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In this study, we aimed to investigate the inclusion effect of hydrolyzed salmon meal (HSM) in combination with enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) with or without pH adjustment to completely replace dietary FM on the growth, body composition, and the distal intestine condition of the fish. For that purpose, four experimental diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic and to contain 400 g kg−1 crude protein and 80 g kg−1 lipid. A reference diet contained 150 g kg−1 FM, 450 g kg−1 soybean meal (SBM), and 39.5 g kg−1 ESBM, and the second diet was formulated replacing FM with 190.6 g kg−1 ESBM. The third diet was produced by supplementing 40 g kg−1 hydrolyzed salmon meal (4% HSM) into the diet formulation at the expense of ESBM, and the fourth diet was produced similar with the third diet, but the pH of the diet was adjusted to match the value in the reference diet (4% HSMA). All test diets were supplemented with taurine at the level of 5 g kg−1. Diets were fed to apparent satiation to triplicate groups of Florida pompano juveniles (mean weight 11.88 ± 0.18 g). After 8 weeks of growth, there were no significant differences in the final weight, percentage weight gain, thermal growth coefficient, feed intake, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio in fish offered the various diets. Nor were significant differences observed in the dry matter composition of the fish in all treatments and only minor changes in the histomorphological of distal intestine as the FM was replaced by plant ingredients. Overall, the adjustment of pH level of the diet containing 4% HSMA did not have any significant effect on the growth and physiological function of fish compared to the group of fish fed with diet without pH adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical characteristics and leaching rates of water‐soluble compounds from shrimp feeds are major considerations in nutrient delivery. Yet, there is limited information on nutrient leaching from feeds or the mechanisms to minimize leaching. This study evaluated the efficacy of various coating agents on the physical characteristics and leaching of nutrients from commercial feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei. A series of diets were top coated with two lipid sources (fish or stearin oil) and two additives to the oil (5% wax or gelatin) at three levels (0, 1.5, and 3%). Physical characteristics and leaching of water‐soluble compounds were then characterized. The reduction of leaching was seen with the diets that were top coated with 1.5 or 3% oil, which significantly decreased the leaching of phenylalanine (Phe) after 30 min and 60 min of immersion. Adding 1.5 and 3% oil coating significantly decreased the pellet durability index. Adding gelatin as an additive to the oil significantly slowed sinking velocity and improved water stability and the pellet durability index of the diets. In all, results demonstrated that coating 1.5 or 3% fish or stearin oil decreases the leaching rate. Supplementing 5% gelatin in the coating material for diets can improve the performance of the diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of crystalline methionine (C‐Met) or microencapsulated methionine (M‐Met) in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. A high fishmeal reference diet was formulated with 15% fishmeal, and then, soybean meal (SBM) was used to replace 50% fishmeal as a low fishmeal basal diet (7.5% fishmeal). Graded levels (0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2%) of methionine originating from C‐Met or M‐Met were added to the basal diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to three tanks (40 shrimps per tank) in an indoor flow through seawater system. The results showed that the shrimp fed the basal diet with 0.15% or 0.20% methionine originating from 0.375% or 0.5% M‐Met had significantly higher final weight and weight gain as compared to shrimp fed the basal diet. The supplementation M‐Met in the basal diets resulted in increased serum ammonia in shrimp. Hepatopancreas amylase activity of shrimp showed a decreasing trend with increasing methionine supplementation, which is in contrast with the upswing trend in trypsin at pancreatic segment. This study indicated that the diets supplemented with 0.15% or 0.20% of methionine from M‐Met (0.58% or 0.65% of dietary methionine respectively) were effective in improving the nutritional value of SBM‐based diets deficient in methionine (0.48%) for the Pacific white shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of trials were conducted with Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, to evaluate the efficiency of two salmon meals as compared to anchovy meal. The basal diet contained 200 g/kg anchovy meal, which was systematically replaced (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) with salmon meal on an isonitrogenous basis. Another two diets were formulated with a hydrolysed salmon meal to replace 50% and 100% anchovy meal. Each diet was randomly fed to four replicate groups of 25 and 30 shrimp per tank in clear (indoor) and green (outdoor) water trials, respectively. The results showed that growth performance and feed conversion ratio were not statistically different when salmon meal replaced anchovy meal in both trials. However, when hydrolysed salmon meal was used to replace 100% of the anchovy meal, growth performance of the shrimp significantly decreased. The four kinds of fish meal (anchovy, salmon by‐product meals and menhaden) were evaluated in an ingredient digestibility trial using the 70:30 replacement technique. In general, dry matter, energy, protein and individual amino acids digestibility of salmon meal were significantly higher than those of menhaden and anchovy meal. Results of this study demonstrated that salmon meals are a good protein sources which can replace anchovy meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of growth, feed stability and consumption trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of salmon by‐product in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. This included a salmon by‐product meal (Salmon meal: SM) and a silage hydrolysate (hydrolysed salmon meal: HSM). The basal diet containing 120 g/kg SM was incrementally replaced (0. 25, 50, 75, 100%) by HSM to produce five test diets used in two trials. A sixth diet was included which evaluated gelatin supplementation (trial 1) or pH neutralization (trial 2). In trial 1, each diet was produced using two processing conditions (laboratory extruded and formed with meat grinder) and offered to shrimp in a clear water system. The results demonstrate that up to 50% of the SM can be used to replace with HSM; however, further increases resulted in reduced performance of shrimp. The addition of gelatin reduced leaching but there was limited effect of processing on leaching. There were no detectible effects of pH adjustment of the diets. Results indicated that the growth performance of shrimp has not influenced by HSM up to 60 g/kg to replace 50% of the SM in practical diets; however, higher levels resulted in significant decrease in performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two feeding trials were conducted to investigate the effect of replacing fishmeal with a combination of soy and corn protein concentrate (1:1 ratio) on growth performance of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A basal diet containing 200 g/kg fishmeal was systematically reduced (200, 150, 100, 50 and 0 g/kg) with protein concentrate on an isonitrogenous basis. Additionally, two diets containing 0 or 50 g/kg fishmeal were supplemented with lysine and methionine to evaluate possible limitations in EAAs. Each diet was randomly fed to five replicate tanks (15 shrimp per 75 L aquaria) reared in an indoor clear water system (Trial 1), or four replicate circular tanks (100 shrimp per 800 L) reared in outdoor green water system (Trial 2). In trial 1, results indicated a slight decrease in shrimp performance as fishmeal was replaced at the highest levels. Meanwhile, the supplementation of lysine and methionine to the diets did not result in shifts in survival, growth or FCR. In trial 2, there were no significant differences in growth performance across the tested diets. This study demonstrated that plant‐based protein concentrates can be used to replace fishmeal in practical shrimp diet in clear and green water under high stocking density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the variations in nutrient quality of soybean meal (SBM) that is a result of differences in production location and processing specifications, a study was conducted to determine the fluctuations in apparent digestibility coefficients of differently sourced SBM fed to Pacific white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei). Twenty‐four SBM‐based diets were formulated by mixing a basal diet and test ingredients on a dry matter basis (70:30 ratio), while 1% chromic oxide was used as the inert marker. The digestibility trial was carried out in a semi‐closed recirculation system with six replicate groups per treatment (mean shrimp weight of 10.2 g). Significant differences were observed for apparent dry matter, energy and protein digestibility coefficients (p < .05 was considered significant) among 24 sources of SBM and digestibility values ranged from 45% to 90%, 56% to 93% and 87% to 98%, respectively. Based on multivariate analysis, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, lignin, raffinose and trypsin inhibitor were screened as the key chemical characteristics in SBM that influenced digestibility of nutrients in Pacific white shrimps. Variations in growth performances of shrimp were in line with the variations in apparent digestibility coefficients of SBM verifying the importance of digestibility data in shrimp feed formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore a combined application of tissue expansion, perforator flaps and super-thin flaps in reconstruction of extensive face and neck scars., Methods: In the first stage, the position and course of the perforators were confirmed with the multi-detector computed tomography ( MDCT) and color Doppler ultrasound. The expanders were implanted between subdermal vascular plexus and superficial fascia. In the second stage, the expanded super-thin perforator flaps were transferred to resurface the extensive defects and deformities in the face and neck., Results: 26 cases with extensive facial and cervical scars were included in this study. Except for one case with necrosis at the distal end, the other 25 flaps survived completely. The maximum flap size was 35 cm x 10 cm with a pedicle of 8 cm x 4 cm. Long-term follow-up showed that this combined application provided thinner flap than the conventional pre-expanded flap, thus avoiding secondary flap debulking and revisions. All the patients got improvement in contours, facial features and emotional expression., Conclusions: The combined application of tissue expansion, perforator flaps and super-thin flaps is a practical method which has advantages in feature recontouring and recovery of delicate emotions in reconstruction of extensive face and neck scars.