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Background: Recent studies suggest that trends in cardiovascular risk may result in a decrease in age-specific prevalence of dementia. Studies in rural areas are rare. Objectives: To study cohort effects in dementia prevalence and survival of people with dementia in a Swedish rural area. Methods: Participants were from the 1995-1998 Nordanstig Project (NP) (n = 303) and the 2001-2003 Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Nordanstig (SNAC-N) (n = 384). Overall 6-year dementia prevalence and mortality in NP and SNAC-N were compared for people 78 years and older. Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dementia occurrence using the NP study population as the reference group. Cox regression models were used to analyze time to death. Results: The crude prevalence of dementia was 21.8% in NP and 17.4% in SNAC-N. When the NP cohort was used as the reference group, the age- and gender-adjusted OR of dementia was 0.71 (95% CI 0.48–1.04) in SNAC-N; the OR was 0.47 (0.24–0.90) for men and 0.88 (0.54–1.44) for women. In the extended model, the OR of dementia was significantly lower in SNAC-N than in the NP cohort as a whole (0.63; 0.39–0.99) and in men (0.34; 0.15–0.79), but not in women (0.81; 0.46–1.44). The Cox regression models indicated that the hazard ratio of dying was lower in the SNAC-N than NP population. Conclusions: Trends toward a lower prevalence of dementia in high-income countries seem to be evident in this Swedish rural area, at least in men.

OBJECTIVES: To describe differences in morbidity and functional status according to living area.DESIGN: Community-based survey.SETTING: A community-based prospective cohort, the Kungsholmen-Nordans ...

When the costs of dementia are analyzed, interviews regarding caregiver time (both informal or formal) and other kinds of resource use are frequently used. However, it is unclear how valid such data are. The aims were to investigate the validity and reliability of interview-based estimated resource use, particularly caregiver time. Twenty institutionalized demented persons were studied during 3 months. A special team recorded the amount of time the caregivers spent on personal activities of daily living (PADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and supervision. After each session, the caregivers estimated the amount of time they had spent on care. Observed time was regarded as the golden standard. Intra-rater reliability was tested with proxy informants on 25 elderly living at home. In total, 110 observations and 108 estimations of caregiver time were made. The correlation coefficient between observed and estimated PADL-time was 0.81 (p 0.9). There was a high correlation between interview-based data and register data regarding hospital care, family physician, and district nurse visits. In conclusion, interviews may serve as a valid and reliable substitute for observations.

The purpose of this paper was to explore the time spent on caring by families of persons with dementia in Sweden. As part of a European Commission project, interviews were carried out on a sample of 92 carers, caring for persons with dementia. The interviews focused on time spent on caring, IADL, ADL and surveillance, as well as formal support received and used. Informal care, measured as hours spent caring, was about 8.5 times greater than formal services (299 and 35 h per month, respectively). Approximately 50% of the total informal care consisted of time spent on surveillance (day and night). Formal care input and informal support, in terms of ADL increased with dementia severity. A regression analysis showed that dementia severity, behavioural disturbances and coping were associated with the amount of informal care. This study gives some new perspectives on informal care giving for persons with dementia and support strategies in general. Some carers do carry a very heavy 24 h responsibility. This aspect of caring must be addressed by the development of well-targeted respite and relief support programmes.

Patterns of elderly spousal caregiving in dementia care: an observational study Aim. The aim of this study was to escribe which caring activities eight spouses performed when caring for a partner with dementia, and in what way these activities were carried out. Background. Family caregivers are recognized as being the primary source of care for the community’s older people. The largest group is comprised of spouses, with wives as the predominant caregivers. This informal care seems to be more or less invisible and performed in silence within the family. Despite the wealth of studies, the essence of family caregiving is not well understood. Methods. Data collection was conducted by observing the dyads in their homes. A qualitative approach inspired by grounded theory was chosen to discover qualities and describe patterns of spousal caregiving in dementia care. Results. The analysis yielded four broad themes, which included nine categories. Findings from the study shed some light on the invisible aspects besides the traditional hands-on caregiving. Conclusion. The elderly carers were engaged in demanding and time-consuming care ranging from supervision to heavy physical responsibility. They were caring for as well as about their partners. The study also showed that spouses were successful in managing their situation in different ways. The results reported in this article are unique as they come from direct observations in family home settings where a spouse cared for a partner with dementia. Knowledge about family caregiving is valuable for nurses as there is an emphasis on collaboration between family caregivers and professionals.

To describe differences in morbidity and functional status according to living area.Community-based survey.A community-based prospective cohort, the Kungsholmen-Nordanstig Project.Adults aged 75 and older living in an urban area of central Stockholm (n=1,222) and in the rural community of Nordanstig in northern Sweden (n=919).Physicians clinically examined all participants using the same standardized protocols in both living areas; trained nurses directly assessed disability.Cardiovascular disease was the most common disorder in both living areas (39.9% in the urban area and 45.2% in the rural area). There were great area differences in the prevalence of stroke (7.4% and 14.0%), diabetes mellitus 6.3% and 16.1%), and Parkinson's disease (1.0% and 3.7%). It was more common to have two or more diseases than no diseases in the rural area than in the urban area (odds ratio=1.9, 95% confidence interval=1.4-2.4). Significant living area differences (urban vs rural) in population attributable risk (PAR) was found for disability due to stroke (5.6 vs 32.2), diabetes mellitus (1.2 vs 6.1), fractures (1.4 vs 10.7), and hearing impairment (8.7 vs 22.0).Differences were found in disability, morbidity, and disease patterns according to living area. The rural elderly population was more disabled and had more diseases than the urban elderly population, despite being slightly younger than the urban cohort. There were significant area differences in the PAR of how specific chronic conditions influenced the risk of disability.

Elderly care includes complex interactions between formal services, informal care, morbidity and disabilities. Studies of the incremental effects of formal and informal care are rare and thus the objective was to describe the longitudinal patterns in formal and informal care given to non-demented and demented persons living in a rural area in Sweden.Transitions in the Kungsholmen-Nordanstig Project (n=919) was followed up 3 years later (n=579), presented as different combinations of informal and formal care, institutionalization and mortality. Number of hours spent on care was examined by the Resource Utilization in Dementia instrument (RUD). Bootstrapped descriptive statistics and regression models were applied.The overall mortality during follow-up was 34%, and 15% had been institutionalized. Of those who lived at home, those receiving only formal care had been institutionalized to the greatest extent (29%; p0.05). In terms of hours, informal care decreased amongst demented. The ratio between demented and non-demented was greater at baseline, both regarding informal care (10:1 and 3:1, respectively) and formal care (5:1 and 4:1, respectively). People with mild cognitive decline and no home support at baseline had a great risk of being receiver of care (formal or informal) or dead at follow-up.The amount of informal care was lower for demented persons still living at home at follow-up than at baseline, probably due to selection effects (institutionalization and mortality). Mild cognitive decline of non-users of care at baseline was strongly associated with receiving care or being dead at follow-up.

The aging of the population has become a worldwide phenomenon. This leads to increased demand for services and with limited resources it is important to find a way to estimate how resources can be match to those with greatest need.To analyse time use and costs in institutional care in relation to different levels of cognitive and functional capacity for elderly persons.The population consisted of all institutionalised inhabitants, 75 + years, living in a rural community (n = 176). They were clinically examined by physicians and interviewed by nurses. Staff and informal care-giving time was examined with the RUD (Resource Utilization in Dementia) instrument.Tobit regression analyses showed that having dementia increased the amount of ADL care time with 0.9 h when compared to those not having dementia, whereas each loss of an ADL function (0-6) added 0.6 h of ADL care time. Analysing the total care time use, the presence of dementia added more than 9 h, while each loss of one ADL function added 2.9 h. There were some informal care contributions, however with no correlation to severity in dependency. The estimated cost for institutional care increased with more than 85% for people being dependent in 5-6 ADL activities compared to persons with no functional dependency, and with 30% for persons with dementia compared to the non-demented.There is a variation in time use in institutional settings due to differences in ADL dependency but also whether dementia is present or not. This variation has implications for costs of institutional care.

When the costs of dementia are analyzed, interviews regarding caregiver time (both informal or formal) and other kinds of resource use are frequently used. However, it is unclear how valid such data are. The aims were to investigate the validity and reliability of interview-based estimated resource use, particularly caregiver time. Twenty institutionalized demented persons were studied during 3 months. A special team recorded the amount of time the caregivers spent on personal activities of daily living (PADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and supervision. After each session, the caregivers estimated the amount of time they had spent on care. Observed time was regarded as the golden standard. Intra-rater reliability was tested with proxy informants on 25 elderly living at home. In total, 110 observations and 108 estimations of caregiver time were made. The correlation coefficient between observed and estimated PADL-time was 0.81 (p0.001), in IADL 0.29 (p = 0.03), and in supervision 0.51 (p0.001). The intra-rater reliability was high for almost all items (Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient0.9). There was a high correlation between interview-based data and register data regarding hospital care, family physician, and district nurse visits. In conclusion, interviews may serve as a valid and reliable substitute for observations.