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Purpose: The primary objective of this investigation is to systematically screen and identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) within the plasma of individuals afflicted with sepsis. This endeavor employs both Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodologies. The overarching goal is to furnish accessible and precise serum biomarkers conducive to the diagnostic discernment of sepsis. Method: The study encompasses 53 sepsis patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University between January 2019 and December 2020, alongside a control cohort consisting of 16 individuals devoid of sepsis pathology. Subsequently, a subset comprising 10 randomly selected subjects from the control group and 22 from the sepsis group undergoes quantitative proteomic analysis via DIA. The acquired data undergoes Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) analyses, facilitating the construction of a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network to discern potential markers. Validation of core proteins is then accomplished through ELISA. Comparative analysis between the normal and sepsis groups ensues, characterized by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve construction to evaluate diagnostic efficacy. Result: A total of 187 DEPs were identified through bioinformatic methodologies. Examination reveals their predominant involvement in biological processes such as wound healing, coagulation, and blood coagulation. Functional pathway analysis further elucidates their engagement in the complement pathway and malaria. Resistin emerges as a candidate plasma biomarker, subsequently validated through ELISA. Notably, the protein exhibits significantly elevated levels in the serum of sepsis patients compared to the normal control group. ROC curve analysis underscores the robust diagnostic capacity of these biomarkers for sepsis. Conclusion: Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) show increased Resistin levels in sepsis patients, suggesting diagnostic potential, warranting further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the intricate phase transitions of 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane within a binary system, unveiling dynamic structural changes under varying conditions. Through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, specific molecular vibrations were identified, shedding light on the molecular composition and interactions. The study highlights the challenges in detecting subtle phase transitions and emphasises the individuality of molecular behaviours in closely related compounds. The findings underscore the complexity of phase transitions in binary systems and advocate for a nuanced approach to studying molecular structures and behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical aptasensor was established for the fast and sensitive determination of tetracycline based on the synergistic effect of MoS2-thionine nanocomposite and aptamer. The glassy carbon electrode was coated with MoS2 nanosheets of thionine to immobilize the tetracycline aptamer. In the absence of tetracycline, large quantities of thionin were loaded on the surface of the MoS2 nanosheet to serve as the electrochemical probe. After tetracycline was added to the surface of the electrode, an aptamer analyte complex was produced on the modified electrode. Through intercalation and electrostatic interactions, the complex was substantially adsorbed onto thionine, and the peak currents of the redox signal of thionine decreased. Therefore, the concentration of tetracycline was monitored by the change in signal intensity. Under optimized conditions, the developed electrochemical strategy with MoS2-thionine composite and aptamer exhibited an excellent linear detection range of 1.0 nM–1.0 μΜ and a low detection limit of 0.6 nM with suitable selectivity and stability. Therefore, the fabricated platform offers great potential for food safety, medical detection, and drug analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To utilize metabolomics in conjunction with RNA sequencing to identify biomarkers in the blood of sepsis patients and discover novel targets for diagnosing and treating sepsis. In January 2019 and December 2020, blood samples were collected from a cohort of 16 patients diagnosed with sepsis and 11 patients diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Non-targeted metabolomics analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS technology), while gene sequencing was performed using RNA sequencing. Afterward, the metabolite data and sequencing data underwent quality control and difference analysis, with a fold change (FC) greater than or equal to 2 and a false discovery rate (FDR) less than 0.05.Co-analysis was then performed to identify differential factors with consistent expression trends based on the metabolic pathway context; KEGG enrichment analysis was performed on the crossover factors, and Meta-analysis of the targets was performed at the transcriptome level using the public dataset. In the end, a total of five samples of single nucleated cells from peripheral blood (two normal controls, one with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and two with sepsis) were collected and examined to determine the cellular location of the essential genes using 10× single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). A total of 485 genes and 1083 metabolites were found to be differentially expressed in the sepsis group compared to the SIRS group. Among these, 40 genes were found to be differentially expressed in both the metabolome and transcriptome. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were primarily involved in biological processes related to inflammatory response, immune regulation, and amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, a meta-analysis identified four genes, namely ITGAM, CD44, C3AR1, and IL2RG, which were highly expressed in the sepsis group compared to the normal group (P < 0.05). Additionally, scRNA-seq analysis revealed that the core genes ITGAM and C3AR1 were predominantly localized within the macrophage lineage. The primary genes ITGAM and C3AR1 exhibit predominant expression in macrophages, which play a significant role in inflammatory and immune responses. Moreover, these genes show elevated expression levels in the plasma of individuals with sepsis, indicating their potential as valuable subjects for further research in sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalid) is a common butterfly distributed in temperate regions worldwide. The nettle Urtica cannabina (Urticaceae) is key to the survival of the small tortoiseshell, which provides its primary food source. This species is also a toxic plant listed in the Chinese Flora Atlas database, as it has poisonous roots and leaves. However, the phytophagous insect has evolved different adaptations against the plant′s defense system. This study aims to identify the genes linked to feeding strategies and adaptations of Aglais urticae's larval feeding preference and detoxifying mechanism, and it may serve as an approach to help us understand the molecular process of its in vivo detoxification and find its related genes. Overall, these results provide the basis for future work on the detoxification and development of phytophagous insects by identifying the detoxification mechanism of A. urticae and their development-related genes in holometabolous insects. Herbivorous insects and host plants have developed a close and complex relationship over a long period of co-evolution. Some plants provide nutrients for insects, but plants' secondary metabolites also influence their growth and development. Urtica cannabina roots and leaves are poisonous, yet Aglais urticae larvae feed on them, so we aimed to clarify the mechanism enabling this interaction. At present, studies on the detoxification mechanism of the A. urticae are rare. In our study, first, we used the A. urticae larval odor selection behavior bioassay and choice feeding preference assay to analyze the feeding preferences of A. urticae on its host plant, U. cannabina. Next, we used transcriptome sequencing to obtain the unigenes annotated and classified by various databases, such as KEGG and GO. In this study, we found that U. cannabina could attract A. urticae larvae to feed via scent, and the feeding preference assay confirmed that larvae preferred U. cannabina leaves over three other plants: Cirsium japonicum, Cannabis sativa, and Arctium lappa. The activity of detoxifying enzymes GST and CarE changed in larvae that had consumed U. cannabina. Furthermore, through transcriptomic sequencing analysis, 77,624 unigenes were assembled from raw reads. The numbers of differentially expressed genes were calculated using pairwise comparisons of all life stages; the expression of detoxification enzyme genes was substantially higher in larvae than in the pupal and adult stages. Finally, we identified and summarized 34 genes associated with detoxification enzymes, such as UDP-glucose 4-epimerase gene, 5 Glutathione S-transferase genes, 4 Carboxylesterase genes, 4 Cytochrome P450 genes, 10 ATP-binding cassette genes, 4 Superoxide dismutase, and Peroxidase. Moreover, we identified 28 genes associated with the development of A. urticae. The qRT-PCR results were nearly consistent with the transcriptomic data, showing an increased expression level of four genes in larvae. Taken together, this study examines the correlation between A. urticae and host plants U. cannabina, uncovering a pronounced preference for A. urticae larvae toward host plants. Consistent with RNA-seq, we investigated the mechanism of A. urticae's interaction with host plants and identified detoxification-related genes. The present study provides theoretical support for studying insect adaptation mechanisms and biological control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A site‐selective C(3)/C(4)‐alkylation of N‐pyridylisoquinolones is achieved by employing C−C bond activation of cyclopropanols under Ru(II)‐catalyzed/Cu(II)‐mediated conditions. The regioisomeric ratios of the products follow directly from the electronic nature of the cyclopropanols and isoquinolones used, with electron‐withdrawing groups yielding predominantly the C(3)‐alkylated products, whereas the electron‐donating groups primarily generate the C(4)‐alkylated isomers. Density functional theory calculations and detailed mechanistic investigations suggest the simultaneous existence of the singlet and triplet pathways for the C(3)‐ and C(4)‐product formation. Further transformations of the products evolve the utility of the methodology thereby yielding scaffolds of synthetic relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods for detecting antibiotic and mycotoxin residues rely on large-scale instruments, which are expensive and require complex sample pretreatment processes and professional operators. Although aptamer-based electrochemical sensors have the advantages of simplicity, speed, low cost, and high sensitivity, most aptamer-based sensors lack a signal amplification strategy due to their direct use of aptamers as probes, resulting in insufficient sensitivity. To solve the sensitivity problem in the electrochemical detection process, a novel electrochemical sensing strategy was established for ultrasensitive zearalenone (ZEN) detection on the basis of exonuclease I (Exo I) and branched hybridization chain reaction (bHCR) to amplify the signal. The amplification strategy showed excellent analytical performance towards ZEN with a low detection limit at 3.1×10−12 mol/L and a wide linear range from 10−11 to 10−6 mol/L. Importantly, the assay was utilized in the corn powder samples with satisfactory results, holding promising applications in food safety detection and environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tandem Prins/Friedel‐Crafts cascade strategy has been developed for the synthesis of hexahydro‐2H‐benzo[g]chromene derivatives. Under action of equimolecular amount of BF3 etherate, δ,ϵ‐unsaturated alcohols and arylacetaldehydes are coupled to form oxocarbenium ion intermediates, which are captured by the alkene moiety through a favored six‐membered transition state. The Prins‐cyclization resultant tertiary carbenium ions undergo consecutive intramolecular Friedel–Crafts cyclization to create the tricyclic products. This process enables a tandem formation of three new chemical bonds in one single operation with high yields and stereoselectivity in most cases. When cyclic substituents are involved, a variety of spiro derivatives could also be synthesized successfully, which further proved the robustness of this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to gain more insights into the influence of rare earth elements on the melt structure of SiO 2 –CaO–Al 2 O 3 –MgO glass ceramics, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques were used to study the influence of La 2 O 3 on the Si–O/Al–O tetrahedron structure within SiO 2 –CaO–Al 2 O 3 –MgO–quenched glass samples in this study. Results showed that some Raman peak shapes at low frequencies (200–840 cm−1) changed significantly after the addition of La 2 O 3 , compared to the high frequency (840–1200 cm−1) region that corresponds to the [SiO 4 ] structure, suggesting that the depolymerization of the low-frequency T–O–T (T=Si or Al) structure was more prevalent with La3+ addition. Besides, the depolymerization extent of the Si–O/Al–O tetrahedral network varied when the melt composition altered. Most notably, depolymerization is the most significant at a low CaO/SiO 2 ratio (0.25) and a high Al 2 O 3 content (8%). Meanwhile, La3+ can promote the transformation of Si–O–Si and Al–O–Al bonds to the Si–O–Al ones, thereby forming a complex ionic cluster network interwoven with Si–O and Al–O tetrahedrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed convection turbulent flows of liquid metal flowing through horizontal channel with varying Richardson number is studied using DNS. Fluids with Re b = 4667 and Pr = 0. 025 are simulated under four different Richardson number (Ri = 0 , 0. 25 , 0. 50 , 1. 00). The turbulence budgets and statistics analysis of mixing efficiency, time constant ratio and parametrization of heat transfer are extensively analyzed and discussed. We found that the diffusion of turbulent kinetic energy is quickly dissipated in the viscous sublayer. The rise of thermal plumes produces more θ ′ + θ ′ + ¯ / 2 in the buffer layer and enhanced turbulent heat transfer. The valley value of production of u ′ + θ ′ + ¯ moves closer to the hot wall with increasing Ri due to the more frequent generation of thermal plumes. The budgets of u ′ + θ ′ + ¯ is almost independent of Ri. The mixing efficiency has sharp increase in the bulk region and it increases with the increase of buoyancy strength. The time constant ratio increases along the wall-normal direction of the channel and it is close to Pr in the viscous sublayer. An improved correlation of Nu, Ra and Re is formulated for low-Ra flow. By analyzing the DNS data, the turbulent heat transfer of liquid metals can be better understood. The DNS data is also compared with results from RANS models. The data provided in this paper have important practical value for developing and validating RANS models for liquid metal flow simulation, which can be useful for developing lead-cooled fast reactors and sodium-cooled fast reactors. • Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of mixed convection turbulent heat transfer in a horizontal channel case with different Richardson number. • The budgets of TKE, half of temperature variance and turbulent heat flux are analyzed. • The mixing efficiency, time constant ratio and parametrization of heat transfer are studied and discussed. • An improved correlation of Nu, Ra and Re is formulated for low-Ra flow. • The DNS data is also compared with results from RANS models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct formation of aryl C−O bonds via the intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling of a C−H bond and a pendant alcohol represents a powerful synthetic transformation. Herein, we report a method for intramolecular arene C−H etherification via an umpoled alcohol cyclization mediated by an I(III) N‐HVI reagent. This approach provides access to functionalized chromane scaffolds from primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols via a cascade cyclization‐iodonium salt formation, the latter providing a versatile functional handle for downstream derivatization. Computational studies support initial formation of an umpoled O‐intermediate via I(III) ligand exchange, followed by competitive direct and spirocyclization/1,2‐shift pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Depressive disorder is a mental health disorder with complicated etiopathogenesis. Environmental stress and neurodevelopment combined with other factors contribute to the occurrence of depression. Especially for the depressive disorder with chronic negative stress, it has characteristics of recurrence and poor curative effect because of unclear mechanism. Here, we investigated the hippocampal structures and functional connectivity (FC) according to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with depression who underwent chronic negative stress. Patients and Methods: A total of 65 patients with depression (34 underwent chronic negative stress and 31 non-underwent chronic negative stress) and 30 healthy controls who did not undergo chronic negative stress were included in the study. The volumes of hippocampal subfields, seed-based FCs between hippocampus and the whole brain voxels, and ROI-wise-based FC between hippocampal subfields were compared among the three groups. Results: In the patients with depression who underwent chronic negative stress, the volumes of right_GC-ML-DG-head, right_CA4-head and right_CA3-head increased, FCs between Temporal_Mid_R, Precuneus_R, Frontal_Sup_R, Temporal_Sup_R, Angular_L, Frontal_Inf_Tri_R, Supp_Motor_Area_R, Precentral_L and hippocampus increased, and FCs between parasubiculum and CA3, and presubiculum and CA1 decreased. When compared to the patients who did not undergo chronic negative stress, the patients who underwent chronic negative stress had larger volumes of right_GC-ML-DG-head and right_CA3-head, higher FCs between Frontal_Sup_R, Frontal_Inf_Tri_R and hippocampus, and lower FCs between presubiculum and CA1. Conclusion: The depression underwent chronic negative stress may experience disrupted hippocampal structures and functional connectivity. It may be one of potential depressive disorder subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nb is mainly in the +5 valence state and exists in the form of [NbO 6 ]7− octahedron. • The melt conductivity increases with the increase of Nb 2 O 5 content. • Ti in the melt is dominated by Ti4+ and exists in the [TiO 6 ]8− octahedron structure. Electrical conductivity is a very important physical parameter in the process of electrolytic extraction of niobium from molten niobium-enriched slag or preparation of ferroniobium alloy by reduction melting separation in electric arc furnace. The effects of Nb 2 O 5 , CaO/SiO 2 ratio and TiO 2 on the electrical conductivity of CaO-SiO 2 -Nb 2 O 5 -TiO 2 -CeO 2 -CaF 2 melt were studied by AC four-electrode method. The melt structure was studied by XPS to reveal the change rules of melt conductivity. The results show that the addition of Nb 2 O 5 or increasing the CaO/SiO 2 ratio in the melt can depolymerize the melt network structure and effectively improve the melt conductivity, and the activation energy of the conductivity is negatively correlated with the Nb 2 O 5 content and the CaO/SiO 2 ratio. With the increase of TiO 2 content in the melt, the melt network structure polymerizes, the melt conductivity decreases, and the activation energy of conductivity also showed a decreasing trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the meting process of glass-ceramics, the melts are simulated by using analytically pure materials high temperature. The effects of La2O3 on the viscosity and structure for the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 melt are studied via both rotating-cylinder method and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the viscosity and viscous flow activation energy decreases as the La2O3 content increases. The addition of La2O3 destroyed the silicate structural units(Qn)m the met. The percent of Q¹,Q² units increases with increasing amount of La2O3. However, the percent of Q³ units decreases with increasing amount of La2O3. In addition, the percent of Q0 units are slightly dependent on the La2O3 content. It indicates that the addition of La2O3 increase the number of non-bridging oxygen in the state structural units and reduce the degree of polymerization. La2O3 pay a role as network modifier in the melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrust system is an important part of the shield machine, which consists of tens of hydraulic cylinders that are grouped for better control. The thrust hydraulic system may perform poorly when it works under unexpected geological working conditions as the control group cannot be adjusted. To improve the thrust performance, a new concept of group-adjustable thrust hydraulic system is proposed. Eight different types of equivalent models for grouped thrust system are presented in terms of parallel mechanism theory. The kinematics and statics are then developed to model the performance of the thrust system further. The uniformity index is introduced to assess the performance of thrusting and then calculated for each grouping modes. The numerical simulations clearly illustrate that the properties of each grouping mode. The uniformity analysis demonstrates that the performance of a certain group mode is determined by its group angle. To help the thrust system adapt to the real-time working condition, the optimization of group angle is established according to the principle of the uniformity minimization. At last, a force accumulation index is proposed to demonstrate the effectiveness of group-adjustable thrust system against the group-fixed one through a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of mixed convection turbulent heat transfer in a vertical channel case for low Prandtl number fluid. • The influence of buoyancy on aiding-flow and opposing-flow side is analyzed. • Extensive results of flow and temperature statistics are analyzed and presented. • The budgets are investigated and related to the variations of the quantities in mean fields. This article investigates the impact of buoyancy force in a vertical channel with combined natural and forced convection liquid metal flow using direct numerical simulation (DNS). In particular, a liquid metal with Pr = 0.025 and Re = 4667 is considered in the combined natural and forced convection regime (Ri = 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00). The liquid metal is driven upward while buoyancy aids the flow close to the hot wall and opposes the flow close to the cold wall. The influence of buoyancy on turbulent heat transfer and mean flow are analyzed. Turbulent transport is enhanced in aiding flow and weakened in opposing flow with increasing Richardson number for low-Prandtl-number fluids. The enhancement of normalized Reynolds stresses is more significant in the opposing flow compared to the aiding flow. Turbulent heat flux also increases and, consequently, enhances heat transfer. Besides, the budgets of streamwise and wall-normal turbulent heat flux, temperature variance, Reynolds shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy are investigated and related to the variations of the quantities in mean fields. The budgets of temperature variance and turbulent kinetic energy are nearly balanced by shear production and dissipation. As for the budget of Reynolds shear stress, streamwise and wall-normal turbulent heat flux, temperature pressure-gradient correlation contributes to the budget significantly in addition to production and dissipation. The DNS results can not only shed light on the heat transfer mechanism of turbulence in liquid metal flows, but also be used for validating and improving turbulent models for low-Prandtl-number fluids, which could be useful for developing Gen IV liquid-metal-cooled fast reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SnO 2 –CuO heterostructures have been synthesized via electrospinning method, which overcomes the defect of SnO 2 generally prepared at high temperature. The structure, morphology, size, specific surface, thermal stability and surface composition of nanocomposite were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, TG and XPS. The results testify that the change in property and structure of composite depends on the CuO content in composite. The SnO 2 composite with 30 wt% CuO not only exhibits excellent selectivity and high response that is 16 and 2.5 times higher than that of pure CuO and SnO 2 , respectively, but also reduces the operating temperature from 295 °C to 235 °C. The mechanism enhanced sensing properties was discussed in detail, except for enhancing adsorption of gas on the material surface; the enhancement can be attributed to the formation of p–n heterojunction at the interface between the SnO 2 and the CuO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive power control of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) has been a heated topic in transient stability control of power systems in recent years. By using a new online supplementary learning control (OSLC) approach based on the theory of approximate dynamic programming (ADP), this paper develops an optimal and adaptive design method for the supplementary reactive power control of DFIGs to improve transient stability of power systems. To augment the reactive power command of the rotor-side converter (RSC), a supplementary controller is designed to reduce voltage sag at the common coupling point during a fault, and to mitigate active power oscillation of the wind farm after a fault. As a result, the transient stability of both DFIGs and the power system is enhanced. For the supplementary controller design, an action dependent cost function is introduced to make the OSLC model-free and completely data-driven. Furthermore, a least-squares based policy iteration algorithm is employed to train the supplementary controller with convergence and stability guarantee. By using such techniques, the supplementary reactive power controller can be trained directly from data measurements, and therefore, can adapt to system or external changes without an explicit offline system identification process. Simulations carried out in Power System Computer Aided Design/ Electro Magnetic Transient in DC System (PSCAD/EMTDC) show that the OSLC based supplementary reactive power controller can significantly improve the transient performance of the wind farm and enhance the transient stability of the power system after sever faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using granular coke gasification reaction equipment and an unreacted core shrink model, this study examined the gasification reaction and conducted kinetic analysis of coke under CO 2 and H 2 O atmospheres. Results show that in CO 2 or H 2 O, solution loss rate increases with increasing temperature. The reaction rate of coke with H 2 O is approximately two to four times faster than that with CO 2 at the same temperature. From 1173 K to 1373 K, the apparent activation energies of the gasification reaction of coke with CO 2 and H 2 O are 143.33 kJ mol −1 and 104.53 kJ mol −1 , respectively. The internal diffusion resistance in H 2 O was far below that in CO 2 , demonstrating that the gasification reaction rate between H 2 O and coke was quicker. In CO 2 at low temperatures (≤1273 K), coke gasification was controlled by interfacial reaction during the early stage, interfacial reaction and gas diffusion in the middle stage, and gas diffusion in the final stage. At high temperatures (>1273 K), gasification was controlled by interfacial reaction. However, coke gasification in H 2 O at low temperatures (1173 K) was controlled by interfacial reaction during the early stage, and was under mixed control by interfacial reaction and gas diffusion during the final stage. At high temperatures (≥1223 K), gasification was controlled by interfacial reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DNS of PRB flow for low Prandtl number fluid. • The influence of Pr in PRB flow has been studied with varying Pr. • Turbulence is enhanced with decreasing Prandtl number. • Extensive results of flow and temperature statistics are analyzed and presented. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is performed to study turbulent heat transfer in Poiseuille-Rayleigh-Bénard (PRB) flows with low Prandtl numbers in this article. The mesh is Cartesian and a highly accurate finite difference sixth-order compact scheme is chosen to discretize the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations to perform DNS. Liquids with a fixed Richardson number of 0.25 and four different Prandtl number (Pr = 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.71) are simulated and compared with Poiseuille flow to investigate the influence of Prandtl number and buoyancy on –PRB flows. Constant fluid properties and Boussinesq approximation are assumed. The obtained results are discussed and analysed in an extensive way in this study. Specifically, buoyancy initiate large scale circulation and the scale shrinks with the increasing of Prandtl number. Velocity fluctuations become stronger with PRB flow which indicate that buoyancy can strongly enhance the turbulent intensity. Re τ is increased in the cases of low Pr. Moreover, when Pr decreases, temperature distributions are found to be more homogeneous and mixing of the fluids is more sufficient in the middle of the channel. Additionally, the scale of the large-scale structures is enlarged in mixed convection compared with forced convection. This can be observed in the temperature field of low-Prandtl-number fluids. It is also observed that Reynolds analogy cannot be used to predict the thermal field under mixed convection or forced convection with low Prandtl number. The research results can be used for the R&D of Gen IV nuclear fast reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rotating cylinder method was used to understand the effects of La 2 O 3 and the La 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 ratios on the melt viscosity of CaO–SiO 2 (–Al 2 O 3)–La 2 O 3 at high temperatures. The structural characterization of these quenched glass samples were investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the viscosity of the CaO–SiO 2 (–Al 2 O 3)–La 2 O 3 melt is significantly reduced due to additions of La 2 O 3. The La 2 O 3 additions simplified the structure of the silicon-oxygen ion groups in the melt, which created a smaller melt viscosity. The critical transition temperature is proportional to the La 2 O 3 content and inversely proportional to the La 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 ratio. La3+ and Al3+ make the viscosity-temperature curve of CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –La 2 O 3 melt show different characteristics. There is no critical transition temperature when the melt without La 2 O 3 , and the critical transition temperature appears after adding La 2 O 3. The La 2 O 3 plays a role like alkaline oxide in the CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –La 2 O 3 melt. In addition, the degree of polymerization of the melt decreased relative to the La 2 O 3 content and La 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 ratio. Consequently, the La 2 O 3 behaves as a network modifier for the complex silicate anions of CaO–SiO 2 –La 2 O 3 and CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –La 2 O 3 melts. • The viscosity was proportional to the La 2 O 3 content and the La 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 ratio. • La 2 O 3 made the structure of the Silica tetrahedron structure to be simple. • The viscosity critical transition temperature appears after adding La 2 O 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Experiments are performed to investigate direct contact condensation in pressure suppression system of nuclear reactor. • Effect of condensation regimes is studied, and identification and classification of condensation regimes are investigated. • Effect of different condensation regimes on the thermal stratification of wet wells is analyzed. • A simple analytical model determining different condensation regimes is developed. Direct contact condensation affects the performance of a small modular reactor with pressure suppression system. Since the heat and mass transfer varies with the condensation regimes as well as steam-water interface shapes, the identification and classification of the condensation regimes are important. The experiment of steam direct contact condensation was carried out and the corresponding condensation regimes were studied. Specifically, the experiment was studied by injecting steam vertically into a wet well with subcooled water. The physical process of steam condensation phenomenon with varying undercooling degree of wet well was recorded by high-speed camera. According to the location of the steam-water interface and the shape of the steam bubble, the four condensation regimes were studied, namely chugging, external necking, spheroidal upward bubble and T-shaped upward bubble. Besides, it is found that thermal stratification occurs in the wet well at low steam mass flux, the influence of each condensation regime on the thermal stratification of wet well was studied. The experimental results show that the internal chugging and external necking cause a large downward circulation of subcooled water, which enhance the flow mixing around the discharge tube and the bottom of the wet well. Consequently, the thermal stratification phenomenon does not happen in those condensation regimes. However, the regimes like spheroidal upward bubble and T-shaped upward bubble cause the upward circulation of subcooled water in wet well, which cause the thermal stratification. The critical Richardson number (Ri) determines the condensation regimes. Furthermore, when the Ri is smaller than 1, the condensation regime is external necking. Besides, when the Ri is greater than 1, the condensation regimes are spheroidal upward bubble and T-shaped upward bubble. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bats were identified as a natural reservoir of emerging and re-emerging infectious pathogens threatening human health and life. Methods: This study collected 21 fecal samples of Hipposideros armiger in Mengla County of Xishuangbanna Prefecture Yunnan Province to combine one pool for viral metagenomic sequencing. Results: Two nearly complete genomes of parechoviruses, BPeV11 and BPeV20, were sequenced. Genome analysis revealed that BPeV11 and BPeV20 follow a 3-3-4 genome layout: 5′ UTR-VP0-VP3-VP1-2A-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3′ UTR. The prevalence of BPev11 and BPev20 by Nested-PCR showed that 1 of 21 fecal samples was positive. Based on amino acid identity comparison and phylogenetic analysis of P1, 2C, and 3D, BPeV11 and BPeV20 were closely related to but distinct from FPeVs. Conclusion: It was probably proposed to be a novel species in the genus Parechovirus of the family Picornaviridae. The isolation of BPev11 and BPev20 from H. armiger in China is the first complete genome of parechovirus isolations from bat feces of the genus Hipposideros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DNS of mixed convection is performed in a horizontal channel case. • The influence of buoyancy in a liquid metal flow has been studied with varying Richardson number. • Turbulence is strongly enhanced with the increasing buoyancy compared to forced convection. • Extensive results of flow and temperature statistics are analyzed and presented. This article presents the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of mixed convection turbulent heat transfer in a horizontal channel case for liquid lead. Cartesian mesh is used and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are discretized with highly accurate finite difference sixth-order compact schemes to perform the DNS. The influence of mixed convection in liquid metal with Prandtl number equal to 0.025 and Reynolds number equal to 4667 has been studied by varying the Richardson number (Ri = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00). The obtained results are extensively analyzed and discussed in this article. In particular, large-scale circulation is observed under the influence of buoyancy. Compared to the forced convection case (Ri = 0), stronger velocity fluctuations are noticed that highlight the fact that turbulence is strongly enhanced with the increasing buoyancy. It also proves that the thermal plumes rising up from the hot wall of the channel activate the cross-stream eddies. Moreover, temperature fluctuations are found to be more homogeneously distributed with increasing buoyancy effects and mixing is more effective in the center of the channel. In addition, compared with forced convection, mixed convection has shown enlargement of the large-scale structures that only appear in the temperature field for low Prandtl number fluids. Extensive results of flow and temperature fields are analyzed and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium and potassium ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs) have received a substantial amount of attention in large-scale applications due to the abundance and low price of sodium and potassium metals. However, large-sized Na+ and K+ ions can cause sluggish kinetics, large volume change and unsatisfactory cycling behaviors. Herein, highly dispersed FeSe 2 nanoparticles confined in mesoporous carbon nanofibers (FeSe 2 @C) were prepared via a novel selenization strategy and utilized as an anode material in both SIBs and PIBs for the first time. The mesoporous FeSe 2 @C nanocomposite possesses unique structural features including a large surface area and the presence of highly dispersed FeSe 2 nanoparticles and a 1D mesocarbon nanofiber matrix, which can efficiently enhance electrical conductivity, facilitate electron/ion transportation and alleviate volume variations, thereby enabling fast Na/K storage kinetics, an outstanding structural integrity and a superior Na/K storage performance. For SIBs, FeSe 2 @C shows a high charge capacity of 483 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 over 100 cycles, which retains a capacity of 359 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1.0 A g−1. When employed as anode for PIBs, FeSe 2 @C displays a high charge capacity of 352 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. Moreover, the electrochemical kinetic analysis confirms that the excellent pseudocapacitive behavior accounts for the superior sodium/potassium storage performance at high current densities. • Porous FeSe 2 @C nanofibers were prepared via a novel selenization strategy. • The FeSe 2 @C nanofibers show superior Na/K storage performance. • The high capacity of FeSe 2 @C is due to the fast Na/K storage kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The viscosity was proportional to the CeO 2 content and the CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio. • CeO 2 made the structure of the silicon oxide ionic group to be simple. • The viscosity of the melt was influenced by the combination of Ce4+ and Ce3+. The effect of the CeO 2 content and CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio on the melt viscosity of CaO-SiO 2 (-Al 2 O 3)-CeO 2 was determined using the rotating cylinder method. The structural characteristics of the quenched vitreous samples were investigated with a Raman spectrometer. The results showed that the melt viscosity of CaO-SiO 2 (-Al 2 O 3)-CeO 2 decreased significantly with increases in the CeO 2 content and the CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio. Q 3/ Q 2, which represents the degree of polymerization of the melt, decreased with an increase in the CeO 2 content and the CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio. Ce in the CaO-SiO 2 (-Al 2 O 3)-CeO 2 system was present as a mixture of Ce4+ and Ce3+ in high-purity Ar atmosphere at a temperature of 1540 °C. In the CaO-SiO 2 (-6%Al 2 O 3)-6%CeO 2 system, the melt viscosity was higher in the presence of Ce4+ and Ce3+ than in the presence of Ce3+, indicating that the melt viscosity of CaO-SiO 2 (-Al 2 O 3)-CeO 2 was determined by the combination of Ce4+ and Ce3+. CeO 2 acted as a network modifier in the melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective cognition score (OS)" (P=0.027) and "Composite score (CS)" (P=0.017). Compared with SI, network analysis revealed that SA had a unique network of cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. Nevertheless, both networks exhibit comparable performance concerning the node strength of cognitive function. Within their separate networks, the aspects of CS, OS, and SP have emerged as the three most crucial elements. Conclusion: Adolescents with SI or SA exhibit a broad spectrum of cognitive impairments. Attention impairment can be beneficial in discerning between SI and SA. Future interventions for adolescent suicide can center on attention and the comprehensive cognitive ability that it represents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hybrid ofAcipenser schrenckii(♀) × Huso dauricus(♂) (A × H) was first determined by a PCR-based sequencing method in this study. The mitochondrial was 16 687 bp in length, including 13 protein genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and one control region. All genes were encoded on the heavy strain except forND6and eighttRNA genes. Base composition of the heavy strain was A (29.80%), T (24.42%), C (28.94%), G (16.82%), and with A + T bias of 54.26%. Compared with the complete mitochondrial genome of the parents, results showed the hybrid sturgeon was consistent with a maternal inheritance; however, we also foundND6andtRNA-Gluwhich were species-specific for the male parentH. dauricus. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the A × H provided an important data set for further study in mitochondrial inheritance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LncRNA PlncRNA-1(PlncRNA-1) participates in breast cancer by upregulating TGF-β1. It is known that TGF-β1 plays an inhibitory role in the inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, PlncRNA-1 may also participate in RA. Serum and synovial fibroblasts were obtained from 34 patients with active RA (persistent symptoms), 36 patients with inactive RA (long term of no or few symptoms after active RA) and 40 healthy controls. Expression levels of PlncRNA-1 and TGF-β1 in active RA patients, inactive RA patients and healthy controls were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the correlation between the expression levels of PlncRNA-1 and TGF-β1. Diagnostic value of PlncRNA-1 for active RA was detected by ROC curve analysis. PlncRNA-1 and TGF-β1 were downregulated in serum of active RA patients but not in inactive RA patients compared to the healthy controls. Expression of PlncRNA-1 and TGF-β1 were positively correlated only in RA patients, and altered expression levels of PlncRNA-1 distinguished the active RA patients from inactive RA patients and healthy controls. PlncRNA-1 and TGF-β1 were also downregulated in synovial fibroblasts derived from RA patients in comparison to inactive RA patients and healthy controls. Overexpression of PlncRNA-1 mediated upregulation of TGF-β1 in synovial fibroblasts derived from RA patients, while exogenous TGF-β1 treatment showed no significant effect on the expression of PlncRNA-1. Therefore, PlncRNA-1 participated in RA possibly by regulating TGF-β1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The machine vision-based quality evaluation of colored rice is an important component of achieving automatic rice production and processing. This study took red indica rice as the research object and developed a machine vision system for inspecting flawed rice kernels that are broken, chalky, damaged or spotted. Near infrared images of colored rice samples were collected by the machine vision system. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier, with the input of the invariant moment ellipse major axis, was applied to identify the broken rice kernels in the images. Then, the head rice images were obtained, and another SVM performed the gray-level segmentation. The segmented areas were doubly examined using the centroid distance constraint and the pixel search positioning method, which allowed the chalky areas to be accurately extracted. Finally, the damaged and the spotted areas on the rice kernels were detected by using edge detection and morphological methods. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy for broken kernels, chalkiness, and damaged and spotted areas reached 99.3%, 96.3% and 93.6%, respectively. In addition, the average running time of the proposed method was 0.15 s, with four types of defects detected at one-time. Hence, it was concluded that the proposed method has significant potential to be applied for rapid and accurate colored rice quality detection and to provide technical support for the machine vision-based inspection of the automated grading of rice. • A machine vision system was designed to conduct the image acquisition and quality inspection on colored rice. • The propose method based on NIR images could detect broken kernels, chalkiness, damaged areas and spots on red rice. • The average running time of the algorithm in this paper achieved as 0.15 s. • The detection accuracy for broken kernels, chalkiness, damaged and spotted areas were 99.3%, 96.3% and 93.6%, respectively. • The proposed computer vision method can achieve rapid and accurate quality detection on colored rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable lithium/sulfur batteries have been proposed as the most promising high-performance batteries due to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the poor electrical conductivity and structural stability of elemental sulfur and the dissolution of the polysulfides have confined the utilization of elemental sulfur and the cyclic retention of capacity. A novel in-situ route by transforming ZnO nanotemplates into sulfur nanoparticles during the preparation of carbon/sulfur composite is reported for synthesizing sulfur nanoparticles/disordered mesoporous carbon composite, which shows a high specific capacity of 660.8 mAh/g (composite) during the first cycle and an excellent cyclic retention of 87.9% after 100 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Removal of an infected prosthesis was considered the gold standard for eradication of infection. However, removal of well-fixed components can result in structural bone damage and compromised reconstruction. In these situations we questioned whether the infection after the total hip arthroplasty could be treated effectively and retain the well-fixed implant in a single-stage exchange.Methods: A retrospective analysis which included 31 patients with chronic infected THA who underwent major partial single-stage revision, including routinely exchanged femoral head and liner components, aggressive soft tissue debridement, removal of the femoral stem or acetabular cup and retention of the well-fixed component, thorough exposed component brushing, and adequate surgical soaking. Powdered Vancomycin was poured into the surgical area and the infection control rate and clinical outcomes were evaluated. The failure to treat the infection was defined as a recurrence of infection in the same hip. The average follow-up was five years (2-15 years).Result: There were four (12.9 %) failures during the study period at an average of 15 months (9-21 months) after partial single-stage revision. Of the 31 patients, 27 (87.1 %) patients had a satisfactory outcome and required no additional surgical or medical treatment for recurrence of infection. Acetabular cups were revised in 22 patients and femoral stems in nine patients. The mean post-operative Harris hip score at the most recent assessment was 74.6 (68-82).Conclusions: Treatment of chronic infected THA with retention of the well-fixed implant in a single-stage exchange can be fairly effective in the treatment of infection and achieving acceptable functional outcomes, which indicated that this may be an attractive alternative in highly selected patients.Level Of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A new allelic variant in MICB*005 lineage, MICB*005:09, has been identified in a male Uyghur individual recruited from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China by PCR‐sequence‐based typing (Sanger sequencing) and confirmed by cloning and sequencing. Aligned with MICB*005:03, this new allelic variant shows a synonymous T substitution at nucleotide position 8 in exon 2, corresponding to codon 3 (CAC→CAT) of the mature MICB mRNA transcript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Physics-based neural network model combining ECAC model and PSO-BPNN model. • A complete process of data-driven aircraft noise assessment. • Feasible solution to aircraft noise assessment for airports. • Improved performance in stability and flexibility. With the increasingly severe problem of aircraft noise pollution around airports, it is urgent to explore accurate and effective aircraft noise assessment methods. This article proposes a physics-based PSO-BPNN model based on the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) best practice model, backpropagation neural network (BPNN), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to enrich the methodology system of aircraft noise assessment. The primary modeling process is as follows. Firstly, based on airport parameters, flight information, and other data, the theoretical noise levels of ground monitoring point are calculated using the ECAC dynamic model. Then, a dataset containing measured noise values, theoretical noise values, trajectory data, and meteorological data is constructed to train the physics-based BPNN model, in order to correct the theoretical noise level. Finally, the PSO algorithm is introduced to optimize the parameters of the BPNN model and the construction of the physics-based PSO-BPNN model is completed. By taking Hefei Xinqiao International Airport (HFE) as a research case, the experimental results show that the physics-based PSO-BPNN model, which combines best practice model and machine learning model, demonstrates better performance than the ECAC model and physics-based BPNN model because of its balance between stability and flexibility. In the validation set, the error of 74.77 % of the predicted results was within ±3 dB(A), and the coefficient of determination R2 between all predicted values and measured values reached 0.9450, which indicates the physics-based PSO-BPNN model a potential aircraft noise assessment solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oseltamivir is a widely used influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor that prevents the release of new virus particles from host cells. However, oseltamivir-resistant strains have emerged, but effective drugs against them have not yet been developed. Elucidating the binding mechanisms between NA and oseltamivir may provide valuable information for the design of new drugs against NA mutants resistant to oseltamivir. Here, we conducted large-scale (353.4 μs) free-binding molecular dynamics simulations, together with a Markov State Model and an importance-sampling algorithm, to reveal the binding process of oseltamivir and NA. Ten metastable states and five major binding pathways were identified that validated and complemented previously discovered binding pathways, including the hypothesis that oseltamivir can be transferred from the secondary sialic acid binding site to the catalytic site. The discovery of multiple new metastable states, especially the stable bound state containing a water-mediated hydrogen bond between Arg118 and oseltamivir, may provide new insights into the improvement of NA inhibitors. We anticipated the findings presented here will facilitate the development of drugs capable of combating NA mutations. Author summary: Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA), a viral membrane glycoprotein, plays an important role in the interactions with host cell surface receptors. The emergence and spread of influenza mutants resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), such as oseltamivir, has been of great concern. Despite many improvements to NAIs, no new first-line NAIs are currently in clinical use. Although there have been previous molecular dynamics simulation studies on the binding and dissociation process of oseltamivir-NA, we discovered new binding pathways and states of oseltamivir through larger-scale simulations and more systematic analysis, which may provide new ideas for the improvement of oseltamivir and even a series of NAIs. In our study, we strongly demonstrate that a detailed understanding of the drug−receptor association process is of fundamental importance for drug design and provide methodological references for the improvement of other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA), associated with mutations in the SLC26A4 gene, characterized by non-syndromic hearing loss, is an autosomal recessive disorder. Here, we intended to investigate genetic causes of hearing loss in a Han Chinese man. Method: First, whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify the gene mutations responsible for hearing loss in the proband. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the candidate mutations detected in the family. Next, we collected blood samples and clinical data from the three-generation pedigree. Finally, SLC26A4 mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by qPCR and western blotting. Result: The proband suffered from bilateral progressive sensorineural hearing loss with EVA. The sequence analysis of SLC26A4 revealed that the proband and his sister both harbored a compound heterozygous mutation of c.2168A > G/c.2029C > T, inherited from their father and mother respectively. c.2029C > T mutation has not been recorded in the relevant literature previously. Relative mRNA levels of the SLC26A4 gene in individuals carrying a compound heterozygous mutation were significantly lower compared to a heterozygous mutation. SLC26A4 protein levels of 293t cells which transfected with recombinant plasmids [GV219-SLC26A4-mut (c.2029C > T) and GV219-SLC26A4-mut (c.2168A > G/c.2029C > T)] were significantly lower than normal control recombinant plasmids (GV219-SLC26A4-wt). Conclusion: This study found a novel heterozygous mutation c.2029 (exon17) C > T compound with c.2168 (exon19) A > G in the SLC26A4 gene in a patient with EVA. The c.2029 (exon17) C > T mutation is proved to be pathogenic. This finding broadens the spectrum of variants in SLC26A4 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA), associated with mutations in the SLC26A4 gene, characterized by non-syndromic hearing loss, is an autosomal recessive disorder. Here, we intended to investigate genetic causes of hearing loss in a Han Chinese man. Method: First, whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify the gene mutations responsible for hearing loss in the proband. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the candidate mutations detected in the family. Next, we collected blood samples and clinical data from the three-generation pedigree. Finally, SLC26A4 mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by qPCR and western blotting. Result: The proband suffered from bilateral progressive sensorineural hearing loss with EVA. The sequence analysis of SLC26A4 revealed that the proband and his sister both harbored a compound heterozygous mutation of c.2168A > G/c.2029C > T, inherited from their father and mother respectively. c.2029C > T mutation has not been recorded in the relevant literature previously. Relative mRNA levels of the SLC26A4 gene in individuals carrying a compound heterozygous mutation were significantly lower compared to a heterozygous mutation. SLC26A4 protein levels of 293t cells which transfected with recombinant plasmids [GV219-SLC26A4-mut (c.2029C > T) and GV219-SLC26A4-mut (c.2168A > G/c.2029C > T)] were significantly lower than normal control recombinant plasmids (GV219-SLC26A4-wt). Conclusion: This study found a novel heterozygous mutation c.2029 (exon17) C > T compound with c.2168 (exon19) A > G in the SLC26A4 gene in a patient with EVA. The c.2029 (exon17) C > T mutation is proved to be pathogenic. This finding broadens the spectrum of variants in SLC26A4 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The corrosion phenomenon in the PCHE flow channel is analyzed by coupling oxidation model and corrosion model. • As the lead–bismuth flow rate increases, the time required for oxygen equilibrium of lead–bismuth eutectic decreases. • Corrosion is trend to occur at the sharp corners of PCHE. The Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE) is a key component essential for the small modular lead-cooled fast reactors. The corrosive charatersitics of lead–bismuth eutectic towards certain elements in stainless steel needs the surface oxidation processes to mitigate corrosion on structural materials. Hence, it becomes important to conduct a detailed analysis of the oxidation-corrosion characteristics within the heat exchanger. In this study, an oxidation kinetics model is embedded into Fluent to simulate the oxidation-corrosion behavior of a martensitic steel-made straight channel PCHE. Besides, the supercritical carbon dioxide is used as the coolant fluid in this PCHE simulation. According to the simulation result, the severe corrosion zones exist at sharp corners when the fluid flows through straight channels. The growth rate of the oxide layer increases with the increase of inlet flow velocity of the liquid alloy and decreases when the inlet flow velocity of supercritical carbon dioxide decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condensation-Induced Water Hammer (CIWH) is a unique occurrence frequently observed within steam systems. In the context of steam piping and equipment, when steam undergoes condensation, it experiences a phase transition from gas to liquid. This transformation results in a sudden reduction in liquid volume, subsequently triggering a pressure shock wave within the piping—thus giving rise to condensation-induced water hammer. In this research, we employ numerical simulations to replicate the phenomenon of condensation-induced water hammer in a horizontal pipe. We employ the enhanced phase change model (L-H model) in combination with the CFD software FLUENT. The model is validated against experimental data from PMK-2. Moreover, we conduct a localized sensitivity analysis, varying parameters such as pipe diameter, inlet water temperature, inlet mass transfer rate (mass flow rate), and system pressure. This endeavor aids in gaining a deeper comprehension of the intricacies of condensation-induced water hammer. Our findings indicate that augmenting the high-temperature pipe diameter, inlet water temperature, and inlet mass flow rate leads to an escalation in both peak pressure and mass transfer rate within the flow field. Conversely, enlarging the low-pressure pipe diameter, inlet water temperature, and inlet mass flow rate results in irregular fluctuations in peak pressure and mass transfer rate within the flow field. Furthermore, elevating the system pressure leads to a reduction in both peak pressure and mass transfer rate within the flow field. The utilization of numerical simulations to analyze condensation-induced water hammer has substantial implications for engineers tasked with designing safer and more dependable systems. This knowledge equips them to implement appropriate measures for mitigating the impacts of water hammer phenomena. Furthermore, this study furnishes critical insights into the stability of liquid transport and piping systems across a spectrum of industries, including the energy sector, water supply systems, process engineering, and beyond. • Developing the enhanced phase change model for accurate CIWH simulation. • Investigating the influence of key factors on CIWH. • Increased temperatures and flow rates will elevate peak pressures of CIWH. • Higher system pressures can reduce water hammer risks. • Giving insights on reducing CIWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The scaling analysis of the CIWH in horizontal pipe was conducted through the equation-based analysis method. • A set of scaling criteria that can guide the construction of CIWH facility was proposed. • The situation that the scaling ratio may be meaningless is handled using limit thinking. In nuclear power engineering, researchers pay significant attention to phenomena related to the condensation process involving direct contact between saturated steam and subcooled water, mainly the phenomenon known as Condensation Induced Water Hammer (CIWH). Within the steam pipes of the pressurized water reactor, when saturated steam comes into direct contact with subcooled water, it may form an isolated steam pocket surrounded by water. The condensation of steam within this pocket results in its subsequent collapse, accelerating the surrounding water column to collide with the pipe wall and causing a substantial pressure peak. In this paper, the scaling analysis was conducted on the CIWH phenomenon in the steam line of a small PWR. The research is rooted in a two-fluid, six-equation framework and employs equation-based analysis to investigate the non-dimensional number of CIWH occurring within horizontal pipelines. By analyzing the conservation equations, suitable non-dimensional criteria for thermohydraulic phenomena were determined. These criteria can be employed to ascertain experimental facilities' geometric dimensions and operating conditions, which can study the risks associated with CIWH phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid improvement of photonics, the demand for high-performance distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) is increasing. In this study, high-performance DBRs stacked by silica and high refractive index silicon nitride layers were designed and fabricated, which were deposited by ion-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering. TEM, EDX, and XPS were utilized to investigate the crystal properties, elemental composition, and bonding properties of the films. Additionally, AFM, SEM, and Raman spectra were used to analyze the morphology, roughness, and stress of DBRs. The result shows that the films prepared by ion-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering are mainly amorphous. DBRs have extremely smooth surfaces with a root mean square roughness (Rq) of approximately 0.5 nm. No obvious defects are found in their surface and cross-section. And the residual stresses of DBRs are relatively low. The reflectance results show that the maximum reflectance of 6-pair DBR on the silicon substrate is higher than 99.9%. The stopband bandwidth covers approximately 800–1150 nm. In this work, DBRs deposited by ion-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering feature high deposition quality, thinness, and broadband high reflection, which have great application potential in high-performance optical devices. • The ion-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering was used to prepare DBRs, with controlled refractive index and thickness. • The morphology, surface roughness, crystal and bonding properties, chemical composition, and stress of DBRs were analyzed. • DBRs have high deposition quality with root mean square roughness (R q) of approximately 0.5 nm. • The reflectance reaches 96.98% for 3 pairs of DBR and 99.99% for 6 pairs, with a stopband covers about 800–1150 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four major Chinese carp (MC), Schizothorax fish species (SF), and Cobitidae fish species (CF) are the most important target fish species in China. The swimming behaviour study of three target fish groups is the key to Chinese fishway designs. The 20 min critical swimming speed (Ucrit-20 min) and endurance of the target fish species in relation to body length, swimming speed, and water temperature were estimated using multiple linear regression. The results indicated that both fish body length and water temperature had a significant effect on swimming capability. Performance comparisons indicated that SF were remarkably strong swimmer. CF possess slightly greater swimming capability than MC. The entrance velocity of the upstream fishway should be greater than Ucrit-20 min, but less than maximum swimming speed to make the flow out of the fishway noticeable. The maximum swimming distance could be estimated using endurance model at flow velocity of 1.2 m·s–1. For the downstream-migrating juvenile fish, it was suggested that the flow velocity of turbine intake should be less than maximum sustained speed avoiding entering turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of tumor suppression and mechanism for different implantation modes of iodine-125 (I-125) seeds irradiation in a mice xenograft model, and its skeletal complications. A total of 24 mice carrying A549 lung tumor-derived xenografts were randomly assigned to four groups, including non-radioactive (sham) seeds implantation, I-125 seeds fractional implantation, I-125 seeds single implantation and I-125 seeds single implantation combined with anlotinib. Ki67 immunohistochemistry, TUNEL immunofluorescence and CD31 morphometric analysis were used to determine the proliferation index, rate of apoptotic cells and microvessel density, respectively. Additionally, the side effects on the skeletal system in mice treated with I-125 seeds implantation were evaluated by histomorphometric staining with tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in femur, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) levels in serum were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The I-125 seeds single and fractionated implantation had similar therapeutic effects and complications when the total number of I-125 seeds was the same. A single implantation of I-125 seeds with or without anlotinib could analogously inhibit the tumor growth in xenografts mice, while the single implantation combined with anlotinib had more effective in tumor inhibition. The results of Ki67, TUNEL and CD31 staining confirmed an evident reduction in tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as an increase in apoptosis. A relatively integrated bone metabolism was indicated after I-125 seeds single implantation with or without anlotinib, and the results were similar in I-125 seeds fractional implantation, including a reduction in the number of TRAP-positive cells and an increase in ALP expression level. Additionally, the serum TRACP-5b activity was decreased and the serum PINP concentration was increased following I-125 seeds implantation. Single and fractionated implantation pattern of I-125 radioactive seeds had similar therapeutic efficacy against tumor growth, while brachytherapy with I-125 seeds implantation may be an effective and safe treatment strategy for its potential protection against cancer treatment-induced bone loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To control the polarization of 850 nm multi-mode oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), monolithically integrated surface gratings are investigated. VCSELs with different grating parameters are simulated by the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method. Optical field intensity of two polarization orientations with different grating periods and duty cycles is obtained. The mode characteristics of VCSELs with different grating parameters are achieved by FDTD method. 850 nm surface grating VCSELs are fabricated and characterized, a maximum orthogonal polarization suppression ratio (OPSR) of 20.7 dB is observed. Meanwhile, VCSEL's output mode characteristics are improved by integrating the surface grating. Application of integrated surface grating technique to achieve dynamically polarization-stable multi-mode VCSELs which enable polarization division multiplexed data transmission, the data throughput over a given link can be doubled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Near-infrared Nb 2 O 5 -based optical coatings were proposed. • Reflectance of AR and HR coatings achieved 0.06% and 99.8% respectively. • The potential of power modulated various properties of Nb 2 O 5 was revealed. • Nb 2 O 5 with extremely low roughness, no obvious defects, and good optical properties. • Performance degradation of Nb 2 O 5 optical coating at high temperatures was confirmed. Nb 2 O 5 exhibits outstanding optical properties within the near-infrared spectra, suggesting considerable potential for application in optical coatings. In this work, Nb 2 O 5 was deposited by ion-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering. The potential of sputtering power modulated various properties of Nb 2 O 5 was revealed. The results showed that the deposition rate rose up to 2.05 Å/s with increasing power. Optimal deposition of amorphous Nb 2 O 5 was achieved at 450–600 W, exhibiting a defect-free surface and cross-section, accompanied by a minimal roughness of 0.36 nm and a consistent refractive index range of 2.10 to 2.35. These Nb 2 O 5 demonstrated excellent optical performance in the near-infrared band. The reflectance of high-reflective coatings achieved 99.8 %, and the reflectance of antireflective coatings achieved 0.06 %. NbO 2 was successfully deposited at 900 W, presenting a promising method for large-scale NbO 2 deposition, independent of precise oxygen control. The high-temperature performance of Nb 2 O 5 was evaluated, and the results showed significant crystallization at 750 °C, inducing a substantial rise in defects and surface roughness, exceeding 6 nm. The optical properties of Nb 2 O 5 were affected, resulting in high-temperature performance degradation in optical coatings. Specifically, the reflection spectra of anti-reflective coatings experienced a 48 nm shift. The reflectance of high-reflective coatings decreased from 99.8 % to 41.2 %, and was accompanied by a blue shift exceeding 80 nm in the near-infrared band. The critical temperature of this dramatic change was identified to be within 450–550 °C. Typical catastrophic optical damage on the laser facet was observed. These findings provide valuable insights for the application of Nb 2 O 5 optical coatings in near-infrared lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Oxygen sensors play a crucial role in the effective operation of the Active Oxygen Control System (OCS) in the liquid LBE coolant system of one of the Gen. IV reactors (lead-based reactors). • Using 8 mol% yttrium oxide stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as solid electrolyte, three kinds of gas refence sensors with LSCF, LSMr and Pt electrodes were developed. • Sensors were tested in static LBE saturation environment, and their operating temperature characteristics were obtained. Oxygen sensors play a crucial role in the effective operation of the Active Oxygen Control System (OCS) in liquid LBE systems. In this study, the performance of LSCF/air, LSM/air and Pt/air reference electrode sensors with yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as the solid electrolyte in the static oxygen saturated liquid lead bismuth eutectic alloy (LBE) was evaluated with varying temperature range by measuring the electromotive force. Compared with the activation temperature of Pt electrode sensor (420 °C), the activation temperature of LSCF electrode and LSM electrode sensor is as low as 320 °C. The LSCF/air and LSM/air sensors show good performance in the high and low temperature tests. However, the electrochemical balance of the Pt/air reference sensor has an irreversible effect at the lowest temperature, leading to the sensor malfunction. During the temperature transient process, the electromotive force (EMF) measured by the sensor shows a deviation from the theoretical value. Besides, the LSCF/air reference sensor has the smallest deviation and the Pt/air reference sensor has the largest deviation. Therefore, the LSCF electrode sensor exhibits best performance in the low operating temperature region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Designed a simplified strategy for efficiently reducing the lipophilicity of probe. • These probes with two chiral hydroxyls can retain high optical purity (above 95%). • One-pot two-step method were uses for radiolabeling with high radiochemical yields. • The agents maintain a favorable affinity to A β , while improved pharmacokinetics. • This strategy can apply to other targeted probes. This study reported the design, synthesis and bio-evaluation of 2-phenylbenzoheterocycles with chiral dihydroxyl side chains as β -amyloid (A β) imaging probes. This strategy of introducing two hydroxyls offered a simplified method for effectively reducing the lipophilicity. The probes (R, S)/(S, R)- 14 – 15 with benzothiazole scaffold displayed good binding affinities toward A β 1-42 aggregates with K i values ranging from 47.63 to 56.28 nM. Further biological studies shown that (R, S)/(S, R)-18F] 14 have no obvious chirality-related discrepancy in binding ability and mice bio-distribution, while (S, R)-enantiomer exhibited slightly faster brain washout rate than (R, S)-enantiomer. Compared to the FDA approved 18F]Florbetapir and the fluoro-peglated 2-phenylbenzothiazole derivatives, (S, R)-18F] 14 displayed improved brain kinetics (6.40% ID/g at 2 min, brain 2 min /brain 60 min = 7.80) that is favorable for further application. In vitro autoradiography studies validated its high affinity and specificity to A β plaques. Overall, (S, R)-18F] 14 deserved further detailed study as a potential PET imaging probe for AD early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to explore the role of TGF-β1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the pathogenesis of tympanosclerosis. Sprague Dawley rats were injected with inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae suspension to establish a rat model of tympanosclerosis. The rats were sacrificed 8 weeks after the model was established. H&E and von Kossa staining was used to observe the morphological changes of middle ear mucosa. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of TGF-β1 and EMT-associated proteins in the mucosa samples. Middle ear mucosal epithelial cells of rats were collected to establish a primary culture. The cultured cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 and the expression of EMT-associated proteins was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. In addition, the cells were treated with TGF-β receptor type I/II inhibitor and the expression level of EMT-associated proteins was detected by western blotting. Sclerotic lesions appeared on 72.4% of tympanic membranes, and marked inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were found in the middle ear mucosa of rat models of tympanosclerosis. In middle ear mucosa of rats with tympanosclerosis, the expression of mesenchymal cell markers increased and that of epithelial cell markers decreased compared with the control group. TGF-β1 stimulated the activation of the EMT pathway in middle ear mucosal epithelial cells, resulting in an increased expression of fibronectin and N-cadherin. In addition, a decreased expression level of EMT-associated proteins was observed when TGF-β1 was inhibited. In conclusion, the present study indicated that TGF-β1-mediated EMT may play an important role in the pathogenesis of tympanosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]