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Additional file 4: Table S3. Effects of NBP on routine blood tests of exhausted rats under conditions of chronic hypoxia (mean ± SD). WBC. White blood cell; HCT. Hematocrit; RBC. Red blood cell; MCH. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; HGB. Hemoglobin; MCHC. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV. Mean corpuscular volume; PLT. Platelet count. *P

Additional file 2: Table S1. Standard tolerance times (min/(100 ml·g)) of mice under conditions of closed hypoxia and administration of NBP and closed hypoxia at 3, 5, 7 days (mean ± SD). *P

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Structure of DL-3-n-butylphthalide.

Additional file 3: Table S2. Effects of NBP on routine blood tests of exhausted rats under conditions of acute hypoxia (mean ± SD). WBC. White blood cell; HCT. Hematocrit; RBC. Red blood cell; MCH. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; HGB. Hemoglobin; MCHC. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV. Mean corpuscular volume; PLT. Platelet count. *P

Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) at high altitudes leads to a wide range of cognitive impairments which can handicap human normal activities and performances. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) of the brain are pivotal to synaptic plasticity and cognition. Besides, insult-induced up-regulation of A2AR regulates neuroinflammation and therefore induces brain damages in various neuropathological processes. The present study was designed to determine whether A2AR-mediate neuroinflammation involves in cognitive impairments under acute HH. A2AR knock-out and wild-type male mice were exposed to a simulated altitude of 8000 m for 7 consecutive days in a hypobaric chamber and simultaneously received behavioral tests including Morris water maze test and open filed test. A2AR expression, the activation of microglia and the production of TNF-α were evaluated in the hippocampus by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively. Behavioral tests showed that acute HH exposure caused the dysfunction of spatial memory and mood, while genetic inactivation of A2AR attenuated the impairment of spatial memory but not that of mood. Double-labeled immunofluorescence showed that A2ARs were mainly expressed on microglia and up-regulated in the hippocampus of acute HH model mice. Acute HH also induced the accumulation of microglia and increased production of TNF-α in the hippocampus, which could be markedly inhibited by A2AR inactivation. These findings indicate that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation triggered by A2AR activation involves in acute HH-induced spatial memory impairment and that A2AR could be a new target for the pharmacotherapy of cognitive dysfunction at high altitudes.

Objective To study the concentration of minerals in hair between garrison and field training troops at high altitude. Method Weighing method was used to investigate the intakes of Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca, Mg and Mn of garrison in 4600m, 4030m and 3800m high altitude. Dietary Allowances for Military Personnel and Dietary Nutrition Reference Intake for Chinese Residents were used to evaluate the intakes of 6 minerals. The plateau force was divided into field and garrison training troops, and the concentration of Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn and Cr in their hair was tested through atomic absorption spectrometry. Results There were no differences of mineral content in hair among garrisons at different altitude. The content of Ca and Zn of garrison training troop was insufficient (69.5% and 77.8% of the military standard), but the content of Fe, Cu, Mg and Mn in hair was sufficient (103.7%, 275.0%, 81.1% and 162.2% of the military standard). The content of Fe and Zn in hair of garrison training troop was insufficient, but the content of Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn and Cr was sufficient. The content of Fe and Zn in hair of field training troop was insufficient. The content of Mg was moderate deficiency, and it's content was significantly lower than Mg in hair of garrison soldiers (P

Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) at high altitudes leads to a wide range of cognitive impairments which can handicap human normal activities and performances. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Adenosine A