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The heating pipe network system with such dynamic characteristics as nonlinearity and large time lag may cause hydraulic disorder. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a unit control-based hydraulic equilibrium control strategy, which constructs an equilibrium regulation system for heating pipe networks by optimising the inlet device of each unit and using a novel control theory. By developing a cascade control system to control the return water temperature and the pressure difference between supply and return water of the branches at each unit of the pipe network, we were able to stabilise the pressure and control the temperature. Then, we used the averaging control theory to set the parameters of regulation systems between each unit. The research results indicate that, compared to the traditional single-loop negative-feedback return water temperature control system, the cascade averaging controller has a better control effect than the single-loop PID controller. This is because it has a smaller overshoot and can cope with system interference factors quickly. Therefore, the temperature of return water between each unit can be coordinated and fluctuation is within a smaller range. This effectively eliminates the influence of static and dynamic hydraulic disorder on entire system stability.

Searching for a useful way to build stable hypercoordinate carbon species is a great way to enrich carbon-based chemical rules. Here, we extend the super valence bond model into superatom-atom superbonding to theoretically predict a two-dimensional (B 3 CB 3 )N 2 monolayer, which is the first design of a stable nonplanar hexacoordinate carbon containing material, featuring a sandwich B 3 CB 3 configuration. Chemical bonding analyses indicate that its stability originates from the unique super CO 2 structures, where each tricoordinate B 3 unit has six delocalized electrons acting as a super oxygen (S 2 P 4 ), and the B 3 CB 3 unit mimics the bonding pattern of the CO 2 molecule via the superatom-atom super double bond. Thus, the (B 3 CB 3 )N 2 monolayer can be visualized as an assembly of super CO 2 units linked by N atoms. The calculated moderate direct band gap (∼1.71 eV) and high light absorption coefficient of the (B 3 CB 3 )N 2 monolayer make it a promising candidate for further applications in electronics and optoelectronics. This work provides a possible pathway to design hypercoordinate carbon materials via superatom-atom cluster assembly, which is expected to be applied across diverse fields.

Antibody-based tumor-targeting nanomedicines, despite their high efficacy, present significant challenges in preparation and long-term storage. We introduce a novel approach for the synthesis of durable, ready-to-use, antibody-coupled nanomedical drugs. Our research centers on the development of HER2-targeting DM1-loaded nanoparticles for gastric cancer treatment using a modular methodology. We synthesized Fc-PLG-Mal, conjugated DM1 through a "click" reaction, and subsequently bound the resultant compound with the HER2 antibody trastuzumab. The nanoparticles demonstrated a high drug loading content, stable particle size, and effective HER2 targeting. HER2-PLG-DM1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells, with an IC 50 of 0.35 nM. Biodistribution revealed rapid and substantial tumor accumulation, 6-fold higher than that of nontargeting IgG-PLG-DM1. HER2-PLG-DM1 significantly inhibited tumor growth in NCI-N87 tumor-bearing mice, achieving a 90.8% tumor inhibition rate, and displayed dose-dependent effects without significant liver and kidney toxicity. These studies offer an efficient and stable method for the preparation of antibody-coupled drugs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Three-center two-electron bridging bonding plays a vital role in rationalizing structures and stabilities of certain molecules. Herein, the π electron rule of pyrene (C 16 H 10 ) was unraveled based on a newly proposed two-dimensional (2D) superatomic-molecule theory, where the superatomic sextet rule was regarded as a π electron counting target. C 16 H 10 can be taken as a ◊ N 2 ◊ F 2 superatomic molecule, where ◊ N and ◊ F denote 2D superatoms bearing 3π and 5π electrons, respectively. Interestingly, it represents the first 2D superatomic halogen-bridge molecule, which realizes π electronic shell-closure via two three-supercenter two-electron bridging bonds. Additionally, a N-doped nanoporous graphene with a wide band gap (1.22 eV) was designed based on C 16 H 10 , which can be considered as a periodic aggregate of 2D superatomic wires composed of 2π- ◊ C and bridging ◊ F superatoms. This work enriches the 2D superatomic-molecule chemistry and provides a practicable bottom-up assemble approach to obtain 2D functional materials with tunable band gaps.

Triangulene (C 22 H 12 2• ), a nonclassic non-Kekulé polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is identified to be aromatic by structural and magnetic criteria. However, its aromatic origin remains confusing. Herein, the aromatic rules of C 22 H 12 2• and its two charged counterparts C 22 H 12 2+/2- were investigated on the basis of a recently developed two-dimensional (2D) superatomic-molecule theory. [C 22 H 12 ] 2+/2•/2- exhibit obvious local aromatic characters and can be regarded as [ ◊ N 3 ◊ O 3 ] + , [ ◊ N 3 ◊ O 3 ] - , and ◊ N 3 ◊ F 3 superatomic molecules, respectively, where ◊ N, ◊ O, and ◊ F denote 2D superatoms bearing 3π, 4π, and 5π electrons. [C 22 H 12 ] 2+/2- realize electronic shell closure via superatomic lone pairs and covalent bonds, mimicking simple molecules, whereas the α-π and β-π electrons in C 22 H 12 2• follow the superatomic bonding patterns of C 22 H 12 2- and C 22 H 12 2+ , respectively. Furthermore, based on the local character in 2D superatomic molecules, a doped nanoporous graphene, namely, C 9 N 12 B monolayer, was predicted. The material possesses excellent dynamical and thermodynamical stability, as well as a wide band gap of 2.77 eV, positioning it as a promising 2D material for future electronic applications.

The ultrafast transfer of plasmon-induced hot electrons is considered an effective kinetics process to enhance the photoconversion efficiencies of semiconductors through strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of plasmonic nanostructures. Although this classical sensitization approach is widely used in noble-metal-semiconductor systems, it remains unclear in nonmetallic plasmonic heterostructures. Here, by combining ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy with theoretical simulations, IR-driven transfer of plasmon-induced hot electron in a nonmetallic branched heterostructure is demonstrated, which is fabricated through solvothermal growth of plasmonic W 18 O 49 nanowires (as branches) onto TiO 2 electrospun nanofibers (as backbones). The ultrafast transfer of hot electron from the W 18 O 49 branches to the TiO 2 backbones occurs within a timeframe on the order of 200 fs with very large rate constants ranging from 3.8 × 10 12 to 5.5 × 10 12 s -1 . Upon LSPR excitation by low-energy IR photons, the W 18 O 49 /TiO 2 branched heterostructure exhibits obviously enhanced catalytic H 2 generation from ammonia borane compared with that of W 18 O 49 nanowires. Further investigations by finely controlling experimental conditions unambiguously confirm that this plasmon-enhanced catalytic activity arises from the transfer of hot electron rather than from the photothermal effect., (© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)