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Abstract Background Plasma expanders are widely used for acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH). However, existing studies have not focused on large-volume infusion with colloidal plasma expanders, and there is a lack of studies that compare the effects of different plasma expanders. Methods The viscosity, hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of plasma expanders were determined by a cone-plate viscometer, Zetasizer and cut-off membrane, respectively. Sixty male rats were randomized into five groups with Gelofusine (Gel), Hydroxyethyl Starch 200/0.5 (HES200), Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 (HES130), Hydroxyethyl Starch 40 (HES40), and Dextran40 (Dex40), with 12 rats used in each group to build the ANH model. ANH was performed by the withdrawal of blood and simultaneous infusion of plasma expanders. Acid-base, lactate, blood gas and physiological parameters were detected. Results Gel had a lower intrinsic viscosity than HES200 and HES130 (P

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of hypertonic saline with 6% Dextran-70 (HSD) resuscitation on organ damage and the resuscitation efficiency of the combination of HSD and lactated ringers (LR) in a model of hemorrhage shock in dogs.Beagles were bled to hold their mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 50 ± 5 mmHg for 1 h. After hemorrhage, beagles were divided into three groups (n = 7) to receive pre-hospital resuscitation for 1 h (R1): HSD (4 ml/kg), LR (40 ml/kg), and HSD+LR (a combination of 4 ml/kg HSD and 40 ml/kg LR). Next, LR was transfused into all groups as in-hospital resuscitation (R2). After two hours of observation (R3), autologous blood was transfused. Hemodynamic responses and systemic oxygenation were measured at predetermined phases. Three days after resuscitation, the animals were sacrificed and tissues including kidney, lung, liver and intestinal were obtained for pathological analysis.Although the initial resuscitation with HSD was shown to be faster than LR with regard to an ascending MAP, the HSD group showed a similar hemodynamic performance compared to the LR group throughout the experiment. Compared with the LR group, the systemic oxygenation performance in the HSD group was similar but showed a lower venous-to-arterial CO2 gradient (Pv-aCO2) at R3 (p < 0.05). Additionally, the histology score of the kidneys, lungs and liver were significantly lower in the HSD group than in the LR group (p < 0.05). The HSD+LR group showed a superior hemodynamic response but higher extravascular lung water (EVLW) and lower arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) than the other groups (p < 0.05). The HSD+LR group showed a marginally improved systemic oxygenation performance and lower histology score than other groups.Resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock with a bolus of HSD showed a similar hemodynamic response compared with LR at ten times the volume of HSD, but HSD showed superior efficacy in organ protection. Our findings suggest that resuscitation with the combination of HSD and LR in the pre-hospital setting is an effective treatment.

Future energy generation and storage requirements emphasize the importance of high-performance electrocatalysis. MoS2 edges exhibit ideal energetics for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) if challenges in their kinetics are addressed. Herein, we investigate the emergence of edge-dominated electrochemical reaction kinetics in ultra-narrow MoS2 nanoribbons. A templated subtractive patterning process (TSPP) served as a powerful platform that yields large arrays of MoS2 nanoribbons. Nanoribbons with widths below 30 nm exhibit significantly increased reaction kinetics, as evidenced by a ∼200-fold enhanced turn-over frequency, an 18-fold increased exchange current density, and a 38% decreased Tafel slope. These improvements are due to increased charge transfer efficiency from the basal plane toward the edge sites. Photo-electrocatalytic measurements and carrier transport simulations reveal the impact of suppressed band bending in nanoribbons below the depletion width toward achieving edge-dominated HER. Our results demonstrate the potential of confinement in electrocatalysis and provide a universal route toward nanoribbon-enhanced electrochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]