hypermethylation and downregulation of EYA4 in gastric cardiac IM development.

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have emerged as a favored candidate for bio-regenerative medical implants due to their superior biocompatibility, biodegradability and the elastic modulus close to that of human bone. Unfortunately, the rapid and uncontrollable degradation rate of Mg alloys in chloride-rich body microenvironments limits their clinical orthopedic applications. Recently, Calcium Phosphate (Ca-P) biomaterials, especially Hydroxyapatite (HA), have been broadly applied in the surface functional modification of metal-based biomaterials attributed to their excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility. Hydrothermal modification of Ca-P coatings on Mg alloys has been extensively exploited by researchers for its significant superiorities in controlling coating structure and improving interfacial bonding strength for better osseointegration and corrosion resistance. This work focuses on the up-to-the-minute advances in Ca-P coatings on the surface of Mg and its alloys via hydrothermal methods, including the strategies and mechanisms of hydrothermal modification. Herein, we are inclined to share some feasible and attractive hydrothermal surface modification strategies. From the perspectives of hydrothermal manufacturing technique innovation and coating structure optimization, we evaluate how to foster the corrosion resistance, coating bonding strength, osseointegration and antibacterial properties of Mg alloys with Ca-P coatings synthesized by hydrothermal method. The challenges and future perspectives on the follow-up exploration of Mg alloys for orthopedic applications are also elaborately proposed.

Active rotor control of helicopters is the future development direction, and active flap control (AFC) is one of the most promising technologies. However, the numerical simulation of an AFC rotor is challenging. It is necessary to consider the fidelity of the local flow details while dealing with complex shapes and motions. Therefore, few simulations of the flow field and analyses of the influencing parameters have been conducted. In particular, there is a lack of aerodynamic design criteria and recommendations for the AFC rotor. Thus, a new overset assembly algorithm, an arbitrary multilevel moving grid transformation algorithm, and a solver for the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANS) are proposed to establish a suitable numerical method for AFC rotor simulation. The aerodynamic characteristics of the rotor and key influencing factors are systematically analyzed under different flow conditions and design and control parameters, and suggestions for the design of the AFC rotor are provided. The results show that the AFC significantly changes the load distribution of the rotor. The thrust loss of the rotor is approximately 1%, but the offset angle compensates for the loss. The control parameters show relatively consistent trends under different working conditions. The phase is the key control parameter, and the effect on the load is more pronounced when the control frequency is an integral multiple of the rotor’s natural load frequency. Increasing the chord length, span length, and deflection amplitude can also enhance the active control performance.

Study designRetrospective study.ObjectiveControversy exists over the need for unilateral vs. bilateral pedicular percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Clinical research is scarce comparing two approaches for multi-level PVP. This study aimed at evaluating the clinical and radiographic outcomes of multi-level PVP using two approaches for OVCFs.MethodsSeventy-eight patients with OVCFs undergoing multi-level PVP were enrolled including 36 patients undergoing unilateral PVP and 42 undergoing bilateral PVP. The clinical and radiological assessments including the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), sagittal and coronal segmental Cobb, vertebral compression ratio (VCR), and vertebral sides ratio (VSR) were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively.ResultsAll patients achieved a minimum 2-year follow-up. A total of 164 fractured vertebrae were enrolled. Regarding clinical efficacy, the VAS score improved in both groups after surgery, but the two groups did not differ significantly. The changes tendency in Sagittal Segmental Cobb, VSR, and VCR were similar postoperatively, and no statistically significant difference between groups. As for the Coronal Segmental Cobb angle, patients in unilateral and bilateral groups were shown to have 5.0° ± 4.0° and 2.6° ± 2.2° degrees loss of correction at a minimum 2-years follow-up duration, respectively. The loss of correction in the Coronal Segmental Cobb of unilateral group was significantly greater than that of bilateral group.ConclusionBoth multi-level unilateral and bilateral pedicular PVP achieved significant pain reduction and vertebral height restoration. Moreover, the bilateral PVP has shown advantages in stabilizing Coronal Cobb angle in patients with OVCFs.

It is very challenging to visualize implantable medical devices made of biodegradable polymers in deep tissues. Herein, we designed a novel macromolecular contrast agent with ultrahigh radiopacity (iodinate content > 50%) via polymerizing an iodinated trimethylene carbonate monomer into the two ends of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). A set of thermosensitive and biodegradable polyester-PEG-polyester triblock copolymers with varied polyester compositions synthesized by us, which were soluble in water at room temperature and could spontaneously form hydrogels at body temperature, were selected as the demonstration materials. The addition of macromolecular contrast agent did not obviously compromise the injectability and thermogelation properties of polymeric hydrogels, but conferred them with excellent X-ray opacity, enabling visualization of the hydrogels at clinically relevant depths through X-ray fluoroscopy or Micro-CT. In a mouse model, the 3D morphology of the radiopaque hydrogels after injection into different target sites was visible using Micro-CT imaging, and their injection volume could be accurately obtained. Furthermore, the subcutaneous degradation process of a radiopaque hydrogel could be non-invasively monitored in a real-time and quantitative manner. In particular, the corrected degradation curve based on Micro-CT imaging well matched with the degradation profile of virgin polymer hydrogel determined by the gravimetric method. These findings indicate that the macromolecular contrast agent has good universality for the construction of various radiopaque polymer hydrogels, and can nondestructively trace and quantify their degradation in vivo. Meanwhile, the present methodology developed by us affords a platform technology for deep tissue imaging of polymeric materials.

ObjectiveAiming at solving the roll problem of the new X-rudder autonomous underwater vehicle (XAUV) during field tests, a series of anti-roll fixed depth and heading control experiments and maneuverability tests are carried out. MethodFirst, the XAUV's system structure and function are introduced, and its mathematical model is established. Second, based on the previous field test results, the roll problem of the XAUV in surface navigation is analyzed. A roll control experiment with an open-loop differential rudder angle is then carried out, and an anti-roll tracking controller is designed on the basis of feedback linearized PD control of yaw and roll, incremental feedback control of depth and constrained nonlinear programming. Finally, a series of maneuverability tests is carried out in a maneuvering basin to verify the effectiveness and functionality of the proposed method, and the maneuverability of the XAUV. ResultsThe test results show that under the same hull, the rotation diameter of the cruciform rudder is 1.2 times that of the X-rudder. Moreover, with the proposed control method, the roll angle of the XAUV can be effectively reduced to 2° when the propeller speed is 1 680 r/min, and the depth and heading control of the XAUV can be ensured at the same time. ConclusionThe X-rudder can improve the maneuverability of AUVs with its unique roll control ability. The anti-roll fixed depth and heading control strategy proposed in this paper can make full use of the maneuverability advantages of the XAUV, and realize effective roll angle control simultaneously with depth and heading control.

Abstract Background Fibrosis is an important factor and process of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy. The expression of phosphodiesterase family (PDE) is related to inflammation and fibrosis. This article studied the expression of PDE in hypertrophic ligamentum flavum fibroblasts and investigated whether inhibition of PDE4 activity can play an anti-fibrotic effect. Methods Samples of clinical hypertrophic ligamentum flavum were collected and patients with lumbar disc herniations as a control group. The collagenase digestion method is used to separate fibroblasts. qPCR is used to detect the expression of PDE subtypes, type I collagen (Col I), type III collagen (Col III), fibronectin (FN1) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Recombinant TGF-β1 was used to stimulate fibroblasts to make a fibrotic cell model and treated with Rolipram. The morphology of the cells treated with drugs was observed by Sirius Red staining. Scratch the cells to observe their migration and proliferation. WB detects the expression of the above-mentioned multiple fibrotic proteins after drug treatment. Finally, combined with a variety of signaling pathway drugs, the signaling mechanism was studied. Results Multiple PDE subtypes were expressed in ligamentum flavum fibroblasts. The expression of PDE4A and 4B was significantly up-regulated in the hypertrophic group. Using Rolipram to inhibit PDE4 activity, the expression of Col I and TGF-β1 in the hypertrophic group was inhibited. Col I recovered to the level of the control group. TGF-β1 was significantly inhibited, which was lower than the control group. Recombinant TGF-β1 stimulated fibroblasts to increase the expression of Col I/III, FN1 and TGF-β1, which was blocked by Rolipram. Rolipram restored the increased expression of p-ERK1/2 stimulated by TGF-β1. Conclusion The expressions of PDE4A and 4B in the hypertrophic ligamentum flavum are increased, suggesting that it is related to the hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum. Rolipram has a good anti-fibrosis effect after inhibiting the activity of PDE4. This is related to blocking the function of TGF-β1, specifically by restoring normal ERK1/2 signal.

Willows (Salix spp.) are promising extractors of cadmium (Cd), with fast growth, high biomass production, and high Cd accumulation capacity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd uptake and detoxification are currently poorly understood. Analysis of the Cd uptake among 30 willow genotypes in hydroponic systems showed that the S. suchowensis and S. integra hybrids, Jw8–26 and Jw9–6, exhibited distinct Cd accumulation and resistance characteristics. Jw8–26 was a high Cd-accumulating and tolerant willow, while Jw9–6 was a low Cd-accumulating and relatively Cd-intolerant willow. Therefore, these two genotypes were ideal specimens for determining the molecular mechanisms of Cd uptake and detoxification. To identify relevant genes in Cd handling, the parent S. suchowensis was treated with Cd and RNA-seq analysis was performed. SsIRT, SsHMA, and SsGST, in addition to the transcription factors SsERF, SsMYB, and SsZAT were identified as being associated with Cd uptake and resistance. Because membrane-localised heavy metal transporters mediate Cd transfer to plant tissues, a total of 17 SsIRT and 12 SsHMA family members in S. suchowensis were identified. Subsequently, a thorough bioinformatics analysis of the SsIRT and SsHMA families was conducted, and their transcript levels were analysed in the roots of the two hybrids. The transcript levels of SsIRT9 in roots were positively correlated with the observed differences in Cd accumulation in Jw8–26 versus Jw9–6. Jw8–26 displayed higher SsIRT9 expression levels and higher Cd accumulation than Jw9–6; therefore, SsIRT9 may be involved in Cd uptake. Gene expression analysis also revealed that SsHMA1 was a candidate gene associated with Cd resistance. These results lay the foundation for understanding the molecular mechanism of Cd transfer and detoxification in willows, and provide guidance for the screening and breeding of high Cd-accumulating and tolerant willow genotypes via genetic engineering.

ObjectiveOblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) has unique advantages in the treatment of discogenic low back pain (DBP). However, there are few studies in this area, and no established standard for additional posterior internal fixation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of OLIF stand-alone vs. combined with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) in the treatment of DBP.MethodsThis retrospective case-control study included forty patients. All patients were diagnosed with DBP by discography and discoblock. Perioperative parameters (surgery duration, blood loss, and muscle damage), complications, Visual analog scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were assessed. Imaging data including cage subsidence, cage retropulsion, fusion rate, and adjacent spondylosis degeneration (ASD) were analyzed.ResultsThere were 23 patients in the OLIF stand-alone group and 17 patients in the OLIF + PPSF group. The mean surgery duration, blood loss, and muscle damage in the OLIF stand-alone group were significantly better than those in the OLIF + PPSF group (P 0.05). There was no significant difference in the VAS and ODI scores between the two groups before surgery (P > 0.05), and VAS and ODI scores significantly improved after surgery (P 0.05). At the last follow-up, there was no significant difference in cage subsidence, fusion rate, ASD and complication rate between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionOLIF stand-alone and OLIF + PPSF are both safe and effective in the treatment of DBP, and there is no significant difference in the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes. OLIF stand-alone has the advantages of surgery duration, blood loss, muscle damage, and early clinical effect. More clinical data are needed to confirm the effect of OLIF stand-alone on cage subsidence and ASD. This study provides a basis for the clinical application of standard DBP treatment with OLIF.

To address the search-and-docking problem in multi-stage prescribed performance switching (MPPS) scenarios, this paper presents a novel compound control method for three-dimensional (3D) underwater trajectory tracking control of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) subjected to unknown disturbances. The proposed control framework can be divided into two parts: kinematics control and dynamics control. In the kinematics control loop, a novel parallel model predictive control (PMPC) law is proposed, which is composed of a soft-constrained model predictive controller (SMPC) and hard-constrained model predictive controller (HMPC), and utilizes a weight allocator to enable switching between soft and hard constraints based on task goals, thus achieving global optimal control in MPPS scenarios. In the dynamics control loop, a finite-time terminal sliding mode control (FTTSMC) method combining a finite-time radial basis function neural network adaptive disturbance observer (RBFNN-FTTSMC) is proposed to achieve disturbance estimation and fast convergence of velocity tracking errors. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed PMPC-FTTSMC approach achieved an average improvement of 33% and 80% in the number of iterations compared with MPC with sliding mode control (MPC-SMC) and traditional MPC methods, respectively. Furthermore, the approach improved the speed of response by 35% and 44%, respectively, while accurately achieving disturbance observation and enhancing the system robustness.

This paper proposes a novel motion-tracking control methodology for an underwater cable-driven parallel mechanism (CDPM) that achieves calculation of dynamic tension constraint values, tension planning, parameter linearization, and motion tracking. The control objective is divided into three sub-objectives: motion tracking, horizontal displacement suppression, and cable-tension restriction. A linear model predictive control (LMPC) method is designed to plan cable tensions for motion-tracking and displacement suppression. The robust adaptive backstepping controller converts cable tension into winch speed based on the joint-space method and command filtering. Moreover, the X−swapping method is used to linearize and identify the time−varying nonlinear parameters. An essential prerequisite for restricting cable tension is to obtain cable-tension constraint values. A novel dynamic minimum tension control (DMTC) method, based on the equivalent control concept, is proposed for this aim. The DMTC can adaptively obtain the lower cable-tension threshold through the platform posture and motion status, anchor distribution position, and cable integrity status. Compared to traditional fixed tension constraint values, DMTC can more effectively cope with sudden changes in cable tension than fixed tension constraints. Finally, several simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach.

Amino acids are essential plant compounds serving as the building blocks of proteins, the predominant forms of nitrogen (N) distribution, and signaling molecules. Plant amino acids derive from root acquisition, nitrate reduction, and ammonium assimilation. Many amino acid transporters (AATs) mediating transfer processes of amino acids have been functionally characterized in Arabidopsis, whereas the function and regulation of the vast majority of AATs in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and other crops remain unknown. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of amino acids in the rhizosphere and in metabolism. We describe their function as signal molecules and in regulating plant architecture, flowering time, and defense against abiotic stress and pathogen attack. AATs not only function in root acquisition and translocation of amino acids from source to sink organs, regulating N uptake and use efficiency, but also as transporters of non-amino acid substrates or as amino acid sensors. Several AAT genes show natural variations in their promoter and coding regions that are associated with altered uptake rate of amino acids, grain N content, and tiller number. Development of an amino acid transfer model in plants will advance the manipulation of AATs for improving rice architecture, grain yield and quality, and N-use efficiency.

Bone defects are a common challenge for clinical orthopedic surgeons. The existing bone defect repair materials are difficult to achieve satisfactory osseointegration between the material and the bone. Therefore, it is increasingly important to find effective methods to improve the integration of the materials with the bone and thus facilitate bone defect repair. Researchers have found that polydopamine (PDA) has a structure and properties similar to the adhesive proteins secreted by mussels in nature, with good biocompatibility, bioactivity, hydrophilicity, bio-adhesion and thermal stability. PDA is therefore expected to be used as a surface modification material for bone repair materials to improve the bonding of bone repair materials to the bone surface. This paper reviews research related to PDA-modified bone repair materials and looks at their future applications.

Abstract Background Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for plant growth, development, and agricultural production. Nitrogen stress could induce epigenetic changes in plants. In our research, overexpression of the OsNAR2.1 line was used as a testing target in rice plants with high nitrogen-use efficiency to study the changes of rice methylation and growth in respond of the endogenous and external nitrogen stress. Results Our results showed that external N deficiency could decrease seed N content and plant growth of the overexpression line. During the filial growth, we found that the low parent seed nitrogen (LPSN) in the overexpression line could lead to a decrease in the filial seed nitrogen content, total plant nitrogen content, yield, and OsNAR2.1 expression (28, 35, 23, and 55%, respectively) compared with high parent seed nitrogen (HPSN) in high nitrogen external supply. However, such decreases were not observed in wild type. Furthermore, methylation sequencing results showed that LPSN caused massive gene methylation changes, which enriched in over 20 GO pathways in the filial overexpression line, and the expression of OsNAR2.1 in LPSN filial overexpression plants was significantly reduced compared to HPSN filial plants in high external N, which was not shown in wild type. Conclusions We suggest that the parent seed nitrogen content decreased induced DNA methylation changes at the epigenetic level and significantly decreased the expression of OsNAR2.1, resulting in a heritable phenotype of N deficiency over two generations of the overexpression line.

Improved utilisation of nitrogen and carbon could boost agricultural productivity. Here Zhang et al. show that overexpression of a single gene, encoding the plasma membrane H+ -ATPase 1 OSA1, is able to increase both carbon fixation via photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation via ammonium uptake in rice.

In this study, a computational fluid dynamics approach based on solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation and shear stress transport (SST) (Menter) k-ω turbulence model is used to solve the rotor in ground effect. A discrete element method based on solving the Hertz-Mindlin (no-slip) contact model and considering the real physical properties and collision is used to solve the motion and distribution of sediment particles in the field. By coupling the two approaches, the dust cloud development in the ground-effect flow field of a helicopter with rectangular-tip and slotted-tip blades is simulated for six seconds. The characteristics of the flow field are analyzed, and the influence of the flow field generated by the two types of blades on the movement and distribution of sediment particles on the ground and the subsequent dust cloud development over time are compared. The relatively long time of numerical results show that the sediment particles initially located on the ground are uplifted by the interaction between the blade tip vortex and the ground. Over time, the particles become more concentrated around the tip vortex core. The sediment particles in the dust cloud move primarily in the radial and axial directions of the rotation center, and the circumferential movement is not significant. The optimized slotted-tip blade provides better dissipation of the tip vortex core intensity near the ground than the rectangular-tip blade, thus weakening the entrainment effect of the sediment particles on the ground and reducing the dust cloud concentration around the disc plane.

Abstract Urea‐based fertilizers are commonly used in the agricultural rice production. Urea produces gaseous ammonia upon contact with plants and soil. Although rice is considered to be a relatively ammonium‐tolerant crop, urea fertilization can have a negative impact on seedling establishment because of tissue ammonia accumulation. We investigated the molecular/genetic regulation of ammonia tolerance in rice using a multidisciplinary approach consisting of high‐resolution LC‐MS/MS analysis and bioinformatics, together with plant molecular physiology and biochemistry. Growth with 10 or 80 mM NH4Cl led to an inhibition of photosynthesis and ROS accumulation. Proteomic analysis revealed changes in the levels of 266 proteins, which function in translation and protein metabolism, amino acid and carbon metabolism/transport, antioxidant and redox metabolism. The abundance of the transcripts encoding these proteins was increased under high ammonium. Data are presented showing that ammonia‐induced changes in metabolism are linked to a strong antioxidant response but little change in secondary metabolism.

This paper presents a numerical investigation of unsteady surface blowing using periodic variations of jet velocity with azimuthal angle to reduce helicopter rotor blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise. The unsteady blowing is modeled as the mass flow outlet boundary condition of time-varying jet velocity on the blade surface grid using computational fluid dynamics. The same high-resolution overset grid system and flow/noise solver are used to perform a detailed flow field simulation and noise prediction for the nonblowing baseline case and the steady/unsteady blowing cases under the rotor BVI condition, and a grid convergence study for the steady and unsteady blowing cases is carried out. The BVI noise reduction and rotor thrust coefficient results of the unsteady blowing method and the previously published steady blowing with constant jet velocity are then compared. The noise reduction level of unsteady blowing is approximately equivalent to that of steady blowing (noise reduction is more than 3 dB). However, the loss in rotor thrust coefficient caused by unsteady blowing (3.3%) is only half of that by steady blowing (6.3%); the air mass cost by unsteady blowing is only 63.7% of that by steady blowing per rotation revolution. The results show that unsteady blowing can effectively reduce BVI noise with lower cost and less thrust loss.

Reducing rotor aerodynamic noise is an important challenge in helicopter design. Active flap control (AFC) on rotors is an effective noise reduction method. It changes the segment airfoil shape, aerodynamic load distribution, and the wake path of the rotor flow by adding trailing edge flaps (TEFs). Although AFC noise reduction control is easily simulated, the relevant experiments have not been widely conducted due to test technical problems and limited financial support. The acoustic characteristics of the AFC-equipped rotor, such as the placement of TEFs for noise reduction and whether multiple winglets can provide a better effect than single winglets, have not been verified in previous experiments. In this work, an AFC-equipped rotor with two TEFs was designed, and its acoustic properties were tested in the FL-17 acoustic wind tunnel with microphone arrays in the far field. The results showed that the noise reduction effect of AFC was closely related to the control frequency and phase. Increasing the control phase could move the reduction region toward the azimuth-decreasing region for far-field noise. The noise reduction in a single outboard TEF was better than that in a single inboard TEF, while the dual-TEF model performed better. In this experiment, the average noise reduction in the observation point at the lower front of the rotor could be more than 3 dB, and the maximum noise reduction could be 6.2 dB.

This paper proposes a novel three-dimensional trajectory tracking control methodology for a heterogeneous X-rudder autonomous underwater vehicle (XAUV) that can achieve finite-time convergence, complex actuator dynamics handling, and energy-efficient optimized rudder allocation. Under a compound robust control scheme, the trajectory tracking problem is decomposed into three sub-problems: kinematics control, dynamics control, and rudder allocation. For kinematics control, a novel finite-time line-of-sight (FTLOS) guidance law is proposed, which can achieve faster position and orientation tracking when compared with classical LOS guidance, and is rarely studied in the existing finite time control methods. In the dynamics control loop, global finite-time terminal sliding mode control (FTTSMC) laws are provided to solve the heading control, pitching control, and surge velocity tracking control problems, where finite-time convergence is achieved in both the approaching stage and sliding mode holding stage. The multi-source uncertainties with unknown upper bounds in both kinematics and dynamics loops are well treated by finite-time extended disturbance observers (FTEDOs), thus ensuring the system robustness. Moreover, the influence of complex actuator dynamics is fully considered by employing a RBFNN compensator to deal with the propeller saturation and proposing an energy-efficient optimal rudder allocator to tackle the multi-objective and multi-constraint heterogeneous X-rudder angle assignment problem. Finally, simulation verifications are carried out for two different scenarios, where Case 1 focuses on the adaptability of the algorithm to different conditions and Case 2 focuses on the superiority of the algorithm over three other commonly used algorithms. The comparative simulation results show that the proposed controller has good adaptability to different initial and disturbance conditions, and performs better than three other classical controllers, especially in convergence speed, tracking accuracy, stability, and energy consumption.

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are a global issue affecting the elderly population. To explore a new calcium silicate bone cement, polylactic acid (PLGA)–polyethylene glycol (PEG)–PLGA hydrogel was compounded with tricalcium silicate (C3S)/dicalcium silicate (C2S)/plaster of Paris (POP) to observe the hydration products and test physical and chemical properties. The cell compatibility and osteogenic capability were tested in vitro. The rabbit femoral condylar bone defect model was used to test its safety and effectiveness in vivo. The addition of hydrogel did not result in the formation of a new hydration product and significantly improved the injectability, anti-washout properties, and in vitro degradability of the bone cement. The cholecystokinin octapeptide-8 method showed significant proliferation of osteoblasts in bone cement. The Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity test showed that the bone cement had a superior osteogenic property in vitro. The computed tomography scan and gross anatomy at 12 weeks after surgery in the rabbit revealed that PLGA-PEG-PLGA/C3S/C2S/POP was mostly degraded, with the formation of new bone trabeculae and calli at the external orifice of the defect. Thus, PLGA-PEG-PLGA/C3S/C2S/POP composite bone cement has a positive effect on bone repair and provides a new strategy for the clinical application of bone tissue engineering materials.

Collagen is a kind of biocompatible protein material, which is widely used in medical tissue engineering, drug delivery, cosmetics, food and other fields. Because of its wide source, low extraction cost and good physical and chemical properties, it has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. However, the application of collagen derived from terrestrial organisms is limited due to the existence of diseases, religious beliefs and other problems. Therefore, exploring a wider range of sources of collagen has become one of the main topics for researchers. Marine-derived collagen (MDC) stands out because it comes from a variety of sources and avoids issues such as religion. On the one hand, this paper summarized the sources, extraction methods and characteristics of MDC, and on the other hand, it summarized the application of MDC in the above fields. And on the basis of the review, we found that MDC can not only be extracted from marine organisms, but also from the wastes of some marine organisms, such as fish scales. This makes further use of seafood resources and increases the application prospect of MDC.

Indica rice has higher nitrate assimilation and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) than japonica rice, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, the authors reveal that the difference is partly due to allelic variation of a nitrate reductase encoding gene and this indica allele can increase yield potential and NUE.

This paper focuses on the dynamic modeling, controller design, and simulation verification of a new cable-driven underwater vehicle model system, which is proposed for future application on a tension leg platform. Compared with conventional underwater vehicles, the proposed cable-driven underwater vehicle model system has a unique structure and subjects to not only unknown underwater disturbances but also time-varying nonlinear cable tractions. To achieve accurate and robust trajectory tracking control, a universal high-order nonlinear dynamic model is established with multisource uncertainties, and an integrated estimation-based adaptive backstepping terminal sliding mode controller is designed. The proposed controller utilizes the integrated estimation method to handle the multisource unknown uncertainties, where recurrent radial basis function neural network and disturbance observer are employed for the estimations of uncertainties, and adaptive robust methods are utilized for compensations of estimation errors. The backstepping terminal sliding mode control method is utilized to improve the tracking performance and converging rate. In addition, the issue of “explosion of complexity” occurred in a traditional backstepping design is tackled by an adaptive control method, and the input saturation problem is solved by anti-windup compensator. Based on the Lyapunov analysis, all closed-loop signals are proved to be uniformly ultimately bounded. The numerical simulations show that the developed controller is not only robust against environmental disturbances and adaptive to unknown time-varying uncertainties but also able to steer the trajectory tracking errors along the prescribed transient, thus leading to effective cable-driven underwater vehicle model system control.

Coupled ship/coaxial-rotor simulations have been conducted to investigate the rotor loads of a shipborne coaxial-rotor helicopter during a vertical landing based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. In order to achieve two-way coupling and overcome the limitations of the momentum source method in solving the unsteady aerodynamic problems, the moving overset mesh method is employed to simulate the complex highly unsteady aerodynamic interactions between the lower/upper rotor, flight deck and hangar-door through the vertical descent. To identify pilot workload and control strategy during this phase, the results in terms of time-averaged and root-mean-square (RMS) rotor loads are discussed. The time-averaged loads show that the coaxial-rotor helicopter suffers an increase in thrust and a sharp decrease in torque difference between lower and upper rotors during the vertical landing. It suggests that the pilot has to reduce not only the collective control input, but also the differential collective pitch, to stabilize the heading of the coaxial rotors helicopter. The RMS results indicate that the aerodynamic loads of the lower and upper rotors could couple with each other, and may eventually magnify the overall unsteady loading levels of the coaxial rotor. In addition to the ground effect, the recirculation flow regime will get stronger and lead to a sharp increase in RMS roll as the rotor moves along the vertical descent path. Furthermore, the influences of hangar-door state and the location of landing spot are investigated. The findings imply that opening the hangar-door can significantly reduce the pilot workload, and descending a helicopter to a landing spot which is more closed to the hangar can decrease the RMS load levels, especially during the latter stage of vertical descent. However, the helicopter tends to be pulled towards hangar-door more easily due to greater reduction in pitch moment.

We have previously shown that INS-fMRI is a rapid method for mapping mesoscale brain networks in the macaque monkey brain. Focal stimulation of single cortical sites led to the activation of connected cortical locations, resulting in a global connectivity map. Here, we have extended this method for mapping brainwide networks following stimulation of single subcortical sites. As a testbed, we focused on the basal nucleus of the amygdala in the macaque monkey. We describe methods to target basal nucleus locations with submillimeter precision, pulse train stimulation methods, and statistical tests for assessing non-random nature of activations. Using these methods, we report that stimulation of precisely targeted loci in the basal nucleus produced sparse and specific activations in the brain. Activations were observed in the insular and sensory association cortices as well as activations in the cingulate cortex, consistent with known anatomical connections. What is new here is that the activations were focal and, in some cases, exhibited shifting topography with millimeter shifts in stimulation site. The precision of the method enables networks mapped from different nearby sites in the basal nucleus to be distinguished. While further investigation is needed to improve the sensitivity of this method, our analyses do support the reproducibility and non-random nature of some of the activations. We suggest that INS-fMRI is a promising method for mapping large-scale cortical and subcortical networks at high spatial resolution.