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Bioelectronics presents a promising future in the field of embedded and implantable electronics, providing a range of functional applications, from personal health monitoring to bioactuators. However, due to the intrinsic difficulties present in producing and optimizing bioelectronics, recent research has focused on utilizing machine learning (ML) to reliably mitigate such issues and aid in process development. This review focuses on the recent developments of integrating ML into bioelectronics, aiding in a multitude of areas, such as material development, fabrication process optimization, and system integration. First, discussing how ML has aided in the material development by identifying complex relationships between process input parameters and desired outputs, such as product design. Second, examine the advancements in ML to accurately optimize fabrication precision and stability for various 3D printing technologies. Third, provide an overview of how ML can greatly assist in the analysis of complex, nonlinear relationships in data obtained from bioelectronics. Lastly, a summary of the challenges present with utilizing ML with bioelectronics and any other developments in this field. Such advancements in the field of bioelectronics and ML could hopefully build a strong foundation for this research field, promoting smart optimization together with effective use of ML to further enhance the effectiveness of such applications.

Drug delivery devices which can control the release of drugs on demand allow for improved treatment to a patient. These smart drug delivery devices allow for the release of drugs to be turned on and off as needed, thereby increasing the control over the drug concentration within the patient. The addition of electronics to the smart drug delivery devices increases the functionality and applications of these devices. Through the use of 3D printing and 3D-printed electronics, the customizability and functions of such devices can also be greatly increased. With the development in such technologies, the applications of the devices will be improved. In this review paper, the application of 3D-printed electronics and 3D printing in smart drug delivery devices with electronics as well as the future trends of such applications are covered.

The first years of an infant’s life represent a sensitive period for neurodevelopment and see the emergence of nascent forms of executive function (EF), which are required to support complex cognition. Few tests exist for measuring EF during infancy, and the available tests require painstaking manual coding of infant behaviour. In modern clinical and research practice, human coders collect data on EF performance by manually labelling video recordings of infant behaviour during toy or social interaction. Besides being extremely time-consuming, video annotation is known to be rater-dependent and subjective. To address these issues, starting from existing cognitive flexibility research protocols, we developed instrumented toys as a new task instrumentation and data collection tool suitable for infant use. A commercially available device comprising a Barometer and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) embedded in a 3D-printed lattice structure was used to detect when and how the infant interacts with the toy. The data collected using the instrumented toys provides a rich dataset describing the sequence of toy interaction and individual toy interaction patterns, from which EF-relevant aspects of infant cognition may be inferred. Such a tool potentially provides an objective, reliable, and scalable method of collecting early developmental data in socially interactive contexts.

Grippers with shape conformance and tunable rigidity are often achieved using a combination of soft and rigid structures made of different materials. These grippers are often known as soft grippers. In this review article, various gripper designs with shape conforming ability and stiffness tunability are discussed. In particular, the discussion mainly focuses on the advantages and limitations of each gripper design in terms of the shape conformance and the ease of manufacturability. Then, various 3D printing technologies that are capable of doing multimaterial printing have been introduced. The potential of multimaterial 3D printing of soft and smart grippers has been discussed. Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) National Research Foundation (NRF) Submitted/Accepted version This work is partly supported by the Schaeffler Hub for Advanced Research at NTU, under the ASTAR IAF-ICP Programme ICP1900093.

The ability to design and fabricate lightweight structure is one of the most important aspects for building a drone system. Often, connecting wires are used on the drone system for powering and signal transmission at the expense of the drone’s weight. In this paper, we explore the design and fabrication of a safety cage for drone using design optimization and 3D printing. A comparison between fused deposition modelling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of thin structures was made, and it was found that SLS is more superior in this aspect. A hybrid 3D printing process combining SLS and aerosol jet printing is proposed for the fabrication of lightweight multifunctional structure with printed circuit for a drone safety cage. The safety cage is designed in such a way that maximizes the production efficiency of SLS printing process. In addition, aerosol jet printing is used to fabricate conformal circuit onto the 3D-printed safety cage structure to replace the conventional connecting wires for weight saving purpose. Lastly, an electrical characterization is conducted to investigate the functionality of the printed conductive traces on the safety cage. Nevertheless, this work demonstrates the streamlining of various 3D printing approaches for the fabrication of multifunctional structures with conformal circuits. National Research Foundation (NRF) Submitted/Accepted version This research is supported by NAMIC Singapore and funded by the National Research Foundation Singapore under its Innovation Cluster Programme.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting systems serve as advanced manufacturing platform for the precise deposition of cells and biomaterials at pre-defined positions. Among the various bioprinting techniques, the drop-on-demand jetting approach facilitates deposition of pico/nanoliter droplets of cells and materials for study of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Despite advances in the bioprinting systems, there is a poor understanding of how the viability of primary human cells within sub-nanoliter droplets is affected during the printing process. In this work, a thermal inkjet system is utilized to dispense sub-nanoliter cell-laden droplets, and two key factors - droplet impact velocity and droplet volume - are identified to have significant effect on the viability and proliferation of printed cells. An increase in the cell concentration results in slower impact velocity, which leads to higher viability of the printed cells and improves the printing outcome by mitigating droplet splashing. Furthermore, a minimum droplet volume of 20 nL per spot helps to mitigate evaporation-induced cell damage and maintain high viability of the printed cells within a printing duration of 2 min. Hence, controlling the droplet impact velocity and droplet volume in sub-nanoliter bioprinting is critical for viability and proliferation of printed human primary cells. Published version This study is supported under the RIE2020 Industry Alignment Fund – Industry Collaboration Projects (IAFICP) Funding Initiative, as well as cash and in-kind contribution from the industry partner, HP Inc., through the HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab.

This article provides a database of the mechanical properties of additively manufactured polymeric materials fabricated using material extrusion (e.g., fused filament fabrication (FFF)). Mechanical properties available in the literatures are consolidated in table form for different polymeric materials for FFF. Mechanical properties such as tensile, compressive, flexural, interlayer, fatigue, and creep properties are discussed in detail. The effects of printing parameters such as raster angle, infill, and specimen orientation on properties are also provided, together with a discussion of the possible causes (e.g., texture, microstructure changes, and defects) of anisotropy in properties. In addition to that, research gaps are identified which warrant further investigation. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), one of the techniques for electrochemical analysis, has been used for a wide range of applications especially chemical- and bio-sensing. Besides, EIS is one of the few techniques that has been proven useful for membrane fouling detection. Electrodes are some of the most essential components for analytes detection applications with EIS. With the advances in printing technology, the fabrication of advanced printed electrode systems with miniature designs and improved sensitivity for electrochemical sensing is made possible. This review addresses recent advances in printed electrodes for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with the emphasis placed on discussing the use of printed electrodes for membrane fouling detection. Common electrode designs and materials for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are discussed, along with practical examples of these printed electrodes. The commonly used printing techniques for the fabrication of printed electrodes are also deliberated. The successful realization of printed electrodes for EIS requires careful design of electrodes, proper selection of electrode materials, as well as optimization of the printing process. It is expected that printed electrodes will be widely accepted for EIS sensing applications and will facilitate the creation of low-cost high-performance sensing devices. Economic Development Board (EDB) National Research Foundation (NRF) Public Utilities Board (PUB) Accepted version This research is supported by PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency under its Urban Solutions & Sustainability (Competitive Research Programme (CRP)(Water) Scheme, PUB-1804-0075) and the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Oce, Singapore under its Medium-Sized Centre funding scheme. The financial support of the Economic Development Board (EDB) of Singapore to the Singapore Membrane Technology Centre (SMTC), Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI) is greatly appreciated

While significant progress has been made in understanding laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) as well as the fabrication of various materials using this technology, there is still limited adoption in the industry. One of the key obstacles identified is the lack of materials that can truly manufacture functional parts directly with L-PBF. This paper covers the emerging research on in-situ alloying and multi-metal processing. A comprehensive overview of the underlying scientific topics behind them is presented. The current state of research and progress from different perspectives (the materials and L-PBF processing parameters) are reviewed in order to provide a basis for follow-up research and development of these approaches. Defects, especially those associated with these two material processing routes, are also elucidated by discussing the mechanisms of their formation, including the main influencing factors, and the tendency for them to occur. Future research trends and potential topics are illustrated. The final part of this paper summarizes findings from this review and outlines the possibility of in-situ alloying and multi-metal processing using L-PBF. National Research Foundation (NRF) Accepted version

Skin-inspired sensors are all the rage in robotic applications. They take inspiration from the human skin's sensory abilities and use their abilities to sense things like temperature and pressure. Herein, fabrication of ultra-low-cost (

The sintering of printed nanoparticle films is a necessary processing step for most nanoparticle inks to make the printed film functional. The sintering of nanoparticle is usually performed through thermal sintering, photonic sintering, induction sintering, etc. Intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering method is one of the most popular sintering methods for nanoparticle inks due to the fast and effective process, but it may yield mediocre performance if improper sintering parameters are used. In this work, we investigate the correlation between the two factors which are the print passes of aerosol jet printing and the sintering distance of the samples on the effect of the surface morphology and sheet resistance. A contradictory correlation between the two factors was observed and a multi-objective optimization was carried out using machine learning method to identify the most optimum conditions for both factors. We found that multi-objective optimization approach is effective in reducing the conflicting responses, thus the sintered thin film can have low sheet resistance and low surface roughness. This work provides an essential guide for achieving conductive films with electrical conductivity and low surface roughness using IPL sintering process for fast fabrication of multi-layered electronics such as electrochemical electrodes.

Unlike traditional hard grippers, soft robotic grippers are commonly made of soft materials so that the soft grippers can produce motion via elastic deformations of their compliant components. The advantages of compliance allow soft grippers to effectively eliminate shocks caused by hard contact, which usually occurs when a hard robotic gripper manipulates a hard object. Until now, the soft robotic grippers are able to operate numerous objects with irregular geometries and different textures. Besides, with the help of embedded sensors, soft robotic grippers have facilitated the growing automation of many tasks, which are thought to be far too delicate for robotic manipulation. This paper reviews the advancement in soft robotic grippers. The paper first introduces the actuation technologies followed by the design and fabrication techniques. The use of 3D printing techniques in the fabrication of the soft gripper is also discussed. The Review then highlights the challenges and future outlook in the fabrication of soft grippers and sensors. Nanyang Technological University Submitted/Accepted version This work was partly supported by the Schaeffler Hub for Advanced Research at NTU, under the ASTAR IAF-ICP Programme ICP1900093.

This chapter reviews the recent progress in 3D printing of fiber-reinforced composites and nanocomposites. Emphasis has been paid to discuss the various 3D printing techniques available for composite material printing. 3D composite printing techniques are categorized based on the state of feedstock material used. 3D printing of composite materials offers several advantages over traditional composite manufacturing such as low-cost processing, design freedom, customization, and material saving. Core and nanofiller materials that are used for printing in each technique are categorized, and their industrial applications are discussed. The current limitations and challenges in printing techniques, materials, and mass production of 3D printed composites are outlined. Moreover discussions are provided for addressing the challenges. The future research direction for developing new materials, nanocomposite 3D printing techniques for future industrial applications are proposed.

This chapter reviews the landscape of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites materials for applications requiring electrical conductivity. Emphasis has been paid to discuss composite material compositions that can be processed using 3-dimensional (3D) printing techniques. 3D printing offers many advantages over traditional subtractive manufacturing, namely, cost reduction, design innovation, customization, and saving material. The chapter gives an overview of various 3D printing techniques for polymer/CNT composites, their properties and potential application in fields of biomedical, electronic devices, and shielding effects.

Continuous fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been used for many applications to create strong yet lightweight products due to their high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios. Aerospace [1], automotive [2], and sport [3]industries are three of the few industries that have been using FRP composites. The increasing need for prototyping and customization of fiber reinforced polymer composite parts is prompting innovations in new manufacturing processes to realize short manufacturing cycle time and low production cost, which is challenging to accomplish using conventional molding process. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) - a material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) technique trademarked as fused deposition modelling (FDM) by Stratasys- holds promise to achieve low-cost production on continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) composites. In this paper, the FFF technique is employed to fabricate continuous carbon and glass FRTP composites and its microstructural characteristics and the resulting tensile, flexural, and quasi-static indentation characteristics of the printed composites are examined. Additionally, the fracture behavior of each test sample is evaluated and discussed in detail. Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Accepted version This work was supported under the A*STAR TSRP – Industrial Additive Manufacturing Programme by the A*STAR Science & Engineering Research Council (SERC) [grant number 1325504105].

The 3-D printing has been gaining widespread attention for electronic applications. Aerosol jet printing has emerged as a powerful technique to print new-age sensors and devices on various substrates. In this paper, we use simulation studies to optimize the dimensions and design of aerosol jet printed strain sensor for a good performance. Physical dimensions such as the end loop length, number of grids, grid line width, gauge length, and five different sensor designs are simulated to study their effect on the performance of the strain sensor. This paper helps to identify the factors that affect the sensitivity and gauge factor of the flexible strain sensor fabricated using aerosol jet printing technology. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Published version

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a manufacturing process in which the materials are deposited layer by layer in an additive manner. With the advancement in materials and manufacturing technology, 3D printing has found its applications in the field of electronics manufacturing. Initially, 3D printing is used for the fabrication of electronic components with single material designs such as resistors, inductors, circuits, antennas, strain gauges, etc. Recently, there are many works involving the use of 3D printing fabrication techniques for advanced electronic components and devices such as parallel plate capacitors, inductors, organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaics, transistors, displays, etc. which involve multilayer multimaterial printing. Despite these many works, there has been no review on the design and fabrication consideration for the 3D printing of multilayered and multimaterial (MLMM) electronics. As such, this review aims to summarize the current landscape of 3D printing of MLMM electronics and provide some insights on the design consideration, fabrication strategies, and challenges of 3D printing of MLMM electronics. In particular, the focus will be placed on discussing the interface conditions between different materials such as surface wettability, surface roughness, material compatibility, and the considerations for postprocessing treatments. National Research Foundation (NRF) Accepted version This research was supported by the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore under its Medium-Sized Centre funding scheme and PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency under its Urban Solutions and Sustainability (Competitive Research Programme (CRP)(Water) Scheme, PUB-1804-0075).

Additive manufacturing (AM) technique can help reduce time, cost, and complexity of the manufactured parts apart from adding functionality. This work explores AM techniques, namely fused deposition modeling (FDM) and PolyJet printing to fabricate a free-form structure with embedded electrical components. Both additive manufacturing technologies are discussed, analyzed, and compared. Another additive manufacturing method is then employed to print the electronic circuitry inside to connect the components. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) is employed to investigate the dimensional accuracy of the printed parts. This work demonstrates an innovative approach to construct arbitrary 3D objects with fully functional electronic circuits. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore)

This paper describes the design, fabrication and characterization of a microchannel-based strain sensor using flexible material. The work explores the use of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, to fabricate the sensor in easy and cost-effective way. It is shown that 3D printing can print complex designs with ease and fabricate objects with embedded features. Microchannels with dimension of 500 μm diameter are printed within the sensor structure and filled with conductive silver nanoparticle ink. The fabricated device is checked for printability and design valve adherence using optical microscope and micro-CT. The printed sensor is capable of measuring normal (orthogonal to channels) and in-plane (parallel to channels) tensile forces and is tested using a custom-built test rig.

A novel custom-made 3D silicone printer and two-part Ecoflex silicone resins were used to 3D-print standard-shaped silicone coupon and irregular-shaped meniscus structures via a heat-cured extrusion-based method. This article is segmented into three parts: (1) study on the effect of 3D printing parameters on dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties of 3D-printed silicone, (2) reliability and failure analysis of 3D-printed silicone according to ASTM D575 standards under monotonic and cyclic compressive loading, and (3) cytotoxicity of 3D-printed silicone by extraction method according to ISO 10993-12 for different extraction time and extract volume/surface area ratios. Based on analysis using regression method and analysis of variance, we found that the dimensional accuracy of lengths and widths is sensitive to both nozzle diameters and bed temperatures (BTs), while the height is only sensitive to BTs. Failure results were analyzed using the two-parameter Weibull probability distribution model and Weibull regression analysis and revealed that the Weibull modulus had a value greater than 1 in all groups, indicating an increasing failure rate with time for Ecoflex 30 and 50 meniscus implants. Results from quantitative cell proliferative assay exhibit statistically insignificant differences for all samples, pointing to the low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility of printed silicone. Accepted version This research is supported by the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore, under its Medium-Sized Centre funding scheme and by the NTU StartUp Grant.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are 1-dimensional (1D) and flexible nanomaterials with high electric conductivity and a high aspect ratio. These features make CNTs highly suitable materials for the fabrication of flexible electronics. CNTs can also be made into dispersions which can be used as the feedstock material for droplet-based 3D printing technologies, e.g., inkjet printing and aerosol jet printing to fabricate printed electronics. These printing techniques involve several physical processes including deposition of ink droplets on flexible polymeric substrates such as polyimides, evaporation of the solvent and formation of thin films of CNTs, all of which have not been thoroughly investigated. Besides, alignment of the CNTs in the resultant thin films dictates their electrical performance. In this work, we examine the effect of substrate temperature and CNT concentration on the evaporation dynamics and also the alignment in the deposition patterns. Evaporation-driven self-assembly of CNTs and their preferential alignment are observed. Image analysis and Raman spectroscopy are utilised to evaluate the degree of alignment of the CNT network. It is found that the contact line dynamics depends greatly on the CNT concentration. Besides, the substrate temperature plays a significant role in determining the order of the CNTs in the drying deposition pattern. Our findings show the possibility of controlling the film morphology and the degree of alignment of CNTs for printed electronics in the printing process. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version

The alignment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is of great importance for the fabrication of high-speed electronic devices such as a transistor as the electron mobilities can be greatly enhanced with aligned CNT architectures. Here, we report, for the first time, a methodology to obtain preferentially aligned CNT traces on a flexible polyimide substrate utilizing the high-resolution aerosol jet printing technique and evaporation-driven self-assembly process. A self-assembled twin-line of CNT ("coffee-ring" effect) is observed in the deposit patterns, and the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images reveal highly self-ordered CNT in the resulting CNT twin-line. Various aerosol jet parameters have been investigated to obtain printed tracks in the range of 30-80 μm and conductive tracks (single CNT twin-line width) in the range of 600-1500 nm. The smallest CNT twin-line obtained in this experiment is found to be approximately 16 μm using a suitable sheath-to-atomizer flow ratio. Image analysis of FESEM images confirms the formation of aligned CNT traces at the ink periphery. The effect of the line width on the degree of alignment of the CNT is studied and evaluated. The electrical resistance of the CNT trace is adjustable by controlling the number of print passes and print speed.

Flexible and stretchable strain sensors are in great demand for many applications like wearables and home health. This work reports a strain sensor fabricated using aerosol jet printing technology on a commercially available bandage to be used as a low-cost wearable. Laser light is explored to sinter the silver nanoparticle ink on low-temperature bandage substrate. The laser parameters, their effects on the microstructure of the film, and the resulting sensor performance are systematically investigated. The results showed that the sensor is stretchable, has good sensitivity, and stability for 700 cycles of repeated bending. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are gaining popularity due to their application in military, private and public sector, especially being attractive for fields where human operator is not required. Light-weight UAVs are more desirable as they have better performance in terms of shorter take-off range and longer flight endurance. However, light weight structures with complex inner features are hard to fabricate using conventional manufacturing methods. The ability to print complex inner structures directly without the need of a mould gives additive manufacturing (AM) an edge over conventional manufacturing. Recent development in composite and multi-material printing opens up new possibilities of printing lightweight structures and novel platforms like flapping wings with ease. This paper explores the impact of additive manufacturing on aerodynamics, structures and materials used for UAVs. The review will discuss state-of-the-art AM technologies for UAVs through innovations in materials and structures and their advantages and limitations. The role of additive manufacturing to improve the performance of UAVs through smart material actuators and multi-functional structures will also be discussed. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore)

Minute pH changes impact all living organisms, and thus facile pH monitoring in environment and onthe cellular level is important. A low cost and flexible carbon nanotube based pH sensor is fabricated inthis work using Aerosol jet printing technique. The chemiresistive pH sensor is fabricated with a CNT-based miniaturized serpentine sensing element printed on top of the silver electrodes. The trace width ofthe serpentine sensing element is accurately controlled to about the same size as the gaps between thetraces. Aerosol jet parameters are optimized to achieve high resolution printing of 20 m. The fabricatedpH sensor shows good sensitivity (up to 59 k /pH) and repeatability (coefficient of variance

Additive manufacturing for electronics is one of the world's fastest growing technologies in recent years. This new and upcoming technology has facilitated many innovative applications and high commercialization of metallic nanoparticle inks. A robust and novel induction sintering technique is proposed to solve the major challenges faced by the current existing sintering techniques in sintering metallic nanoparticle inks. The induction sintering process is a noncontact selective sintering process, in which only electrically conductive presintered printed patterns are heated up by alternating electromagnetic field through eddy current losses. It is also more energy-efficient and effective as compared to thermal sintering since the induction sintering process only heats the electrically conductive printed patterns rather than the entire substrate. The electrical resistivity of the induction-sintered printed pattern is measured to be 1.98 × 10−8 Ω m, which is ≈81% bulk conductivity of silver. This research breakthrough hence has the potential to overcome the challenges faced in additive manufacturing for electronics, in which printed patterns with high electrical conductivity can be fabricated on flexible substrates. National Research Foundation (NRF) Accepted version This research was supported by the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore under its Medium-Sized Centre funding scheme. N.S. acknowledges the Singapore International Graduate Award (SINGA) Scholarship and the HRH Princess Sirindhorn Scholarship.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are 1D nanostructured materials with unique mechanical, optical, and electrical properties which can be potentially exploited for fabricating wide variety of devices. In addition, the biocompatibility of CNTs makes it attractive for wearable and implantable technology applications. Well-aligned CNT structures show enhanced properties such as superior electron mobility, strain sensitivity, better mechanical property, and enhanced performance and reproducibility that are absent in their disordered counterparts, thus allowing more promising applications in various fields. With aligned CNTs, devices can be optimized to exhibit better performance with lesser materials and more miniature designs. This review summarizes the landscape of CNTs alignment, either during the growth or post-growth processing. This paper delineates various CNTs alignment mechanism, process parameters, and challenges of each technique. A comparative discussion on the advantages, disadvantages, and degree of alignment of each technique is presented. A detailed discussion on the various applications that utilize properties of aligned CNTs devices is presented. The advent of 3D printing techniques for printing CNTs for novel and futuristic applications is also discussed. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version

This research focuses on exploring low-cost and rapid production solutions for fabricating emitters for patch antennas for wireless communication applications. Additive manufacturing technique is employed to fabricate two patch antennas using silver nanoparticle ink on FR4 substrate. Finite-element simulation software, HFSS is used to analyse and predict the theoretical performance of the antenna designs for 2.4 GHz MIMO and 6 GHz wireless data transmission. The fabricated antennas have resonant frequencies closely matching the design values. The work provides a viable solution for fabricating emitters and finally antennas commercially using inkjet printing platform, thus overall reducing the cost and simplifying the process. National Research Foundation (NRF) Accepted version This work was supported under the grant by National Research Foundation (NRF).

Aerosol jet is an additive manufacturing technique that writes electronic inks directly onto the surface. The process has great potential for printed electronics as it is non-contact method that works well with variety of materials- metals, insulators, semiconductors, epoxy and encapsulation materials for conformal writing. This paper explores the effect of some parameters like ultrasonic power and atomizer flow on overall print quality, thus establishing a process window. Published version