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To assess the economic implications of an annual vaccination strategy against influenza among people who were on a social-health program.A retrospective cohort study was conducted. 1900 persons who had received the influenza vaccine were served as vaccine group, while 1049 persons who did not receive the vaccine were served as controls. Cluster random sampling method was used. Both of these two groups came from Donfang Company in which there were 12,109 employers in total and all of them joined the social health insurance program. The survey was carried out when the influenza vaccine was given one year ago.The rates of vaccine group and control group for respiratory system diseases and cardiovascular diseases who were hospitalized, were 0.51%, 2.47% and 1.64%, 5.62% which showed 68.90% and 56.05% decrease, when compared with the control group. The crude inpatient rate among vaccinees and control group after receiving the vaccination for three and four month were 0.62%, 0.80% and 0.28%, 1.00% respectively. The inpatient rate of oldest-age group decreased by 53.59%, compared with control group. The cost-benefit ratio generated by the use of influenza vaccine in reducing the hospitalization rate was 6.48:1 for Social Health Insurants in Xi'an city.The Strategy to vaccinate the social-health-insured residents on influenza in Xi'an city had gained better economic benefits in reducing the hospitalization rate of respiratory system diseases and cardiovascular diseases for mild and old-aged persons.

To study the frequencies of numerical and structural aberrations for chromosome in sperm of benzene exposed workers, the multi-color FISH was used. Four DNA probes(one for chromosome 1 centromere and one for 1 p terminal, and two for chromosome 18 centromere) were hybridized with interphase sperms, and the frequencies of numerical aberrations for chromosome 1, 18 and structural aberrations of chromosome 1 were detected simultaneously. The time weighted average concentration (TWA) of benzene in workplace (42.29 mg/m3) was higher than that of our national maximum allowable concentration (6 mg/m3). The geometric concentration of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid(tt-MA) in exposed group was significantly higher than that of control group. A total of 144,282 sperm of 15 benzene-exposed workers and 135,937 sperm in 14 controls were scored. The frequency of hybridization efficiency was 99.85%. The mean frequencies of disomic sperms for chromosome 1 and 18 in exposed group(0.088% +/- 0.041%, and 0.087% +/- 0.049%, respectively) were statistically increased over that of the control group(0.045% +/- 0.024%, and 0.035% +/- 0.028%), and the mean frequencies of nullisomic sperms for chromosome 1 and 18(0.11% +/- 0.059%, 0.075% +/- 0.035%) in exposed group were statistically increased over that of control group too (0.048% +/- 0.018%; 0.045% +/- 0.024%). The frequencies of diploidy sperm were no difference in both exposed and control groups. The mean frequencies of terminal duplication and terminal deletion for chromosome 1 p(0.16% +/- 0.037%; 0.14% +/- 0.053%, respectively) were significantly increased over that of control group(0.082% +/- 0.023%; 0.069% +/- 0.028%, respectively). The mean frequencies of centromeric duplication and centromeric deletion for chromosome 1(0.10% +/- 0.035%; 0.10% +/- 0.041%, respectively) were significantly increased over that of control group(0.075% +/- 0.023%; 0.060% +/- 0.029%). Our experiments showed that exposed to benzene at higher concentration(42.29 mg/m3) may induce increases in frequencies not only of numerical aberrations for chromosome 1 and 18, but also of structural aberrations for chromosome 1 of sperms in exposed workers.

To study the genotoxicity of carbon disulfide by detecting DNA damage in mice sperm with single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE).SCGE was used to detect sperm DNA damage. The index of DNA damage, tail length and tail moment were used to evaluate the extent of DNA damage.In three dosage groups, the rate of DNA damage (67.14%, 84.29% and 91.00%, respectively), index of DNA damage intensity (507, 656 and 745, respectively), tail length (5.87, 8.81 and 13.49 microm, respectively) and tail moment (1.30, 1.63, 2.66 microm, respectively) were significantly increased, while the percentage of head of the comet was significantly decreased (84.55%, 73.84% and 55.71%, respectively). A significant changes were clearly observed in all dosage groups compared to those of the control group (P0.05).SCGE which is a quick and sensitive method to detect DNA damage induced by CS2 may be used to monitor carcinogen and mutagen.