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The purpose of this research was to develop glasses that are thermally reflective, radiation-resistant, and mechanically robust. We have synthesized the La(20-x)Pb10B70:Eux series of glasses in this regard. Then, characterization, radiation shielding, structural analysis (Raman, FT-IR, DTA, SEM, XRD, and EDX), dielectrics, thermoluminescence are planned. The XRD and SEM analyses of the test samples reveal a vitreous appearance. The chemical constituents are identified by the EDX analysis in terms of their percentage of atomic weight. The density (2.592 g/cm3) and molar volume (45.44 cm3 mol−1) of the fabricated glass were evaluated as physical properties. The glass transition temperature (approximately 273 °C) and thermal stabilities (0.656 percent) of glasses are determined to be solely dependent on Eu3+ ions, according to DTA investigations. FT-IR and Raman analyses were employed to determine the various structural vibrations of the sample glass. By employing the ultrasonic velocities of the test glasses, an assessment was conducted on the micro-hardness of the glass (5.01 GPa). The shielding characteristics of radiation, such as RPE (31.6 percent) and MAC (16.9 cm2/g), indicate that the shielding behavior is solely the result of the Eu3+ ions. It has been observed that TL properties are examined at gamma irradiation intensities ranging from 5 to 25 kGy. An evaluation was conducted on the frequency factor (3.225 × 1021 S−1) and A.E. (1.785 eV) of glasses. The findings indicate that the TL characteristics of glasses are solely influenced by the Eu3+ ions. Additionally, the investigation of the dielectric properties of glasses was ascertained. The analysis focused on the dielectric constant (8.891), dielectric loss (0.026), ac conductivity (0.735 × 10–8 Ω−1 cm−1), and A.E. (1.051 eV) values of the fabricated glass. The findings suggest that the dielectric properties of glasses are entirely determined by the presence of Eu3+ ions. Overall the LBPE-1.5 glass found to be best in the structural, mechanical, optical, dielectric, radiation shielding and thermoluminescence properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation, aimed to prepare lead silicate glasses doped with samarium ions and to study it's structure, elastic, spectroscopic and thermoluminiscence properties with Al(10−x)Sbx composite influence. The objective of the investigation is to develop TL sustained good laser active resource by means of studying photo and thermoluminiscence properties. In this direction, we have prepared the glass series of Al(10−x)SbxSm0.1Pb30Si59.9 materials (where, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, with steps of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mol%) after that planned for structural (XRD, FT-IR, DTA, EDS & SEM), Optical (UV & PL) and thermoluminescence characterization. The XRD and SEM studies reveal the glassy behavior of test samples. The EDX analysis signifies the chemical constitutes with atomic weight %. The physical properties such as density and molar volume of glasses were evaluated. The DTA studies of glasses reveal the glass transition and crystallization temperature points. The values of thermal stabilities of glasses found to be purely function of Sb3+ ions. Various structural vibrations of test glass conformed using FT-IR studies. Using ultrasonic velocities of the test glasses, the glasses' micro-hardness was evaluated. From the absorption spectra, the Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) have been calculated. The PL spectra under stimulation at 402 nm show a prominent reddish–orange emission at 602 nm. The experimental lifetimes (τr) of the 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 (602 nm) luminescence transition were measured using the decay spectral profiles of this transition. The evaluated emission cross-sections (σse), branching ratios (βr), and quantum efficiency (η) allow us to speculate that the lead silicate glasses doped with Sm3+ ions are ideally suitable as potential gain mediums for visible reddish orange lasers pumped directly by readily available 405 nm laser diodes. Quantum efficiencies of the produced glasses are obtained using a decay curve analysis. The emission spectra used to establish the developed glasses' reddish orange emission are used to compute the CIE chromaticity coordinates. It is evident from the stated fluorescent properties that the developed glasses are suited for reddish–orange laser applications, particularly in opto-electronic devices. From all of the values obtained, it can be observed that SAS6 glass code is ideally suited for reddish–orange laser applications. The TL properties are studied at 30 kGy gamma irradiation dose range. The frequency factor and A.E. of glasses were evaluated. This reveals that the TL behavior of glasses is a purely function of Sb3+ ions. Overall, the Al(10−x)SbxSm0.1Pb30Si59.9 glasses prepared are mechanical hard, TL effective, and optically useful resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aims to develop an optically active, thermally luminescent, and radiation-shielding glass resources. For that, we have planned to develop a glasses of the chemical composition Ba(25-x)La15Si60Nix (where, 'x' = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 & 1.0 mol%). There after the developed glasses are planned for structure, physical, mechanical, radiation shielding, optical and thermoluminescence characterization. The XRD & SEM studies reveal the glassy behavior. The EDS analysis signifies the chemical constitutes with atomic weight %. The physical properties such as density (~ 2.625 gm/cm3), molar volume (~ 48.48 cm3 mol−1) and refractive index (1.649) of glasses are evaluated. The DTA studies of glasses reveal the GTT (~ 429.5 °C) and thermal stabilities (1.593) evolutions are purely function of Ni2+ ions. Using ultrasonic velocities of the test glasses, the glasses' micro-hardness (~ 2.82 GPa) was evaluated. Radiation shielding properties such as RPE (~ 36.55%) and MAC (~ 16.556) reveal the shielding behavior is purely a function of Ni2+ ions. Using the optical absorption spectra, the bandgap (~ 1.21 eV) of the glasses evaluated. These values also purely function of Ni2+ ions. Using the photoluminescence spectra the luminescence analysis of glasses studied. The variations in values of emission cross section (~ 1.21 × 109, cm2) and Chromacity colour co-ordinates also suggesting emission range of glasses is purely function of Ni2+ ions. The TL properties are studied at 0 and 50 kGy gamma irradiation dose range. The frequency factor (~ 3.062 × 1021, S−1) and A.E. (~ 1.798 eV) of glasses were evaluated. This reveals that the TL behavior of glasses is a purely function of Ni2+ ions. Overall, the NSBL glasses prepared are mechanical hard, TL effective, optical and radiation shielding resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly expanding Himalayan road network connects rural mountainous regions. However, the fragility of the landscape and poor road construction practices lead to frequent mass movements along-side roads. In this study, we investigate fully or partially road-blocking landslides along the National Highway (NH-7) in Uttarakhand, India, between Rishikesh and Joshimath. Based on an inventory of >300 landslides along the ~250 km long corridor following exceptionally high rainfall during September and October, 2022, we identify the main controls on the spatial occurrence of mass-movement events. Our analysis and modeling approach conceptualizes landslides as a network-attached spatial point pattern. We evaluate different gridded rainfall products and infer the controls on landslide occurrence using Bayesian analysis of an inhomogeneous Poisson process model. Our results reveal that slope, rainfall amounts, lithology and road widening are the main controls on landslide occurrence. The individual effects of aggregated lithozones are consistent with previous assessments of landslide susceptibilities of rock types in the Himalayas. Our model spatially predicts landslide occurrences and can be adapted for other rainfall scenarios, and thus has potential applications for efficiently allocating efforts for road maintenance. To this end, our results highlight the vulnerability of the Himalayan road network to landslides. Climate change and increasing exposure along this pilgrimage route will likely exacerbate landslide risk along the NH-7 in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to prepare the Cr2O3 doped Ba(La)2SiO6 glasses and planned for elastic, radiation shielding, electron paramagnetic resonance, and thermoluminescence characterization. The X-Ray diffraction reports reveal the glassy behavior of the pure glass. At the same time, the other test samples show ceramic behavior. Mechanical properties of test samples reveal the range of the microhardness. DTA studies reveal the values of thermal studies of the test samples. After that, the glass-ceramics were tested for radiation shielding properties. The values of mass attenuation coefficient and radiation protection efficiency of the glasses are measured and compared with values obtained with the help of standard photon shielding and dosimetry software. The studies indicate that the glasses developed are capable of radiation shielding. The electron paramagnetic resonance reports suggest high dipole-dipole super-exchange interaction and rhombohedral distortion within the glasses. Furthermore, we have tested the glasses for radiation shielding properties. Upon 50 kGy, γ - irradiation, the thermoluminescence properties of the glasses are reported. The results were exciting and revealed that the resource developed is thermoluminescent at low activation energies. Additionally, the electron paramagnetic resonance and thermoluminescence properties obtained for the glasses are highly interlinked. In this view, to initiate the comprehensive link between electron paramagnetic resonance and thermoluminescence phenomenon, we have annealed the glasses under 0 to 300 °C of temperature and upon the 0 to 50 kGy, γ - irradiation dose level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]